Emotional Adjectives Research Articles

Hemispheric engagement during the processing of affective adjectives—an ERP divided visual field study

ABSTRACT The study looked into the hemispheres’ involvement in emotional word encoding. It combined brain activity measures (ERPs) with behavioural data during the affective categorization task in the divided visual field presentation paradigm. Forty healthy right-handed student volunteers took part in the study, in which they viewed and evaluated 33 positive and 33 negative emotional adjectives presented to either the left or right visual field. We observed a marginally significant effect on the earlier time window (220–250 ms, the P2 component) with higher mean amplitudes evoked to the words presented to the right hemisphere, and then a strong effect on the 340–400 ms (the P3) with a reversed pattern (higher amplitudes for words presented to the left hemisphere). The latter effect was also visible in the error rates and RTs, with better overall performance for adjectives presented to the left hemisphere. There was also an effect on behavioural data of positive words only (higher error rates, shorter RTs). Thus, the study showed a particular “progression” pattern of hemispheric engagement: dependence of the initial stages of affective lexico-semantic processing on the right hemisphere, replaced by the left-hemispheric dominance for content evaluation and response programming stages.

Perceptuo-affective organization of touched materials in younger and older adults.

In everyday interaction we touch different materials, which we experience along a limited number of perceptual and emotional dimensions: For instances, a furry surface feels soft and pleasant, whereas sandpaper feels rough and unpleasant. In a previous study, younger adults manually explored a representative set of solid, fluid and granular materials. Their ratings were made along six perceptual dimensions (roughness, fluidity, granularity, deformability, fibrousness, heaviness) and three emotional ones (valence, arousal, dominance). Perceptual and emotional dimensions were systematically correlated. Here, we wondered how this perceptuo-affective organization of touched materials depends on age, given that older adults show decline in haptic abilities, in particular detail perception. 30 younger participants (~22 years, half females) and 15 older participants (~66 years) explored 25 materials using 18 perceptual and 9 emotional adjectives. We extracted 6 perceptual and 2 emotional dimensions. Older and younger adults showed similar dimensions. However, in younger participants roughness and granularity judgments were done separately, while they were collapsed in a single dimension in older people. Further, age groups differed in the perception of roughness, granularity and valence, and older people did not show a positive correlation between valence and granularity as did younger people. As expected, control analyses between young males and females did not reveal similar gender differences. Overall, the results demonstrate that older people organize and experience materials partly differently from younger people, which we lead back to sensory decline. However, other aspects of perceptual organization that also include fine perception are preserved into older age.

How have music emotions been described in Google books? Historical trends and corpus differences

Human records can assist us in understanding real descriptions and expected ideals of music. The present work examined how have music emotions been described in millions of Google books. In general, positive adjectives were more regularly used to describe music than negative adjectives, demonstrating a positivity bias in music. The emotional depiction of music has shifted over time, including a decrease in the frequency of emotional adjectives used in English books over the past two centuries, and a sudden surge in the usage of positive adjectives in simplified Chinese books during China’s Cultural Revolution. Negative adjectives were substantially less employed to describe music in simplified Chinese books than in English books, reflecting cultural differences. Finally, a comparison of different corpora showed that emotion-related adjectives were more frequently used to describe music in fictional literature.

EMOTIVE ADJECTIVAL UNITS IN MODERN ENGLISH: SEMANTIC APPROACH

The article is devoted to the study of the functioning of the English adjectival emotive units denoting positive semantics as direct linguistic means of representing human emotional states that combine semantic and pragmatic components of meaning. The aim of this paper is to determine the semantic features of the adjectival emotive units with positive meaning in modern English. The defined approach to the aim of this investigation led to the use of those research methods that correspond best to its goals: in particular, definitional, componential, quantitative analyses, thanks to which the main characteristics of the English adjectival units denoting positive semantics were clarified and the emotive component in the structure of their meaning was revealed. The basis for the analysis of the emotive adjectives with positive semantics in the English lingual worldview is the principle of sustainability which brings to the fore the link of the language with reality, its correlation with extra-linguistic actuality.

