Emission Power Research Articles

Numerical Simulation of an Isolated N-Heptane Pool Fire

Refineries are industrial complexes of great economic importance which are located close to major cities. A pool fire accident that can occur from an oil leak combined with wind can result in disastrous consequences for such an industry. This study investigates the characteristics of an isolated n-heptane square pool fire of 36 m2 under the influence of a cross wind. The pool fire characteristics are numerically studied using open-source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, such as FireFoam (v4.1) and Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) (version 6.9.0). The turbulent flow field and the fire characteristics were simulated with the LES Method. The crucial parameters of the pool fire, such as (a) the temperature and velocity fields, (b) the flame length and height, (c) the surface emissive power, and (d) the flame tilt angles, were computed. Comparisons against experimental data for both small and large-area pool fires from the literature were made successfully. The flame tilt angle is shown to correlate very well with the reciprocal of the Richardson number, which was approximated within a multiplication constant to the Froude number. Thus, both the reciprocal Richardson number and Froude number can be used for correlating the flame tilt angle. It is shown that both of these numbers are used to correlate the tilt angle of experimental pool fires with effective diameters from a fraction of a meter to approximately 16 m, and wind speeds up to 7 m/s. The goodness of a linear fit based on the sum of the residual squares is 0.91.

Efficiency limits of concentrated solar thermophotonic converters under realistic conditions: The impact of nonradiative recombination and temperature dependence

A concentrated solar thermophotonic converter (CSTC) that efficiently harvests the entire solar spectrum under non-ideal conditions is proposed. This device includes an optical concentrator, a solar absorber, a GaAs light-emitting diode (LED) on the hot side, and an InP photovoltaic (PV) cell on the cold side. The electric power generated by the PV cell is utilized to positively bias the heated LED, resulting in a substantial increase in LED emission power. A comprehensive theoretical model is developed to accurately predict the output electrical performance and overall energy conversion efficiency of the CSTC device, especially considering the impact of the nonradiative recombination and temperature dependence. The calculated results show that when the solar concentrating factor is 30, and the LED and PV cell voltages are 0.989 V and 1.13 V, respectively, the overall peak efficiency can reach 12.8% and the corresponding output power density is 384 mW cm−2, achieving performance metrics nearly 4 orders of magnitude higher than solar thermophotovoltaics (TPV). Additionally, increasing the solar concentration ratio and decreasing the thickness of the semiconductor materials can further improve the overall output performance. This work reveals that CSTC offers several advantages over solar TPV, including more efficient conversion of narrow-spectrum electroluminescence, higher radiated power from the LED emitter, and the ability to operate at lower solar concentrations and lower costs.

Research on picosecond synchronization control between synchrotron radiation X-ray pulse and femtosecond laser pulse on SSRF

The laser-pumped X-ray detection method is a crucial tool for investigating molecular dynamics, allowing researchers to study ultrafast structural changes within materials. This method demands extremely high precision in the synchronization and delay timing between the pump pulse and the probe pulse. In this study, we explored picosecond (ps)-level clock synchronization control between synchrotron radiation X-ray pulses and femtosecond (fs) laser pulses at the BL05U (d-Line) of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). Utilizing the X-ray pulses generated by the 40 ps/0.3 mA electron beam bunch from the SSRF and femtosecond laser pulses with high repetition rates and high emission power, we conducted synchronization experiments. A custom-developed picosecond time synchronization control system and a high dynamic range X-ray streak camera with picosecond time resolution were used as detectors, enabling ultra-precise time synchronization monitoring of X-ray and laser pulses. This setup achieves higher time resolution without the need for photodiodes and oscilloscopes. Using the X-ray pulses as a stationary reference frame, we adjusted the clock synchronization control system to delay the laser pulses and measured their relative timing changes with the X-ray streak camera. The experiments demonstrated a time resolution better than 10 ps, providing a foundation for achieving 60 ps time resolution in laser-pumped X-ray detection experiments at the SSRF.

