Greenhouse Gas Emissions Research Articles

Impact of Soil Use On Winter Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Agricultural Sector in Alagoas Through An Emissions Inventory

Objective: To prepare a greenhouse gas inventory within the state of Alagoas for 2019, using data and factors from livestock and agriculture. Theoretical framework: Preparing an inventory is an important tool for understanding climate change that is directly related to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, mostly resulting from anthropogenic activities. In Brazil, agriculture stands out as one of the main sources of emissions, driven by the production of grains and animals for domestic and foreign consumption. Due to the difficulty of direct measurement, emissions are often assessed through inventories. The GHG emissions inventory is one of the basic tools that provides relevant data to direct certain public policies, or civil society actions, to reduce GHG emissions into the atmosphere, given that the state of Alagoas has few scientific productions on GHG sources and emissions. Methodology: Emissions were calculated by multiplying the emission coefficient following the methodology proposed by the IPCC, GHG Protocol, using the multiplication of the emission coefficient also indicated by the IPCC, MCTIC, EMBRAPA by the total number of heads or by the number of hectares of each crop in 2019 to calculate emissions. The results were then transformed into figures to facilitate understanding and analysis. Results and Discussions: N2O emissions from temporary and permanent crops, and N2O and CH4 emissions from flooded rice crops; as well as CH4 and N2O emissions from the livestock sector, totaling 10.53 MtCO2e of emissions in 2019. Comparing with other results, differences were noted in the total emissions due to the adoption of different methodologies and factors, as well as in what to measure, so this article presents advances and limitations, contributing to a greater depth of understanding of emissions. Research Implications: This research contributes to the scientific literature, public policy actions and environmental planning, as well as understanding and analyzing the impacts on the agricultural sector, and methodological and scientific advances, and the promotion of new research and data updates that can guide new research and updates. Originality/value: This study provides a regional focus on Alagoas, with consistent applications of international methodologies (IPCC, GHG Protocol) in local contexts. It serves as a basis for local public policies, environmental and climate impacts, expanding knowledge about the state's emissions, and encouraging innovation in local methods, as well as awareness and social mobilization.

Integrated Renewable Energy Systems for Buildings: An Assessment of the Environmental and Socio-Economic Sustainability

Developing a green energy strategy for municipalities requires creating a framework to support the local production, storage, and use of renewable energy and green hydrogen. This framework should cover essential components for small-scale applications, including energy sources, infrastructure, potential uses, policy backing, and collaborative partnerships. It is deployed as a small-scale renewable and green hydrogen unit in a municipality or building demands meticulous planning and considering multiple elements. Municipality can promote renewable energy and green hydrogen by adopting policies such as providing financial incentives like property tax reductions, grants, and subsidies for solar, wind, and hydrogen initiatives. They can also streamline approval processes for renewable energy installations, invest in hydrogen refueling stations and community energy projects, and collaborate with provinces and neighboring municipalities to develop hydrogen corridors and large-scale renewable projects. Renewable energy and clean hydrogen have significant potential to enhance sustainability in the transportation, building, and mining sectors by replacing fossil fuels. In Canada, where heating accounts for 80% of building energy use, blending hydrogen with LPG can reduce emissions. This study proposes a comprehensive approach integrating renewable energy and green hydrogen to support small-scale applications. The study examines many scenarios in a building as a case study, focusing on economic and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission impacts. The optimum scenario uses a hybrid renewable energy system to meet two distinct electrical needs, with 53% designated for lighting and 10% for equipment with annual saving CAD$ 87,026.33. The second scenario explores utilizing a hydrogen-LPG blend as fuel for thermal loads, covering 40% and 60% of the total demand, respectively. This approach reduces greenhouse gas emissions from 540 to 324 tCO2/year, resulting in an annual savings of CAD$ 251,406. This innovative approach demonstrates the transformative potential of renewable energy and green hydrogen in enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability across sectors, including transportation, buildings, and mining.

