Emotional Appraisal Research Articles

How do pandemic risk communication and mitigation strategy influence exhibition participating intention?

ABSTRACT It is significant for the sustainable development of the exhibition to explore how pandemic risk communication and mitigation strategy impact on exhibition participating intention. By employing emotion appraisal theory, this study explored the influencing process how perceived risk communication and pandemic risk mitigation strategy affect exhibition participating intention with regarding perceived health risk and anxiety emotion as the mediator and perceived vaccine efficacy as the moderator. Both perceived risk communication and pandemic risk mitigation strategy not only can affect anxiety emotion directly, but also affect it through the mediation of perceived health risk. Additionally, they can affect exhibition participating intention through the mediation of anxiety emotion. The perceived vaccine efficacy negatively moderated the effect of pandemic risk mitigation strategy on perceived health risk. As such, the study provides valuable insights for exhibitors and policymakers seeking to increase the exhibition participating intention of potential participants.

Treatment options and emotional well-being in patients with rosacea: An unsupervised machine learning analysis of over 200,000 posts

Many patients with rosacea join online support groups to gather and disseminate information about disease management and provide emotional support for others. To better understand rosacea patient's primary concerns for the disease as well as their disease search patterns online. Overall, 207,038 posts by 41,400 users were collected from June 1, 2017, to June 1, 2022, in a popular online forum. We applied Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), an unsupervised machine learning model, to organize the posts into topics. Keywords for each topic supplied by LDA were used to manually assign topic and category labels. Twenty-three significant topics of conversation were identified and organized into 4 major categories, including Management (50.33%), Clinical Presentation (24.14%), Emotion (21.97%), and Information Appraisal (3.57%). Although we analyzed the largest forum on the internet for rosacea, generalizability is limited given the presence of other smaller forums and the skewed demographics of forum users. Social media forums play an important role for disease discussion and emotional venting. Although rosacea management was the most frequently discussed topic, emotional posting was a significantly prevalent occurrence.

Agency appraisal of emotions and brand trust

PurposeThis study aims to examine how the appraisal of both incidental and direct positive other-agency emotions (vs self-agency emotions) enhances brand trust and, subsequently, brand attitudes.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents three experiments that examine the effect of other-agency emotions (vs self-agency emotions) on brand trust and brand attitudes by both Australian and USA consumers. Studies 1 and 2 compared the effect of self- and other-agency emotions evoked through an irrelevant reflective task. Study 3 used real-world marketing communication to evoke self- or other-pride.FindingsGratitude (Study 1) and other-pride (Study 2) evoked through an irrelevant, reflective task enhanced brand trust and attitudes for both familiar and unfamiliar brands. The authors replicated these effects using marketing communications that evoked other-pride (Study 3) and showed how these findings can be applied in a marketing context.Research limitations/implicationsThere are contradictory findings in the literature on how positive emotions influence brand trust and attitudes. The findings show that other-agency appraisal is a crucial appraisal within a marketing context and reveals why not all positively valenced emotions increase brand trust and brand attitudes. The findings highlight the importance of examining the effects of emotions on brand trust and attitudes beyond the consideration of their valence.Practical implicationsThe research provides significant implications for marketers to improve brand trust and brand attitudes through the elicitation of other-agency emotions. The findings also demonstrate that different components of emotions, such as appraisal structure, may influence consumer trust and attitudes towards marketing and branding communications.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is the first to empirically demonstrate how other-agency appraisals of emotions can influence consumer brand trust and attitudes in a marketing context.

Greater Early Posttrauma Activation in the Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus Predicts Recovery From Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms

BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with altered emotion processing and modulation in specific brain regions, i.e., the amygdala, insula, and medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. Functional alterations in these regions, recorded shortly after trauma exposure, may predict changes in PTSD symptoms. MethodsSurvivors (N = 104) of a traumatic event, predominantly a motor vehicle accident, were included. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess brain activation 1, 6, and 14 months after trauma exposure (T1, T2, and T3, respectively). Participants performed the Shifted-attention Emotional Appraisal Task, which probes 3 affective processes: implicit emotional processing (of emotional faces), emotion modulation by attention shifting (away from these faces), and emotion modulation by appraisal (of the participants’ own emotional response to these faces). We defined regions of interest based on task-related activations, extracted beta weights from these regions of interest, and submitted them to a series of analyses to examine relationships between neural activation and PTSD severity over the 3 time points. ResultsAt T1, a regression model containing activations in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and medial prefrontal cortex during emotion modulation by appraisal significantly predicted change in PTSD symptoms. More specifically, greater right IFG activation at T1 was associated with greater reduction in symptom severity (T1–T3). Exploratory analysis also found that activation of the right IFG increased from T1 to T3. ConclusionsThe results suggest that greater early posttrauma activation during emotion appraisal in the right IFG, a region previously linked to cognitive control in PTSD, predicts recovery from PTSD symptoms.