Design of Vibration and Noise Reduction for Ultra-Thin Cemented Carbide Circular Saw Blades in Woodworking Based on Multi-Objective Optimization

Cemented carbide circular saw blades are widely used for wood cutting, but they often suffer from vibration and noise issues. This study presents a multi-objective optimization method that integrates ANSYS and MATLAB to optimize the design of noise reduction slots in circular saw blades. A mathematical model was developed to correlate the emitted sound power with the overall vibration intensity. A multi-objective optimization model was then formulated to map the slot shape parameters to the deformation, equivalent stress, and vibration intensity during sawing. The ABAQUS thermal–mechanical coupling analysis was used to determine the sawing force and temperature field. The NSGA-II algorithm was applied on the ANSYS–MATLAB platform to iteratively compute slot shape parameters and conduct optimization searches for a globally optimal solution. Circular saw blades were fabricated based on the optimization results, and experimental results showed a significant reduction in sawing noise by 2.4 dB to 3.0 dB on average. The noise reduction effect within the specified frequency range closely agreed with the simulation results, validating the method’s efficiency. This study provides a feasible and cost-effective solution to the multi-objective optimization design problem of noise reduction slots for circular saw blades.

Optimizing social welfare: A double-sided auction approach for low-carbon emission power systems with renewable energy certificates

Decreasing carbon emissions becomes essential for maximizing social welfare in power systems. This study investigates the market clearing strategy for maximizing participants' benefits in both economic and environmental power systems, considering renewable energy certificates (RECs). The proposed problem formulation is solved by a particle swarm optimization algorithm and applied to a modified IEEE 30-bus system. The study shows that a combined supply offer that includes supply costs, carbon emission costs (CEC), renewable energy (RE) costs, and REC pricing resulted in the greatest cost savings. This paper demonstrates the efficiency of thorough optimization approaches. In addition, a more effective model is obtained by including demand-sided bidding in the optimization framework in addition to CEC, RE costs, and REC prices, leading to higher social welfare and encouraging the adoption of sustainable energy utilization. These results emphasize the importance of incorporating various environmental and economic factors into optimization frameworks for low-carbon power systems. Implementing this comprehensive strategy promotes substantial enhancements in social welfare and the progression of sustainable energy methodologies.

Coherent Inverse Compton Scattering in Fast Radio Bursts Revisited

Growing observations of temporal, spectral, and polarization properties of fast radio bursts (FRBs) indicate that the radio emission of the majority of bursts is likely produced inside the magnetosphere of its central engine, likely a magnetar. We revisit the idea that FRBs are generated via coherent inverse Compton scattering (ICS) off low-frequency X-mode electromagnetic waves (fast magnetosonic waves) by bunches at a distance of a few hundred times the magnetar radius. The following findings are revealed: (1) Crustal oscillations during a flaring event would excite kHz Alfvén waves. Fast magnetosonic waves with essentially the same frequency can be generated directly or be converted from Alfvén waves at a large radius, with an amplitude large enough to power FRBs via the ICS process. (2) The cross section increases rapidly with radius and significant ICS can occur at r ≳ 100R ⋆ with emission power much greater than the curvature radiation power but still in the linear scattering regime. (3) The low-frequency fast magnetosonic waves naturally redistribute a fluctuating relativistic plasma in the charge-depleted region to form bunches with the right size to power FRBs. (4) The required bunch net charge density can be sub-Goldreich–Julian, which allows a strong parallel electric field to accelerate the charges, maintain the bunches, and continuously power FRB emission. (5) This model can account for a wide range of observed properties of repeating FRB bursts, including high degrees of linear and circular polarization and narrow spectra as observed in many bursts from repeating FRB sources.

Addressing EMI and EMF Challenges in EV Wireless Charging with the Alternating Voltage Phase Coil

Wireless charging technologies are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) due to their advantages of convenience and safety. Conventional wireless charging systems often use planar circular or square spiral windings, which tend to produce strong electric fields (E-fields), leading to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and potential health risks. These standard coil configurations, while efficient in energy transfer, often fail to address the critical balance between E-field emission reduction and power transfer effectiveness. This study presents an “Alternating Voltage Phase Coil” (AVPC), an innovative coil design that can address these limitations. The AVPC retains the standard dimensions of traditional square coils (400 mm in length and width, with a 2.5 mm wire diameter and 22 turns), but introduces a novel current flow pattern called Sequential Inversion Winding (SIW). This configuration of the winding significantly reduces E-field emissions by altering the sequence of current through its loops. Rigorous simulations and experimental evaluations have demonstrated the AVPC’s ability to lower E-field emissions by effectively up to 85% while maintaining charging power. Meeting stringent regulatory standards, this advancement in the proposed coil design method provides a way for WPT systems to meet stringent regulatory standards requirements while maintaining transmission capability.