The impact of logistics and political decisions on greenhouse gas emissions in market transformation

The transport sector is the second largest emitter of global greenhouse gas emissions. For this reason, the global community is currently making a lot of efforts to decarbonize transport: active electrification of transport is underway, various subsidies are introduced to stimulate demand for more environmentally friendly types of transport, requirements for the sulfur content in bunker fuel are tightened, etc. However, few people think about how futile all these actions can be without paying due attention to the optimality of logistics in world trade. In this article, calculations were made based on geopolitical restrictions introduced between Russia and Western countries since 2022, as well as a scenario of reduced trade through the Red Sea (observed in 2024). According to the calculation results, it was revealed that the annual increase in emissions due to suboptimal logistics only in the trade of Russian hydrocarbons and the redirection of goods through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait instead of the Red Sea will amount to 630–690 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq). This exceeds the total emissions from all economic sectors in countries such as Australia, Turkey, Spain and Argentina, or even the UK and the Netherlands. Therefore, international logistics is another key area that deserves close attention when formulating tasks in terms of decarbonization of the global transport sector, in particular, and global low-carbon development in general. That is, the sanctions policy and various geopolitical restrictions can negatively affect the achievement of the goals of the Paris Agreement, which is an integral part of the Sustainable development goals (SDGs).Graphical

The Global Food System and Its Environmental Impact: A Call for Sustainable Transformation

The modern global food system—spanning production, processing, distribution, and consumption—has emerged as a significant contributor to environmental degradation. It drives greenhouse gas emissions, land and water degradation, biodiversity loss, and resource depletion. Sustainable nutrition, which integrates environmental considerations into dietary choices, has become a key concern, emphasizing plant-based proteins, seasonal food consumption, and minimal ecological impact. With the global population projected to reach 10 billion by 2050, ensuring food security while minimizing environmental harm is crucial. Agriculture accounts for about 24% of global greenhouse gas emissions, driven by methane from livestock and nitrous oxide from fertilizers. Land use changes for agriculture contribute to deforestation, biodiversity loss, and soil degradation, exacerbating climate change. Water use in agriculture, the largest consumer of freshwater, further strains ecosystems, while pollution from agricultural runoff causes eutrophication. Effective strategies for sustainable transformation include agroecology, regenerative agriculture, dietary shifts, reducing food waste, and technological innovations. Practices like crop rotation and managed grazing improve soil health and sequester carbon. Transitioning to plant-based diets and reducing food waste could significantly lower emissions. Precision agriculture and alternative protein sources offer promising advancements. Holistic approaches involving policy reform, innovation, and behavioral change are needed to create a resilient, environmentally friendly food system that sustains both human and planetary health.

Barriers and Opportunities in Implementing Carbon Neutrality Goals in China’s Heavy Industries

The transition to carbon neutrality in China’s heavy industries is essential for mitigating global climate change, given the sector’s significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. This study systematically examines the multifaceted barriers and opportunities influencing decarbonization efforts in these industries. Employing expert-driven methodologies, including the Delphi method and the best-worst method (BWM), the research identifies and prioritizes critical challenges, such as the high upfront costs for renewable technologies, the technological dependency on coal, and the fragmented regulatory frameworks. It highlights transformative opportunities, emphasizing advancements in carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), renewable energy integration, and strengthened carbon pricing mechanisms. The findings reveal the interaction between economic, technological, and policy dimensions, underscoring the need for coordinated interventions to overcome entrenched barriers. The study contributes to theoretical advancements by integrating expert insights with robust multi-criteria decision-making techniques and offers actionable pathways for policymakers and industry stakeholders to accelerate industrial decarbonization. These insights align with international climate objectives, providing a scalable framework for global sustainable transitions in energy-intensive sectors.

Cost‐Effective and Scalable Approach for the Separation and Direct Cathode Recovery from End‐of‐Life Li‐Ion Batteries

AbstractLi‐ion battery recycling presents a promising opportunity to decrease dependence on foreign sources of materials and harvest precious materials within the United States. Herein, a superior complete direct recycling process on individual end‐of‐life cells is reported where the recovered high‐purity cathode active material, as well as electrolyte salt Li hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) can be reused without significant processing. This new process utilizes a series of mechanical separation steps that enable the separation of the cathode and anode active materials while they are still attached to their current collectors. Using this type of process can significantly reduce metal contamination and enable a clean cathode that can be directly recycled. The process if implemented commercially can greatly reduce the environmental burden of batteries as the greenhouse gas emissions of 8.25 kg CO2e kg−1 from the direct recycling process are 64% lower compared to those from virgin production of cathode material. During electrochemical testing of the recovered LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 a discharge capacity of ≈160 mAh g−1 and good cyclability of over 250 cycles at 0.33C are achieved. This success paves a new pathway to explore and optimize existing Li‐ion battery recycling procedures.