Exploring the cognitive context of gratitude to God: emotional impact and appraisals of benefits from God

ABSTRACT In two pre-registered studies we investigated the cognitive context of gratitude to God (GTG) and fading positive affect of grateful memories. Although gratitude has been shown to causally impact happiness, few studies have investigated how the nature of the benefactor might affect experienced gratitude. Participants first recalled a positive event, a human-caused benefit, or a God-caused benefit. After recall they reported their current momentary emotions, recalled past emotions from the time of the event and emotion appraisals. Grateful memories showed less fading positive affect over time compared to other positive memories. Appraisals of value and altruism predicted both GTG and gratitude to humans (GTH). Positive spiritual appraisals (e.g. positive interpretations about one’s relationship with God, the sacred giftedness of the event) were uniquely associated with GTG. When it comes to felt gratitude, the nature of the benefactor does matter.

MEASURING SPACE-RELATED EMOTIONS Potential usage of modern technologies in the emotional appraisal of spaces

MEASURING SPACE-RELATED EMOTIONS Potential usage of modern technologies in the emotional appraisal of spaces

Differential Effects of Musical Expression of Emotions and Psychological Distress on Subjective Appraisals and Emotional Responses to Music.

This study aims to investigate how musical expressions of emotion and individuals' psychological distress impact subjective ratings of emotional response and subjective appraisals, including familiarity, complexity, and preference. A sample of 123 healthy adults participated in an online survey experiment. After listening to four music excerpts with distinct musical expressions of emotional valence and arousal in a randomized sequence. Participants rated subjective emotions of energy, tension, and valence, as well as subjective appraisals, on a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to 100. The results of repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated significant differences in emotional responses and appraisals across the ratings for different music excerpts (p > 0.01, respectively). The generalized linear mixed model results further revealed a significant main effect of musical valence on all emotional response dimensions of energy (β = -4.73 **), tension (β = 14.31 ***), valence level (β = -18.81 ***), and subjective appraisal in terms of familiarity (β = -23.06 ***), complexity (β = -6.67 ***), and preference (β = -19.54 ***). Musical arousal showed comparable results except for effects on emotional valence ratings. However, significant effects of psychological distress regarding depression, anxiety, and stress scores were only partially observed. Findings suggest that the expression of emotions through music primarily influences emotional responses and subjective appraisals, while the influence of an individual's psychological distress level may be relatively subtle.

Kindness for Kindness: A Dual Appraisal of International Support in Response to COVID-19

“A friend in need is a friend indeed” well elucidates international support amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on a dual-process model of emotional appraisal, this mixed-methods research aims to investigate positive psychological responses to international support. Study 1 is a multilevel investigation of the relationships between perceived support, gratitude evoked, and change in attitude toward the benefactor countries. The moderating role of motivational relevance—the province-level prevalence of COVID-19—is also examined. Study 2 uses text mining to analyze online reviews retrieved from a social media platform. The results substantiate aid-induced gratitude and reciprocity manifested through travel intentions and unravel additional factors of motivational relevance—timing, type of support, political and cultural connotations, and comparative appraisals. Study 3 employs an experimental design to validate the causal relationships and reinforces the dual-appraisal mechanism. Managerial implications are provided for destination marketers and industry practitioners to leverage positive psychology for post-pandemic promotion.