Carbon neutral energy systems: Optimal integration of energy systems with CO2 abatement pathways

AbstractReducing emissions requires transitioning towards decarbonized systems through avoiding, processing, or offsetting. Decisions on system design are associated with high costs which can be reduced at the planning stage through optimization. The temporal variations in power demand and renewable energy supply significantly impact the design of a low‐emissions energy system. Effective decision‐making must consider such impact in a comprehensive framework that accounts for the potential synergies between different options. This work presents a mixed integer linear programming model that considers the impacts of energy supply and demand dynamics to optimize the design and operation of an integrated energy system while adhering to a set emissions limit. The model integrates renewable power with CO2 capture, utilization, and sequestration by considering H2 production and storage. The case study showed including negative emissions technologies and CO2 capture and processing with renewable energy allows achieving net zero emissions power.

Towards an efficient metal energy carrier for zero–emission heating and power: Iron powder combustion

In this study, the metal cyclonic combustor (MC2) was utilized to investigate the formation of nanoparticles (nPMs) and NOx during the combustion of iron powder under varying input conditions of equivalence ratio and oxygen concentration. Findings unveiled a consistent trend: both nanoparticle and NOx formations exhibit a similar response to changes in input conditions. Specifically, as the input equivalence ratio was increased or the oxygen concentration decreased, a simultaneous reduction in the formation of these pollutants was observed. This suggests a common influence of these factors on both nanoparticle and NOx formation. Additionally, the research highlighted a critical parameter in maintaining a self-sustainable stationary flame: ensuring that the iron particles remained relatively close together, with a maximum particle-to-particle distance of approximately 0.5 mm or a minimum total iron particle surface area of at least 0.02 mm2 per mm3 volume burner for oxidizer oxygen concentrations ranging from 13.5 % to 21 %. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the utilization of iron powder as a suitable option for burning in combustion processes and in the iron energy carrier cycle, enabling good energy conversion while minimizing environmental impacts. Novelty and Significance StatementThis study includes the first-ever measurements of nanoparticles and NOx formation during iron powder combustion at different input equivalence ratios and oxygen concentrations using a practical lab-scale burner. The concept can be adapted for commercial and industrial uses in heating and power. Furthermore, the findings of this study can be used to determine the optimum conditions for low emissions with a self-sustainable stationary flame during iron powder combustion, providing valuable insights into the combustion characteristics of iron powder and offering practical guidance for optimizing its combustion processes in the iron energy carrier cycle.

Microwave and Radiofrequency Ablation: A Comparative Study between Technologies in Ex Vivo Tissues

In this paper, we report on the use of a purpose-built hybrid solid-state microwave and radiofrequency generator operating at frequencies of 2.45 GHz and/or 480 kHz for cancer ablation in various tissues. The hybrid generator was tested ex vivo on chicken breast and bovine liver and has demonstrated that the high accuracy of the power delivered to the sample can be achieved by controlling the emitted power versus the temperature profile of the treated sample. In particular, the hybrid generator incorporates control systems based on impedance or reflected power measurements that allow controlled ablation without causing unwanted carbonization and without including areas where tissue damage is not desired. The results of the ex vivo tests showed that radiofrequency ablation (RFA) could be effective for performing controlled ablations with minimally invasive probes, such as cardiac pathologies, small lesions, and tissues with particular composition, while microwave ablation (MWA) could be optimal for performing large ablations in highly vascularized tissues, such as liver cancer, where it is necessary to achieve higher temperatures.

Enhancement of terahertz emission from aqueous NaCl solutions

Exploration of terahertz sources with high electric fields and broad bandwidth is of great importance for terahertz application. In this work, the enhancement of terahertz emission from aqueous NaCl solutions induced by femtosecond laser pulses has been demonstrated by experiments. The power of the terahertz wave emission from the NaCl solution with a concentration of 30% is 1.86 times stronger than that from liquid water under equivalent excitation conditions. By means of a liquid circulation system with accurate pressure and temperature control, the influence of parameters such as solution concentration, liquid temperature, and medium size on the terahertz emission has been investigated. According to the experiment results, strong terahertz pulses are radiated from NaCl solutions with higher concentration, higher temperature, and smaller diameter. In addition, the physical mechanisms responsible for strong terahertz radiation have been analyzed by actual measurements and numerical simulations.