Optimizing Lightweight Material Selection in Automotive Engineering: A Hybrid Methodology Incorporating Ashby’s Method and VIKOR Analysis

The automotive industry is responsible for about 20% of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe, and it is under notable pressure to meet the reduction targets set by the European Union for the next decades. In this context, lightweighting is a very effective design strategy for which materials selection plays a key role. One of the main challenges of lightweighting is selecting materials with enhanced structural properties but a reduced weight in comparison with traditional solutions. The spectrum of available materials is very large, and the choice needs to be carefully evaluated based on multiple factors, such as mechanical behavior, raw materials cost, the availability of manufacturing processes, and environmental impact. This article presents an innovative methodology for materials selection in the lightweight automotive field based on the Ashby approach for mechanical performance coefficients as an initial filtering criterion. Following this preliminary screening, this study adopts the VIKOR (Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) MCDA (Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis) technique to rank feasible design solutions based on case study boundary conditions. The evaluation criterion of different design options encompasses crucial factors, such as mechanical properties, cost considerations, and environmental impact measures. The method is finally validated by the application of a redesign case study, a motor bracket of an electric commercial car.

Unlocking landfill biogas potential: a feasibility study on sustainable energy in the UAE

Abstract Landfill biogas (LFB) projects present a promising solution for sustainable energy generation, yet their feasibility in arid climates remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the feasibility of generating biogas from landfill waste in the UAE, focusing on energy generation potential, economic viability, and environmental benefits. The study evaluates landfill biogas production using internal combustion engine and gas turbine technologies across three scenarios with varying methane content (40%, 50%, and 60% by volume). The results indicate that internal combustion engine technology demonstrates greater economic feasibility compared to the gas turbine technology, yielding a net present value of up to $83 million. Additionally, implementing landfill biogas to energy projects has the potential to power between 68,412 and 136,824 households while cutting greenhouse gas emissions by up to 66% compared to existing waste management practices. However, the relatively high levelized cost of energy underscores the need for policy interventions and financial incentives to enhance project viability. By addressing this critical knowledge gap, the study provides a replicable framework for optimizing waste-to-energy (WTE) systems in arid environments and contributes actionable insights to global renewable energy efforts.

The Role of Organic Farming in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture in the European Union

Agriculture remains a key source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within the European Union, posing substantial obstacles to achieving climate objectives and fostering sustainable development. On this background, organic farming stands out as a viable alternative, offering significant potential for reducing emissions. This study explores the impact of expanding organic farming on GHG emissions in the EU agricultural sector. The empirical research examines the connection between organic farming practices and GHG emission levels using structural equation modeling, complemented by Holt and ARIMA forecasting models, to project future trends based on expected growth in organic farmland. The findings highlight a robust negative influence (p < 0.001), demonstrating that organic farming practices are associated with tangible reductions in emissions. Forecasting analyses further reinforce this, predicting considerable declines in GHG emissions (by almost 14 percent below the level of 2008) as organic farming continues to expand for over 23% of agricultural land by 2035, according to the projections in this research. These insights underscore the critical role of organic farming in advancing the EU’s climate ambitions. The study concludes that broader adoption of organic practices offers a practical and impactful pathway for building a more sustainable agricultural system while mitigating environmental harm across member states.

Comparison of greenhouse gas emissions associated with the construction of timber, concrete, and steel check dams in Akita, Japan: An input-output analysis

To mitigate global warming, replacing concrete and steel with timber as the primary construction material for construction projects, such as check dams, is being promoted in Japan and other countries. Timber check dams have more limited installation sites than concrete or steel dams because of installation conditions such as locations less susceptible to debris flows and locations where there is constant running water. However, even when the installation conditions are met, engineers and contractors are reluctant to select timber as a construction material because of its high construction cost. In this study, an input-output table was used to compare the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the construction of a timber check dam at the design stage with those associated with the construction of concrete and steel check dams to quantitatively evaluate the added value of timber utilization (in addition to its construction cost). The results revealed that replacing concrete and steel check dams with timber check dams could reduce GHG emissions by 61% and 34%, respectively. This study demonstrated the possibility of evaluating the GHG emissions associated with a construction project at the design stage. Moreover, it highlights the importance of considering the GHG emissions associated with construction materials when selecting the most appropriate materials for public works projects.