Appraisal of male privilege: On the dual role of identity threat and shame in response to confrontations with male privilege

Interventions that confront men with male privilege can threaten their social identity. Past research on White privilege confrontations has suggested group-image threat is a positive predictor of positive privilege attitudes. However, research on emotional appraisals of ingroup transgressions demonstrates that feelings of shame elicited by the ingroup's negative image lead to less constructive responses while feelings of shame elicited by the ingroup's moral failure motivate more positive reactions. To reconcile these different predictions, we examined how relevant dimensions of threat (to the ingroup's image or to moral values of the group) and subsequent experiences of shame (image shame, moral shame) affect men's privilege attitudes in response to male privilege confrontations. Across three preregistered experiments (N = 1463 men), we found that male confronters were evaluated more positively, which was explained through lower levels of image concerns toward male confronters. We also found evidence that morality concerns are related to more positive responses. Although the total effects on privilege attitudes were small, our findings highlight the importance for future research and practice to distinguish between the positive effects of moral threat through moral shame and the negative effects of group-image threat through image shame in privilege interventions.

A revisit to the role of gender in moderating the effect of emotional intelligence on leadership effectiveness: A study from Egypt

There is still no clear agreement between previous studies regarding the association between leadership effectiveness (LE) and emotional intelligence (EI), and the moderating effect of gender. In the current study, we tested the impact of (EI) on (LE) and the moderating role of gender on this relationship. We employed Hierarchical Moderated Multiple Regression analysis (MMR) for our data, which we collected from 141 questionnaires using a non-probabilistic technique from Fast-moving consumer good (FMCG) in Egypt. We found that EI is positively related to LE. The gender variable moderated both the relationship between others’ emotional appraisal and LE and use of emotion and LE. Specifically, others’ emotional appraisal was positively associated with LE for females, but almost unrelated for males; whereas the positive relationship between use of emotion and LE was stronger for males compared to females. The current study highlights the crucial role that human resource development and training would play in augmenting EI skills for both female and male leaders in general, and how each gender needs to better develop understanding on the other gender emotional positions. Our data was collected from a small sample of only two organizations, which hinders our ability in generalizing the findings to other organizations. While conducting future research, these aspects should be kept in mind, which can provide more valuable results. Conducting this study in Egypt contributes to the international learning experience on EI and LE in countries other than Western ones.

Perceiving visual negative stimuli in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Meta-analytic evidence of a common altered thalamic-parahippocampal-basal ganglia circuit

Despite the kraepelinian differentiation of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, several data questioned this net subdivision and suggested a continuity between the two. An expanded continuum hypothesis was suggested, assuming a common psychotic core between the two disorders, as well as cognitive and affective differences. The present study aimed to investigate similarities and differences between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder for what entails the affective dimension of the continuum. A coordinate-based meta-analytic approach on neuroimaging data was applied to understand differences and similarities in the visual perception of negative stimuli in the two groups. The activation likelihood estimation analysis included 41 experiments on schizophrenia (schizophrenia versus healthy controls) and 27 experiments on bipolar disorder (bipolar versus healthy controls). Our conjunction analysis results revealed the presence of shared functional abnormalities in thalamic, parahippocampal, and basal ganglia areas, suggesting that these patients share an altered circuit responsible for a heightened elaboration of negative emotional stimuli. The subtraction analysis highlighted that the two groups present differences too. Schizophrenia patients show widespread abnormalities in limbic, temporal, sub-lobar and midbrain regions possibly involved in emotional processing and hallucinations. On the other hand, bipolar patients show alterations in frontal areas associated with emotional appraisal, regulation, and response inhibition. This study sheds light on both similarities and differences in the emotional processing of schizophrenic and bipolar patients, and may help to better characterise the affective features of these two conditions along a continuum.

Translation, Validity, and Reliability of the Indonesian Version of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport After Injury Scale.

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport After Injury (ACL-RSI) scale measures athletes' emotion, confidence, and risk appraisal when returning to sports after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and/or ACL reconstruction (ACLR). To translate the ACL-RSI into the Indonesian language and to assess its validity and reliability in Indonesian-speaking patients after ACLR. Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. After a forward-and-backward translation procedure, the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the ACL-RSI (I-ACL-RSI) were investigated. Patients who had undergone ACLR at a single hospital were asked to complete 4 questionnaires: I-ACL-RSI, Injury-Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, and International Knee Documentation Committee. After a 2-week interval, patients were asked to complete the I-ACL-RSI a second time. Following the COSMIN reporting guidelines (Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments), we determined construct validity using hypothesis testing, as well as test-retest reliability, internal consistency, floor and ceiling effects, and measurement error. Of 200 eligible patients, 102 (51%) were included in the analysis. All predefined hypotheses on correlations between the I-ACL-RSI and the other questionnaires were confirmed, indicating good construct validity. An intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.90 (2-way random, type agreement) was found for the first and second I-ACL-RSI scores, indicating good test-retest reliability. A Cronbach α of 0.95 indicated good internal consistency, and no floor or ceiling effects were found. The standard error of measurement was 3.9, with the minimal detectable change calculated as 10.9 points at the individual level and 1.1 points at the group level. Based on the study findings, the I-ACL-RSI can be considered a valid and reliable questionnaire for Indonesian-speaking patients after ACL injury and/or ACLR.