High-power in-phase and anti-phase mode emission from linear arrays of resonant-tunneling-diode oscillators in the 0.4-to-0.8-THz frequency range

Oscillators based on resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) are able to reach the highest oscillation frequency among all electronic THz emitters. However, the emitted power from RTDs remains limited. Here, we propose linear RTD oscillator arrays capable of supporting coherent emission from both in-phase and anti-phase coupled modes. The oscillation modes can be selected by adjusting the mesa areas of the RTDs. Both the modes exhibit constructive interference at different angles in the far field, enabling high-power emission. Experimental demonstrations of coherent emission from linear arrays containing 11 RTDs are presented. The anti-phase mode oscillates at ∼450 GHz, emitting about 0.7 mW, while the in-phase mode oscillates at around 750 GHz, emitting about 1 mW. Moreover, certain RTD oscillator arrays exhibit dual-band operation: changing the bias voltage allows for controllable switching between the anti-phase and in-phase modes. Upon bias sweeping in both directions, a notable hysteresis feature is observed. Our linear RTD oscillator array represents a significant step forward in the realization of large arrays for applications requiring continuous-wave THz radiation with substantial power.

Thermal enhanced upconversion luminescent of Sc2W3O12:Yb3+/Er3+ for optical temperature measurement

In recent years, people have higher requirements for temperature measurement with the development of optical temperature measurement. Meanwhile, the emission intensity of most fluorescent materials is quenched by thermal effects as the temperature rises, making it challenging to meet the specifications of fluorescent materials employed in the field of pyrometry. In this work, the pure phase of Yb3+/Er3+ ions co-doped Sc2W3O12 phosphor was successfully prepared. Sc2W3O12: Yb3+, Er3+ samples showed strong green emission and weak red emission. The optimal doping concentrations of Yb3+ and Er3+ ions are 0.3 and 0.02, respectively. The potential upconversion luminescence (UCL) mechanism was investigated by analyzing the UCL spectra, downshift emission spectra and power dependence spectra of Yb3+/Er3+ ions co-doped Sc2W3O12. The upconversion emission excitation path is mainly through Er3+ ions from 4I11/2 absorption photon excitation to 4F7/2 energy level, then the photons of 4F7/2 relaxes to green and red emission energy levels and returns to ground state for emitting green and red light. In addition, according to the UCL green light intensity increasing with temperature, it serves as an optical temperature sensor. The temperature sensitivity of the sample was explored in the temperature range of 298 K–673 K. This study provides new materials and ideas for non-contact temperature sensing.

ELF emission in the topside ionosphere from the ZEVS transmitter detected by CSES satellite

The extremely-low-frequency (ELF) response in the upper ionosphere to ground large-scale transmitter ZEVS on the Kola Peninsula has been detected by low-Earth orbiting satellite CSES (∼500 km altitude). When the satellite was in the vicinity of the ZEVS transmitter above the White Sea (horizontal distance ∼400–900 km), the electric and magnetic sensors detected a narrowband 82 Hz emission with amplitudes E≃1-3μV/m and B≃0.5-1.0 pT. We modeled the ELF wave field spatial structure in the upper ionosphere excited by an oscillating 82 Hz linear current with the 60 km length suspended above a high-resistive ground. Realistic altitudinal profiles of the plasma parameters during events under study have been reconstructed with the use of the IRI ionospheric model. The modeled amplitudes of electromagnetic response of the upper ionosphere are in reasonable agreement with the 82-Hz emission power recorded by the CSES satellite for a typical transmitter current intensity >100 A.

Constraining the hadronic properties of star-forming galaxies above 1 GeV with 15-years Fermi-LAT data