The PAICE project: Integrating health and health equity into UK climate change policy

This paper announces a new initiative - the research project Policy and Implementation for Climate & Health Equity (PAICE), which aims to investigate the complex systemic connections between climate change action, health and health equity, for translation of evidence into policy and practice in the UK. Using transdisciplinary approaches, PAICE will: (1) co-develop a programme theory and linked monitoring and evaluation plan, (2) work with the UK Climate Change Committee (CCC) and the Greater London Authority (GLA) using system dynamics to analyse national and local policy opportunities, (3) build an integrated model of the effects of these policies on population health, health equity and greenhouse gas emissions, (4) apply the findings to the CCC monitoring framework and GLA policy development, and (5) use the programme theory to help evaluate achievement of PAICE processes and objectives. If successful, PAICE will have helped to establish a systems capability to (i) monitor whether Government plans are on track to deliver their climate targets and associated health impacts and (ii) understand how relevant policy and implementation approaches could be enhanced.

Identification and Use of Latent Variables in the Analysis of The Effects of Certification on Cocoa Farms in the Transamazon

Objective: The goal of this research was to identify and to analyze the effects of certifications on the value-adding in all links of cocoa supply chain, with special focus on the productive efficiency, training and inclusion of human capital, and the use of good sustainable practices. Theoretical framework: We applied the Inclusive and Sustainable Value Chain concept and the Reverse Asymmetric Information theory in the analysis of certification, premium pricing formation and the management of cocoa farms in the Trans-Amazonian region. Exploratory Factorial Analysis (EFA) was used to identify the latent factors or variables associated with the effect of certification to improve the life quality of cocoa producers. Results and conclusion: Female management of the farms was 20%, which was consistent with the reality of family farming in the state of Pará. The EFA identified four latent variables, which explained 77.059% of the total variance of the data. To explain the reality of the certified cocoa farms of Transamazon region, the latent variables Productive Efficiency, Human Capital Formation, Certification Power and Certified Farm contributed to 22.054%, 21.63%, 17.03% and 16.35% respectively. It is concluded that certification improved productive efficiency and human capital formation in the activity but was unable to prevent deforestation. Research implications: The effects of certification on the cocoa farms analyzed have led to progresses in human capital formation and productive efficiency through good crop management practices and improvements in working conditions. However, limitations on livelihoods, labor recruitment, access to credit, and reduction of deforestation remain. Premium pricing is the variable that must be adjusted to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of certification in differentiating products and inserting them into global food chains. Originality/value: According to 68% of respondents, the premium pricing paid for cocoa does not compensate all social opportunity costs and ecosystem services of the standing forest, which limits the effectiveness of certification in meeting the needs and well-being of producers, the preservation of biodiversity and greenhouse gas emissions.

Methods for Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Baltic Sea Ports: A Comparative Study

Ports are vital nodes of maritime transport. To be able to decrease their GHG emissions, ports have developed various automated or semiautomated tools for emission assessment. In this study, we focus on an open-source tool called EVISA and compare how seven Baltic Sea ports are using this tool. We found that the results of these assessments are incomparable, all the ports use the tool differently, and report different numbers of emissions. We also compare how one port, the Port of Tallinn, uses two different tools and ends up with different numbers of emissions. The study offers a detailed comparison of the port-specific methods, data collection processes, and calculation principles, evaluating their effectiveness in measuring emissions from maritime transport in ports. Additionally, it highlights the pressing need for standardised greenhouse gas emission mapping methodologies in ports. The results highlight the need to create a cohesive, easy-to-use tool that complies with established standards like the GHG Protocol, IPCC guidelines, and ISO 14064.