Empirical Study on the Relationship Between Performance Pressure and Unethical Pro-organizational Behavior of Sales Staff -- The Mediating of Professional Identity

<i>Background:</i> In recent years, an increasing number of corporate unethical incidents have come to light, which has led people from various industries to seriously consider and examine the ethical responsibilities that companies should take. Based on emotional cognitive appraisal theory and self-control resource theory, this study explores the linkage between professional identity, sales staff unethical pro-organizational behavior, and sales staff performance pressure. <i>Objective: </i>The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanisms underlying the influence of sales staff performance pressure mediated by professional identity on sales staff unethical pro-organizational behavior, to assist companies in effectively identifying employee unethical pro-organizational behavior, and suggest targeted strategies to inhibit unethical pro-organizational behavior so as to ensure the long-term and sustainable development of companies. <i>Methods:</i> A questionnaire survey on performance pressure, professional identity, and unethical pro-organizational behavior was conducted with sales staff and internship college students. A total of 266 questionnaires were collected, with 219 valid questionnaires. The relationship between the three variables was explored through analysis of variance, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and mediation effect analysis.<i> Conclusion:</i> performance pressure positively influences sales staff's unethical pro-organizational behavior and has a significant predictive effect on it; performance pressure can indirectly influence sales staff's unethical pro-organizational behavior by affecting professional identity, and professional identity plays a fully mediating role between these variables.

Mediation effects of positive and negative affect on the relationship between emotional intelligence and life satisfaction in rural school teachers.

Few studies have investigated the ways in which the specific facets of trait emotional intelligence (EI), positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) influence individuals' general life satisfaction, especially in teachers. This study explored the effects of three facets of trait EI [appraisal and expression of emotions (AEE), utilization of emotion (UE), and regulation of emotions (RE)] and two typical affects (PA and NA) on teachers' general life satisfaction. The participants were 577 Chinese rural school teachers (ages 18-49 years) who completed three questionnaires-the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test, Positive and Negative Affective scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale. After validating the scales, a structural equation modeling analysis showed that trait EI, PA, and NA had a significant and positive effect on teachers' general life satisfaction. PA played a partial mediating role between trait EI and life satisfaction. Furthermore, this study found that PA significantly and positively mediated the relationship between AEE, UE, RE, and life satisfaction. These results suggest that teachers with higher EI are more likely to have positive emotions, thereby enhancing their general life satisfaction, and that understanding the role of one's own and others' emotions and increasing positive emotions may be the key to improving teachers' general life satisfaction. Future implications and the study limitations are discussed.

Examining the impacts of emotional intelligence on tour guide citizenship performance

PurposeEmotional intelligence (EI) has a profound effect on the performance of tour guides, though past studies on the subject have neglected to examine the effects of EI on neither the overall nor specific pattern of tour guides' performance. This study examines the overall link between four dimensions of EI (self-emotion appraisal [SEA], others' emotion appraisal [OEA], use of emotions [UOEs] and regulation of emotions [ROEs]) and five dimensions of citizenship performance (helping, self-development, initiative, compliance and adaptability), ultimately identifying the relationship between EI factors and each dimension of tour guides' citizenship performance.Design/methodology/approachThe data from 244 Jordanian tour guides were gathered through a quantitative survey. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multiple regression analysis were performed to analyze the data.FindingsThe results reveal that emotionally intelligent tour guides are more likely to have higher levels of citizenship performance. The most significant factors in determining extra-role behaviors by tour guides are “UOEs” and “others’ emotion appraisal (OEA)”.Practical implicationsThis study equips different professional entities in the tour guide industry with useful, contextualized links between EI and citizenship performance. This assists in developing new accreditation policies and business practices to augment tour guides' citizenship professionalism, thereby maximizing their valuable contributions to tourism growth.Originality/valueThis study advances the tourism studies by establishing a new theoretical link between tour guides' EI and citizenship performance. The study also uncovers unique factors of EI that significantly determine tour guides' citizenship behaviors.