Star-forming and starburst galaxies (SFGs and SBGs) are considered to be powerful emitters of non-thermal γ-rays and neutrinos, due to their intense phases of star-formation activity, which should confine high-energy Cosmic-Rays (CRs) inside their environments. On this regard, the Fermi-LAT collaboration has found a correlation between the γ-ray and infrared luminosities for a sample of local sources. Yet, the physics behind these non-thermal emission is still under debate. We provide novel constraints on the tight relation between γ-rays and star formation rate (SFR) exploiting 15 years of public Fermi-LAT data. Thus, we probe the calorimetric fraction Fcal of high-energy protons in SFGs and SBGs, namely, the fraction of high-energy protons actually producing high-energy γ-rays and neutrinos. Further, we extrapolate this information to their diffuse γ-ray and neutrino emissions constraining their contribution to the extra-galactic gamma-ray background (EGB) and the diffuse neutrino flux. Using the publicly-available fermitools, we analyse 15.3 years of γ-ray between 1-1000 GeV data for 70 sources, 56 of which were not previously detected. We relate this emission to a theoretical model for SBGs in order to constrain Fcal for each source and then study its correlation with the star formation rate of the sources. Firstly, we find at 4σ level an indication of γ-ray emission for other two SBGs, namely M 83 and NGC 1365. By contrast, we find that, even with the new description of background, the significance for the γ-ray emission of M 33 (initially reported as discovered) still stands at ~ 4σ (as already reported by previous works).Along with previous findings, the flux of each detected source is consistent with a ~ E -2.3/2.4 spectrum, compatible with the injected CR flux inferred in the Milky-Way. We also notice that the correlation between Fcal and the SFR is in accordance with the expected scaling relation for CR escape dominated by advection. We remark that undiscovered sources strongly constrain Fcal at 95% CL, providing fundamental information when we interpret the results as common properties of SFGs and SBGs. Finally, we find that these sources might contribute (12 ± 3)% to the EGB, while the corresponding diffuse neutrino flux strongly depends on the spectral index distribution along the source class.

Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser technology: A comprehensive review

Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) technology has become an indispensable element in optical communication systems and optoelectronics due to its many advantages, and the unique characteristics of VCSELs, including vertical emission, high-speed operation, and low power consumption, have attracted much interest from researchers and industry professionals. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of VCSELs, explaining their basic principles and two commonly used structures. It also delves into the field of optical communications, highlighting the challenges faced in the current development, from which it introduces the significant progress made by VCSELs over the past decade in various applications such as high-speed data transmission, multi-mode communications, and long-distance networks. In addition, this study provides valuable insights into the future trajectory and potential evolution of VCSEL technology to facilitate further research and innovation in the field of communications. By providing a holistic analysis, this study is a valuable resource for scientists and researchers to help them realize the full potential of VCSELs in advancing optical communication technologies to meet the ever-changing needs of modern communication networks.

Impacts of carbon emissions allowance limitations on carbon price with power generation rights trading in China

Carbon pricing is a crucial mechanism for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality through the carbon trading market. Recently, the price of carbon emissions allowances in China's national carbon market has shown a gradual upward trend. The limitations on carbon emissions allowances have also become increasingly stringent. Power generators, which primarily rely on thermal power generation, have a substantial demand for carbon emissions allowances. The rising prices and stricter carbon emissions constraints have increased operational costs. Therefore, exploring the carbon pricing mechanism under more stringent carbon emissions allowance constraints is vital. It encourages thermal power generators to engage in carbon trading and reduce carbon emissions. This paper focuses on an energy trading platform supply chain comprising three power generators, one energy trading platform, and one power retailer. We consider stringent carbon emissions constraints and power generation rights trading. Through the analysis of three scenarios, the study explores optimal pricing decisions for carbon emissions allowances to facilitate carbon emission reduction and promote renewable energy generation and consumption. The findings indicate that, under certain conditions (i.e., the carbon quotas allocation coefficient b1∈[0.73,0.8]), scenario 3, which excludes generation rights trading, yields the highest optimal carbon price. The energy trading platform can adjust various commissions to influence the carbon price, as well as the price and quantity of generation rights trading. Introducing power generation rights trading proves beneficial in reducing carbon emissions (nearly 400 tons less than that in scenario 3 without generation rights trading, when the realized total power demand is around 8600 MWh) and fostering renewable power generation and consumption (the actual renewable power consumption weight is 3% higher than that without generation rights trading). When considering generation rights trading, the high-emission generator and renewable power generator achieve the highest power profits, while for the low-emission generator, the profit in this case is the second best among these scenarios. Moreover, by decreasing the coefficient of carbon quotas allocation and increasing the reduction rate simultaneously, the carbon cost will pass through to the electricity price more sufficiently (e.g., when b1=0.76, the pass-through rate increases from 0.5015 to 0.7984), particularly within a specific range of the carbon quotas allocation coefficient.