Exploring high-performance green innovation in China’s logistics companies: a TOE framework based on fsQCA

In recent years, the Chinese logistics industry has experienced rapid development. However, this expansion is accompanied by significant challenges, including high energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Despite these issues, the key factors improving logistics firms’ green innovation remain insufficiently explored. This study fills this gap by utilizing the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework as a foundation, introducing a comprehensive analytical model to investigate the dynamics of green innovation in logistics companies. Moreover, after employing fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) with data from 83 logistics firms in China, the research examines the complex interplay between technological, organizational, and environmental factors and their strategic influence on green innovation performance. The study yields three pivotal findings: (1) High-level green innovation performance is not predicated on a single factor. (2) Logistics firms can attain superior green innovation performance through two driving paths: Core competencies and market pressure driven as well as technological innovation and government subsidies driven. (3) The analysis of low-level green innovation performance reveals that four distinct paths can culminate in this outcome, with the lack of digitalization, organizational slack, and market pressure being instrumental in this result. These insights highlight the principles of “multiple concurrency” and “different paths leading to the same goal,” significantly enhancing the current knowledge base on green innovation performance and deepening our understanding of the multifaceted drivers of high-performance green innovation in logistics companies. Moreover, the discoveries offer practical implications for firms and the government to improve green innovation performance within the logistics industry.

Research on the Aerodynamics of Electric Vehicles

A major contributing factor to the growing severity of the global warming issue is greenhouse gas emissions, of which carbon dioxide from moving cars makes up a significant amount. Therefore, electric vehicles have become the focus of countries to replace conventional internal combustion engine vehicles due to their low emission characteristics. However, the weight of electric vehicles is increased by their reinforced structures and batteries, which reduces their range. In the short run, it is challenging to lower the weight of electric vehicles greatly because of the constraints of battery technology. Thus, lowering air resistance has emerged as a key strategy for extending the range of electric cars. This paper first analyses the reasons why electric vehicles need better aerodynamic design to increase range, including increased environmental demands, battery technology limitations and the high weight of electric vehicles. Next, the causes of air resistance are explored. Finally, the paper discusses ways to design active aerodynamic components to increase or decrease drag under different operating conditions. For example, a front air dam design can reduce the amount of airflow into the underbody, reducing lift and increasing grip. Variable air dams can optimize aerodynamics by automatically adjusting their position according to speed and driving conditions. In conclusion, the aim of this paper is to find and discover ways to optimize the aerodynamic performance of electric vehicles in order to solve the range problem. This paper provides an important theoretical and practical basis for aerodynamic optimization of electric vehicles

Assessing the Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential of Harvested Wood Products in Romania and Their Contribution to Achieving Climate Neutrality

Forests mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by capturing CO₂ and storing it as carbon in various forms, including living biomass, dead wood, soil, and forest litter. Importantly, when trees are harvested, a portion of the above-ground biomass is converted into harvested wood products (HWPs), which can retain carbon for decades. With approximately 7 million hectares of forest (30% of its land area), Romania significantly contributes to the country’s carbon budget through the HWP pool. Using country-specific data from 1961 to 2022 and an IPCC method, we tracked HWP carbon storage and projected future scenarios to evaluate the category’s significance in achieving the 2050 climate target. During this period, the carbon stored in Romanian HWPs more than doubled from 28.20 TgC to 60.76 TgC, with sawnwood products as major contributors. Fluctuations were influenced by domestic policies, market dynamics, and industry changes, notably after the 1990s. Annual carbon inflow dipped to 0.65 TgC in 1994 and peaked at 2.54 TgC in 2013. By analyzing the scenarios, we demonstrated that a moderate growth trajectory in carbon inflow, combined with a focus on producing long-lived wood products, could double carbon stock changes by 2050 to 4.4 TgC—roughly 4% of the country’s current total emissions excluding the LULUCF sector. Additionally, based on sustainable forest management practices in Romania, this approach would significantly enhance the carbon pool and its importance in achieving the country’s climate policies.