Emotional intelligence and organizational communication in perceived teamwork effectiveness among bank employees in Nigeria

PurposeThis study aims to examine emotional intelligence (EI) and organizational communication as predictors of teamwork effectiveness among bank employees in Nigeria. The Nigerian banking industry suffered financial crisis, leading to depression, following inability to meet standards of the regulatory body. With current emphasis on teamwork for business growth, literatures suggest EI and organizational communication as predictors for teamwork effectiveness.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional survey of 230 bank employees, selected through multistage sampling, using a valid and reliable structured questionnaire that incorporated all research variables was used for data collection. A questionnaire containing the research scales was administered and data were collected.FindingsPositive relationship was established between perceived teamwork effectiveness and components of EI, including self-emotion appraisal, other’s emotion appraisal (OEA), actual use of emotion and regulation of emotion (ROE) and perceived organizational communication effectiveness. Hierarchical regression analysis reveals that age, gender, job status and educational qualification jointly predicted teamwork effectiveness, although only educational qualification contributed significantly. The inclusion of EI dimensions showed that only OEA, actual use of emotion and ROE were significant predictors, along with organizational communication.Research limitations/implicationsData collected were based on self-report of the participants. It is advised that more objective measures could be devised. The findings are limited to the banking industry and cannot be generalized to other work organizations. The research was conducted in Nigeria, a developing country; thus, the findings may not be generalized to the developed nations.Practical implicationsEducational factor could be applied in engaging team members. On the alternative, commercial banks should invest in periodic training programs to enhance employee communication skills and EI. Human resources personnel could use these research outcomes to enhance the selection and placement of employees in commercial banks. By these research findings the adequacies of some psychological theories in explaining team effectiveness have been empirically implicated, and the literature on team effectiveness has been increased. Consequently, commercial banks should invest in periodic training programs to enhance employee communication skills and EI, and use these findings to enhance selection and placement in Nigerian banks. It is evident from the results of the present study that the more educated team members are the more likely their teams would be effective in the teamwork. However, periodic training (both off the job and on the job) on EI and its pertinent dimensions, and adoption of appropriate communication styles, could be used to compliment educational deficiencies. Thus, the less educated persons could function adequately in teams if they receive the empowerment. The human resources managers are to note that new bank employees would be better team players when there are adequate orientated on programs on how towards effective to communicate at teamwork functions.Social implicationsIt is evident from these research findings that EI and appropriate organizational communication are behavioral tools that could enhance team interaction and consequently improve team effectiveness.Originality/valueIt is revealed how teams could be made effective through the combined factors of EI and organizational communication, especially among bank employees in Nigeria. Unlike some other studies, this research discovered the specific EI factors that could enhance team effectiveness, not just general EI. It empirically validated some theories that are proposed in relation to EI and organizational communication. This study showcased how teams could be made more effective in the banking sector of the Nigerian economy.

The impact of emotional intelligence on job performance at private hospitals: The moderating role of organizational culture

Healthcare employees encounter work intimidation that influences their professional life. Emotional intelligence plays a significant role in employees’ success and performance. The organizational culture reflects the employees’ view of the company environment and relationships with others that are critical for attaining job performance. This study aims to investigate the impact of emotional intelligence on job performance in private hospitals and to test whether the organizational culture will moderate this relationship. To achieve this aim, the quantitative research approach is used. The sample consists of the big eight private hospitals in Amman. Using convenience sampling techniques, a structured questionnaire was used to collect data from hospital employees (nurses, physicians, and administrative workers). 700 questionnaires were distributed, and 554 were returned. 37 were incomplete, and 517 were used for further analysis. Descriptive data show that nurses enjoy higher emotional intelligence than physicians and administrative staff. The results of the main hypothesis (β = 0.805, t = 0.22.3, p &amp;amp;lt; 0.00) indicate that emotional intelligence has a statistically significant effect on job performance. The testing of the four dimensions of emotional intelligence revealed a significant effect on job performance. The findings for self-emotional appraisal were β = 0.157, t = 0.14.41, p &amp;amp;lt; 0.00; for others’ emotional appraisal – β = 0.238, t = 0.15.76, p &amp;amp;lt; 0.00; regulation of emotions – β = 0.233, t = 0.16.19, p &amp;amp;lt; 0.00; and for the use of emotions – β = 0.305, t = 0.17.30, p &amp;amp;lt; 0.00.