온라인 먹방콘텐츠에서 카메라 연출의 시각적 선호요인 분석

This study analyzed camera directing by selecting 5 top channels with many subscribers among online eating content to investigate the preference factors that affect viewers' visual preferences according to camera directing in producing online eating content. Based on this, camera angle mainly used in eating content was divided into low angle, eye-level angle, high angle(10 degrees), and high angle(20 degrees), and eight types of slide photos were produced by dividing the shot size into full shot, medium shot, bust shot, and close-up shot. For the analysis, statistical analysis techniques such as factor analysis, multiple regression analysis, and correlation analysis were used after a survey of 223 samples with experience in watching online eating content. As a result, the most preferred camera angle for watching online eating content was an eye-level angle, and the most preferred shot size was a medium shot. Through factor analysis, the factor group was identified through emotional adjectives that affect visual preferences and their multiple regression analysis. In addition, various camera directing methods preferred by viewers were presented through correlation analysis between camera angle and shot size.

ASMR 자극을 이용한 정서 형용사 유사성 비교

Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) has been well known to elicit a sense of psychological stability and calmness. Kim and Kim (2022) found that ASMR can be represented in the core affective space of valence. Using this data set, I investigated if ten emotion adjectives (angry, fearful, irritated, happy, calm, gay, sad, anxious, gloomy, and peaceful) which were used as ratings scales also can be represented in the affective space of valence and arousal. Correlation analyses, multidimensional scaling, and vector fitting were performed. The results showed that emotion adjectives were significantly represented on both dimensions. In sum, I confirmed that emotion words as well as emotion-eliciting stimuli are mapped onto the affective space, consistent with the core affect theory (Russell, 1980).

Research on Digital Experience and Satisfaction Preference of Plant Community Design in Urban Green Space

In the context of carbon neutrality, it is increasingly important to reduce carbon and increase sinks, and urban green spaces play an important role in carbon sinks. In this paper, we used virtual reality (VR) and photoplethysmographic (PPG) technology to evaluate subject satisfaction regarding urban green space plant community landscape scenes using physiological eye movement and heart rate variability (HRV) data and psychological data obtained according to positive and negative emotional adjectives (PANA). The results of the study showed the following. (1) The physiological data showed the highest visual interest in single-layer grassland. The compound layer of tree-shrub-grass composite woodland communities resulted in the strongest comfort level. (2) The psychological subjective satisfaction evaluation scores were, in descending order: tree-shrub-grass composite woodland (T-S-G) > single-layer grassland (G) > tree-grass composite woodland (T-G) > single-layer woodland (T). (3) The correlation between interest, comfort, and subjective satisfaction was significant, which verified the feasibility of the model of “interest + comfort + subjective evaluation = comprehensive satisfaction”. The results of the study provide theoretical guidance for landscape design based on human perception preferences in the context of carbon neutrality as well as for the implementation of sustainable landscapes to achieve a win–win situation in which carbon sequestration and oxygen release benefits and aesthetics can coexist. The combined physiological and psychological evaluation model can also be applied to other landscapes.

Interactions of ignored and attended valence in a valence-detection task with emotional words support the model of evaluative space: an ERP study

ABSTRACT In a valence-detection task with emotional adjectives, 57 participants selectively responded to a predefined target level of valence (negative, positive, or neutral). Event-related potentials of ignored nontargets were examined for a novel type of emotion–attention interaction between a nontarget’s valence and valence of the attentional set. Findings support an extension of the model of evaluative space [Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1997). Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0101_2], proposing associations of negative and positive stimuli/attentional sets with high and low arousal, respectively. Consistently, in the neutral attentional set involving low arousal, false alarms were more frequent and an average-referenced EPN-like posterior negativity (150–250 ms) was smaller for positive than negative nontarget words. The late positive potential was reduced for positive nontargets in the negative attentional set, but not the reverse, indicating conjoint effects of a negativity bias and distractor-target distance in terms of valence. Finally, data suggest a sensitivity of mastoid-referenced lateral-posterior N170 to inhibition of task-irrelevant affect.

감성어휘에 따른 색채 이미지 연구

In order to secure the validity and increase the value of practical use of Color Image Scales, it is important to collect objective data on the connection between color and emotion. Since it is necessary to improve color-emotional adjectives connections reflecting the trend of the times, this study aimed to derive the new color palette of emotional adjectives and suggest the range of color images representing the words. For the study purpose, a survey was conducted with 66 color experts. Respondents selected 5 appropriate colors from Hue & Tone 120 Color Chart for a total of 8 emotional adjectives: modern, natural, romantic, wild, dynamic, classic, casual, and chic. Frequency analysis was performed in a multiple response count method. As a result of the analysis, color selection for all emotional adjectives was different from the IRI index and showed wider distribution than IRI. This implicates, unlike the past, when sensibility and cultural universality were simply formed by mass media, a diversification of emotional empathy and tastes following the recent increase in communication channels such as new media, which requires improvements on the Color Image Scales. Although there are limits on the characteristic bias of the expert group and the number of emotional words, the study is meaningful in that the gap between the existing index and opinions of color experts were empirically verified, which rises the discussion for the effective Color Image Scales improvement that can increase future utilization of the index.