Dynamic Calculation Method for Zonal Carbon Emissions in Power Systems Based on the Theory of Production Simulation and Carbon Emission Flow Theory

Power systems are the main source of carbon emissions. Currently, coordinated operation strategies of the source–grid–load–storage model considering carbon emissions is primarily expanded from the generation side. For practical power systems, where multiple types of generating units coexist at a single node, it is difficult to develop unit combination strategies that simultaneously consider carbon emission factors and power flow constraints. Therefore, a new power flow calculation method based on connectivity matrix theory was proposed, aiming to address the issues of existing approaches that are too coarse and unable to accurately represent the operating states of multiple units under each node. Furthermore, a new method for dynamic calculation of regional carbon emission based on connectivity matrix and carbon emissions flow was introduced to improve the accuracy of carbon emission measurements. Firstly, a simulation model for a coordinated optimization operation based on the minimum system cost for the source–grid–load was established and an optimal flow calculation method using a connectivity matrix was introduced. Second, a dynamic carbon emission calculation method, considering electricity sources, was developed by combining the results of the optimal power flow calculation with carbon emission flow theory. Finally, the effectiveness of the approach in this article was verified by the IEEE 14-bus system example and a provincial power grid, ensuring strict adherence to the conservation principle of carbon emissions between the supply and demand sides and satisfying power flow constraints.

Background gravitational waves as signature of the accelerated cosmic expansion

We propose a toy model of a spherical universe made up of an exotic dark gas with temperature T in thermal equilibrium with a black-body in adiabatic expansion. Each particle of this exotic gas mimics a kind of particle of dark energy. So, each dark particle occupies a very small area of space so-called Planck area [Formula: see text], which represents the minimum area of the whole space-time given by the spherical surface with area [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the Hubble radius. We realize that such spherical surface is the surface of the black-body for representing the dark universe as if it were the surface of an expanding balloon. Thus, we are able to derive the law of universal gravitation, thus leading us to understand the cosmological anti-gravity. We estimate the tiny order of magnitude of the cosmological constant and the acceleration of expansion of the dark sphere. In this toy model, as the dark universe can be thought of as a large black body, when we obtain its power and frequency of emission of radiation, we find very low values. We conclude that such radiation and frequency of the black body made up of dark energy is a background gravitational wave with very low frequency in the order of [Formula: see text] due to the slight stretching of the fabric of space-time.

Optimizing CO2 Purification in a Negative CO2 Emission Power Plant

AbstractIn the pursuit of mitigating CO2 emissions, this study investigates the optimization of CO2 purification within a negative CO2 emission power plant using a spray ejector condenser (SEC) coupled with a separator. The approach involves direct‐contact condensation of vapor, primarily composed of an inert gas (CO2), facilitated by a subcooled liquid spray. A comprehensive analysis is presented, employing a numerical model to simulate a cyclone separator under various SEC outlet conditions. Methodologically, the simulation, conducted in Fluent, encompasses three‐dimensional, transient, and turbulent characteristics using the Reynolds stress model turbulent model and mixture model to replicate the turbulent two‐phase flow within a gas–liquid separator. Structural considerations are delved into, evaluating the efficacy of single‐ and dual‐inlet separators to enhance CO2 purification efficiency. The study reveals significant insights into the optimization process, highlighting a notable enhancement in separation efficiency within the dual‐inlet cyclone, compared to its single inlet counterpart. Specifically, a 90.7 % separation efficiency is observed in the former, characterized by symmetrical flow patterns devoid of wavering CO2 cores, whereas the latter exhibits less desirable velocity vectors. Furthermore, the investigation explores the influence of key parameters, such as liquid volume fraction (LVF) and water droplet diameter, on separation efficiency. It is ascertained that a 10 % LVF with a water droplet diameter of 10 µm yields the highest separation efficiency at 90.7 %, whereas a 20 % LVF with a water droplet diameter of 1 µm results in a reduced efficiency of 50.79 %. Moreover, the impact of structural modifications, such as the addition of vanes, on separation efficiency and pressure drop is explored. Remarkably, the incorporation of vanes leads to a 9.2 % improvement in separation efficiency and a 16.8 % reduction in pressure drop at a 10 % LVF. The findings underscore the significance of structural considerations and parameter optimization in advancing CO2 capture technologies, with implications for sustainable energy production and environmental conservation.