Opportunities, Technological Challenges and Monitoring Approaches in Agrivoltaic Systems for Sustainable Management

In the context of climate change and the increasing demand for innovative solutions in agriculture and energy, agrivoltaic systems (AVSs) have emerged as promising technologies. These systems integrate photovoltaic panels with agricultural practices, optimizing both food and energy production. This study provides a comprehensive review focused on monitoring techniques applicable to AVS, including fixed sensors and remote monitoring tools. Bibliographic analysis revealed a significant increase in scientific interest in AVSs since 2019, with most publications focusing on technological, agronomic, and environmental aspects. Key findings highlight environmental benefits such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved water efficiency, and enhanced soil quality. Otherwise, challenges including high initial costs and the persistence of technical complexities. Innovative configurations such as semi-transparent or vertically bifacial panels enable resource optimization and improved agricultural yields if combined with advanced monitoring systems. This study highlights the importance of incentive policies and further research to maximize the potential of AVSs in promoting sustainable land management.

Sustainable Intensification and Climate Resilience in the Rice-wheat Cropping System of North-Western India: Challenges and Strategies

In northwestern India, the rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) is a key component of agriculture. However, the region's ongoing usage of it has resulted in serious problems and a halt in productivity. Similar problems are also present in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan's Indo-Gangetic Plains. Key issues include the loss of soil nutrients, deteriorating soil health, groundwater depletion, increased production costs, a lack of workers, pollution from burning crop residue, increased greenhouse gas emissions, climate vulnerabilities, and plants that are resistant to herbicides. To address these issues, a number of sustainable intensification methods have been proposed, such as crop diversification, zero tillage, or residue retention, which reduce tillage, handle straw more efficiently, and use less labour and irrigation. In order to adopt successful, context-specific tactics, it is necessary to concentrate on increasing awareness, developing stakeholder capacity, and coordinating policies. The current status of the RWCS and its problems in northwest India are summarised in this report, along with specific management strategies for boosting output, profitability, and sustainability.

Towards Sustainability: Tracking Carbon Footprint Trends at Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife

Carbon footprint assessment is important to combat global warming and promote sustainability. Globally, organizations committed to biodiversity conservation are essential for maintaining ecosystems and the people who inhabit them. Nonetheless, these organizations produce a carbon footprint due to their operating operations. Hence, this study aimed to assess the specific carbon footprint of the Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW) to improve its understanding of its environmental implications and encourage sustainable behaviors within its particular missions. Using the greenhouse gas protocol corporate accounting and reporting standard as a guide, the study methodology examines greenhouse gas emissions from direct (Scope 1) and indirect (Scopes 2 and 3) sources related to Ezemvelo wildlife activities over five years (2014/2015--2018/2019). The results show that 34,016.62 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) are emitted on average each year. The majority of these emissions are caused by Scope 2 electricity consumption, which accounts for 23,475.82 tCO2e, and Scope 1 emissions, which account for 7,826.20 tCO2e. Furthermore, there was a noticeable difference in emissions between the reserves, with the Imfolozi Game Reserve having the highest emissions. The findings of this study direct EKZNW toward ecologically conscious behaviors by acting as a catalyst for educated decision-making. The insight gained paves the way for proactive steps to lower carbon emissions, coordinating conservation efforts with more general goals of sustainability and climate resilience.

A Comprehensive Analysis for Global Food Security and Environmental Sustainability Using Edible Insects

This comprehensive analysis examines insects' potential as sustainable food and feed sources, focusing on various scholarly views and empirical studies. Edible insects offer a viable answer to global food security issues because of their high nutritional content, efficient feed conversion rates, and lesser environmental effects when compared to traditional cattle. Nutrient composition investigations show that insects are high in proteins, vitamins, and minerals, making them acceptable for human and animal diets. Consumer acceptability surveys show that western countries are becoming more open to entomophagy, yet cultural hurdles still exist. Life cycle assessments show that insect farming benefits the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and water footprints. Safety assessments confirm the possibility of introducing insects into food systems if strict requirements are followed to reduce microbial hazards. Economic analyses indicate that the sale of insects can improve livelihoods and contribute to sustainable agriculture. Despite the potential benefits, more study is required to solve regulatory, ethical, and consumer perception issues before completely integrating insects into global food systems. Research is needed to establish optimal farming methods, strengthen food safety, understand the health impacts of consumption, explore consumer acceptance, tackle ethical considerations, and investigate economic viability. This review emphasized the necessity for multidisciplinary approaches to promote entomophagy and harness its potential for a sustainable future.