Emoji Identification and Emoji Effects on Sentence Emotionality in ASD-Diagnosed Adults and Neurotypical Controls

We investigated ASD-diagnosed adults’ and neurotypical (NT) controls’ processing of emoji and emoji influence on the emotionality of otherwise-neutral sentences. Study 1 participants categorised emoji representing the six basic emotions using a fixed-set of emotional adjectives. Results showed that ASD-diagnosed participants’ classifications of fearful, sad, and surprised emoji were more diverse and less ‘typical’ than NT controls’ responses. Study 2 participants read emotionally-neutral sentences; half paired with sentence-final happy emoji, half with sad emoji. Participants rated sentence + emoji stimuli for emotional valence. ASD-diagnosed and NT participants rated sentences + happy emoji as equally-positive, however, ASD-diagnosed participants rated sentences + sad emoji as more-negative than NT participants. We must acknowledge differential perceptions and effects of emoji, and emoji-text inter-relationships, when working with neurodiverse stakeholders.

Emotions and Colors in a Design Archiving System: Applying AI Technology for Museums

This study proposes a new museum archiving system that uses artificial intelligence (AI) technology. It suggests a new retrieval interface to extract emotional characteristics of the design work to enrich the archiving database. A virtual curation was organized to showcase the proposed archiving system. We focused on finding emotional signals with advanced technology because humans build trust and connect with each other through emotional cues. There are numerous characteristics of a single work of art, but we focused on the emotions that viewers can feel when they appreciate the art and share a connection with the artists who made the work. The research was focused on design works, and the metadata were designed to extract three dominant colors and match them with emotional adjectives to enrich the data on the paintings. The purpose of this study was to provide information for new techniques of color utilization that encapsulate emotional adjectives. Through this research, we developed an image retrieval system based on metadata and transformed intangible emotions of design work into data. With the emotion archiving system, we organized virtual curation, adding a Korean design history collection with emotional words.

Prepositions with and about and Schematic Conceptualisation of Emotion Causality

ABSTRACT Dirven states that “cause emerges as a consequence of perspectivization, i.e., two events are seen to be linked together in a cause-result relationship.” 1 Emotion causality can be described in emotion constructions which are formed as a combination of be verb, an adjective/past participle and a preposition. Among various prepositions used in emotion constructions, with and about are similar in the temporal duration of their emotive adjectives, and therefore share numerous emotive collocates. According to the corpus analysis with Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), with and about collocate with long lasting emotions, such as happiness and satisfaction. However, they show different aspects in collocation patterns with their following nominals. With co-occurs with permanent and non-variable complements but about collocates with temporary and variable complements based on their schematic meanings of companion (with) and proximity (about).

The Words of Affectivity. Affect, Category, and Social Evaluation Norms for 400 Polish Adjectives.

Emotional adjectives can be grouped into two main categories: denoting and connoting stable (personality) traits and denoting and connoting transient (mood) states. They relate closely to the concept of affectivity, which is a pervasive tendency to experience moods of positive or negative valence. They constitute a rich study material for personality and affect psychology and neuroscience. Thus, this study was designed to establish a normed list of emotional adjectives with ratings encompassing four dimensions: emotional valence (positive or negative), emotional arousal (low-arousing or high-arousing), category (state, trait, and hybrid), and social judgment (competence, morality, and mixed). The adjectives were preselected based on previous broad Polish norming studies, personality and mood questionnaires, and a dictionary study. The results of the study were drawn from 195 participants who rated 400 adjectives that were chosen based on similar linguistic variables, such as frequency and word length. The dataset measures were proven to be stable and reliable. Correlations between the emotional valence and state-trait, valence and competence-morality, and emotional arousal and competence-morality dimensions were found. The study was successful in preparing a dataset of well-categorized (state, trait, and hybrid) positive and negative adjectives of moderate to high arousal ratings. Since the words were matched on linguistic variables, the set provided useful material that can be readily used for research into the effects of the category and emotional dimensions on language processing and as a basis for new personality questionnaires and mood checklists. The dataset could also be seen as a supplement for broader sets of published normed materials in Polish that link emotion and language.