Cross-sectional study of the relationship between trait emotional intelligence and career adaptability of Chinese youths

BackgroundYoung people often experience dramatic changes, both psychologically and physically, as they are transiting from students to working adults. However, there is still a lack of empirical studies on the relationship between the trait emotional intelligence and the career adaptability of youths in the Asia-Pacific region. This research examines that relationship in Chinese youths in Hong Kong.MethodCross-sectional data (N = 500) was collected from two universities in 2019 and 2020. The 2019 sample was made up of 256 Chinese university students (117 males, 139 females; ages 21-25). The 2020 sample included 244 Chinese university students (132 males, 112 females; ages 21-25). The participants were asked to complete the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) to evaluate their emotional intelligence in the domains of self-emotion appraisal, other people's emotion appraisal, regulation of emotion, and use of emotion. Participants completed the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) to assess their career adaptability in the areas of concern, control, curiosity, and confidence.ResultsAll domains of trait emotional intelligence were positively associated with career adaptability. Multiple Regression analysis showed that self-emotion appraisal and appraisal of other people's emotional were the most predictive factors in terms of career adaptability. Together, these two dimensions of emotional intelligence explain 12.5%, 26.2%, 13.4% and 69.4% respectively of the variance in students’ concern, control, curiosity, and confidence in relation to career adaptability.ConclusionThe results highlight the importance of emotional intelligence in career adaptability. It is thus of value to study further whether career adaptability of young people may improve if emotional intelligence is incorporated into the student curriculum. The findings offer valuable insights for educators and teachers who are responsible for well-rounded development of students, and will thereby foster healthy lifestyles, stable emotional well-being and greater career adaptability in adolescents.

The effects of face masks on emotional appraisal ability of students with autism spectrum disorder

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has drastically altered the ways in which people are able to communicate effectively. The addition of the face mask as a distracting stimulus interrupts the holistic process that people use to interpret facial expressions. The present study seeks to investigate the impact of face masking and gaze direction on emotion recognition in students with autism. We predicted that students with autism (n = 14), who characteristically experience difficulties when appraising emotions, would struggle to assess the emotions of people wearing face masks. We did not find a significant three-way interaction of emotion, mask, and gaze on classification accuracy. We did, however, find that face masks reduced participants’ ability to emotionally appraise sad faces. Further, participants showed better accuracy appraising faces with a direct gaze. Exploring how face masks impact autistic individuals’ emotion recognition will benefit special educators as they adapt to teaching during the pandemic, as well as the general population that seeks to improve communication with neurodiverse persons. Future studies should examine emotional appraisal ability and additional emotions as well as different kinds of emotional stimuli.

Emotional Intelligence and Resilience: Predictors of Life Satisfaction among Mountain Trainers

High-level performance in mountain sports would be unlikely unless different emotional factors are taken into account through the analysis of psychological characteristics, such as mood, resilience, or motivation, among many other variables. In this study, 788 people with a sports degree from the Spanish Federation of Mountain Sports and Climbing (FEDME) participated, 75.3% of whom were men and 24.5% of whom were women. The mean age of the participants was 49.8 years (±12.8), ranging from 18 to 76 years. The Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS-S), the RS-14 Resilience Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) instruments were used. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between the dimensions of emotional intelligence, resilience, and life satisfaction. The results showed a relationship between several of the dimensions from the instruments used (p &lt; 0.01). In terms of gender, higher scores were found for women than for men. The regression model shows that both the dimensions of emotional intelligence [appraisal of own emotions (β = 0.104; p &lt; 0.001); use of emotions (β = 0.30; p &lt; 0.001); emotional regulation (β = 0.103; p &lt; 0.001)] and resilience [personal competence (β = 0.402; p &lt; 0.001)] are predictors of greater life satisfaction, positively explained by the regression model with 44.1% accuracy. Further proposals should extend the results obtained to the analysis of more sports modalities to provide evidence that would complement those extracted in this research.