Development and validation of an in-competition emotion measure: The Brief In-Competition Emotion (BICE) scale

ObjectivesWe aimed to develop a concise psychometric scale to assess athletes’ in-competition emotions, which would reduce the practical and conceptual limitations of previous measures. DesignFour studies were designed to develop and assess the validity of the new Brief In-Competition Emotion (BICE) scale. MethodIn Study 1, the content validity of 39 emotion adjectives was investigated using expert analysis, 9 adjectives were subsequently removed. In Study 2, 402 university athletes used the remaining 30 adjectives to record their in-competition emotions and confirmatory factor analyses and a reliability removal method was used to create the 10-item BICE scale. Study 3 (N = 109) and Study 4 (N = 74) consisted of both concurrent and predictive validity assessments of the BICE scale. ResultsConstruct validity, reliability and confirmatory factor analyses completed during Study 1 and Study 2 resulted in the development of the 10-item BICE scale, consisting of five composite emotion factors: anger, anxiety, excitement, dejection and happiness. The findings from Study 3 and Study 4 showed that the BICE scale presented acceptable levels of concurrent and predictive validity. ConclusionsThe BICE scale is a rigorously developed parsimonious scale which offers researchers new opportunities for investigation and provides applied practitioners with a new method of evaluating in-competition intervention efficacies.

The temperature of emotions.

Emotions and temperature are closely related through embodied processes, and people seem to associate temperature concepts with emotions. While this relationship is often evidenced by everyday language (e.g., cold and warm feelings), what remains missing to date is a systematic study that holistically analyzes how and why people associate specific temperatures with emotions. The present research aimed to investigate the associations between temperature concepts and emotion adjectives on both explicit and implicit levels. In Experiment 1, we evaluated explicit associations between twelve pairs of emotion adjectives derived from the circumplex model of affect, and five different temperature concepts ranging from 0°C to 40°C, based on responses from 403 native speakers of four different languages (English, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese). The results of Experiment 1 revealed that, across languages, the temperatures were associated with different regions of the circumplex model. The 0°C and 10°C were associated with negative-valanced, low-arousal emotions, while 20°C was associated with positive-valanced, low-to-medium-arousal emotions. Moreover, 30°C was associated with positive-valanced, high-arousal emotions; and 40°C was associated with high-arousal and either positive- or negative-valanced emotions. In Experiment 2 (N = 102), we explored whether these temperature-emotion associations were also present at the implicit level, by conducting Implicit Association Tests (IATs) with temperature words (cold and hot) and opposing pairs of emotional adjectives for each dimension of valence (Unhappy/Dissatisfied vs. Happy/Satisfied) and arousal (Passive/Quiet vs. Active/Alert) on native English speakers. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that participants held implicit associations between the word hot and positive-valanced and high-arousal emotions. Additionally, the word cold was associated with negative-valanced and low-arousal emotions. These findings provide evidence for the existence of temperature-emotion associations at both explicit and implicit levels across languages.

Visual effect and color matching of dynamic image webpage design

AbstractBrowsing webpages on display devices such as computer monitors and smart phone screens has become commonplace. Color is the major visual mode to express the quality and sentiment of a webpage, and the most suitable webpage colors for viewing can be explored through the experimental analysis of different psychological perception of these colors. This study was divided into four experiments. Experiment 1 involved color emotion adjectives: participants selected the most suitable emotion adjectives for webpages. Experiment 2 concerned the color emotion characteristics of webpage color matching with a black background—participants selected the most popular color for a dynamic webpage with a black background. Experiment 3 focused on the visual fitness of the color scheme in webpages with a white background: participants selected the most popular color for a dynamic webpage with a white background. Experiment 4 concerned the optimal visual effect design of webpage composition; the researchers selected five geometric composition images to conduct a dynamic image webpage experiment to determine the influence of shapes on users' psychological response to webpages and identify the most popular dynamic image composition style. Semantic differential analysis was adopted to conduct psychological tests and investigate the psychological response of the respondents to different webpage colors and compositions. The results indicated that the most popular colors for webpages with a black background and white background were dodger blue (#1e90ff) and cyan (#00ffff), respectively, whereas the most suitable dynamic image composition was an elliptical design.

Investigating the relationship between emotional granularity and cardiorespiratory physiological activity in daily life.

Emotional granularity describes the ability to create emotional experiences that are precise and context-specific. Despite growing evidence of a link between emotional granularity and mental health, the physiological correlates of granularity have been under-investigated. This study explored the relationship between granularity and cardiorespiratory physiological activity in everyday life, with particular reference to the role of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an estimate of vagal influence on the heart often associated with positive mental and physical health outcomes. Participants completed a physiologically triggered experience-sampling protocol including ambulatory recording of electrocardiogram, impedance cardiogram, movement, and posture. At each prompt, participants generated emotion labels to describe their current experience. In an end-of-day survey, participants elaborated on each prompt by rating the intensity of their experience on a standard set of emotion adjectives. Consistent with our hypotheses, individuals with higher granularity exhibited a larger number of distinct patterns of physiological activity during seated rest, and more situationally precise patterns of activity during emotional events: granularity was positively correlated with the number of clusters of cardiorespiratory physiological activity discovered in seated rest data, as well as with the performance of classifiers trained on event-related changes in physiological activity. Granularity was also positively associated with RSA during seated rest periods, although this relationship did not reach significance in this sample. These findings are consistent with constructionist accounts of emotion that propose concepts as a key mechanism underlying individual differences in emotional experience, physiological regulation, and physical health.

Mood Induction Differently Affects Early Neural Correlates of Evaluative Word Processing in L1 and L2.

We investigate how mood inductions impact the neural processing of emotional adjectives in one’s first language (L1) and a formally acquired second language (L2). Twenty-three student participants took part in an EEG experiment with two separate sessions. Happy or sad mood inductions were followed by series of individually presented positive, negative, or neutral adjectives in L1 (German) or L2 (English) and evaluative decisions had to be performed. Visual event-related potentials elicited during word processing were analyzed during N1 (125–200 ms), Early Posterior Negativities (EPN, 200–300 ms and 300–400 ms), N400 (350–450 ms), and the Late Positive Potential (LPP, 500–700 ms). Mood induction differentially impacted word processing already on the N1, with stronger left lateralization following happy than sad mood induction in L1, but not in L2. Moreover, regardless of language, early valence modulation was found following happy but not sad mood induction. Over occipital areas, happy mood elicited larger amplitudes of the mood-congruent positive words, whereas over temporal areas mood-incongruent negative words had higher amplitudes. In the EPN-windows, effects of mood and valence largely persisted, albeit with no difference between L1 and L2. N400 amplitude was larger for L2 than for L1. On the LPP, mood-incongruent adjectives elicited larger amplitudes than mood-congruent ones. Results reveal a remarkably early valence-general effect of mood induction on cortical processing, in line with previous reports of N1 as a first marker of contextual integration. Interestingly, this effect differed between L1 and L2. Moreover, mood-congruent effects were found in perceptual processing and mood-incongruent ERP amplification in higher-order evaluative stages.

Mutual influence between emotional language and inhibitory control processes. Evidence from an event-related potential study.

There is abundant literature demonstrating that processing emotional stimuli modulates inhibitory control processes. However, the reverse effects, namely, how cognitive inhibition influences the processing of emotional stimuli, have been considerably neglected. This ERP study tries to fill this gap by studying the bidirectional interactions between emotional language and inhibitory processes. To this end, participants read emotional sentences, embedded in a cue-based Go-NoGo task. In Experiment 1, the critical emotional adjective preceded the Go-NoGo visual cue. The ERPs showed a significant reduction in the inhibition-related N2 component in NoGo trials when they were preceded by negative adjectives, compared to positive or neutral adjectives, indicating a priming-like effect on inhibitory control. Consistently, the estimated source of this interaction was the dorsomedial PFC, a region associated with inhibitory and control processes. In Experiment 2, the Go-NoGo cue preceded the emotional adjective, and the ERPs showed a sustained, broadly distributed LPP-like positivity for NoGo negative trials, relative to all the other conditions. In this case, the presetting of an inhibition state modulated the processing of negatively charged words. Together, the two experiments suggest a mutual facilitation between inhibitory control and negative valence, supporting thereby recent integrative theories of cognition-emotion interactions.

Feel Thine Own Self – Mood Congruency Evaluation of Emotional State Adjectives

Abstract. The goal of the study was to explore event-related potential (ERP) differences during the processing of emotional adjectives that were evaluated as congruent or incongruent with the current mood. We hypothesized that the first effects of congruence evaluation would be evidenced during the earliest stages of semantic analysis. Sixty mood adjectives were presented separately for 1,000 ms each during two sessions of mood induction. After each presentation, participants evaluated to what extent the word described their mood. The results pointed to incongruence marking of adjective’s meaning with current mood during early attention orientation and semantic access stages (the P150 component time window). This was followed by enhanced processing of congruent words at later stages. As a secondary goal the study also explored word valence effects and their relation to congruence evaluation. In this regard, no significant effects were observed on the ERPs; however, a negativity bias (enhanced responses to negative adjectives) was noted on the behavioral data (RTs), which could correspond to the small differences traced on the late positive potential.