CO2 Emissions Research Articles

Fluorine-doped perovskite cathodes with boosted electrocatalytic activity for CO2 electrolysis

Global energy demands that have traditionally been satisfied by the use of fossil fuels have led to substantial emissions of CO2, an important greenhouse gas. Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) offer a practical approach for transforming CO2 into valuable fuels. Accordingly, creating stable electrocatalysts and perovskite cathodes capable of efficiently converting CO2 is a primary aim for the further development of SOECs. Although reconstructing active sites during CO2 electrolysis is significantly challenging, it is also constrained by our lack of understanding of this process. Herein, we introduce an innovative strategy that involves co-doping with Cu and F to better facilitate the exsolution reaction, which resulted in the formation of an advanced cathode composed of Cu-Fe alloy nanoparticles embedded in a fluorine-doped Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6−δ (SFM) ceramic matrix. The in-situ electrochemical reconstruction of the SFM cathode through co-doping not only improves mass-transfer efficiency during CO2 electrolysis but also enhances the catalytic activity and durability of the ceramic cathode. A SOEC assembled with this material as a symmetrical electrode delivered 4.99 mL min−1 cm−2 of CO at 850 °C and an applied voltage of 1.8 V, which is 168 % higher than that of a pure SFM electrode. In addition, no carbon deposits were observed at the end of the reaction. The co-doping strategy delivered enhanced performance without degradation over 100 h of high-temperature operation, which suggests that it is a reliable cathode material for CO2 electrolysis. This study introduced an innovative method for improving the SOEC-electrode microstructure and developing efficient electrocatalysts for CO2 electrolysis.

Waste-to-Energy Conversion of Rubberwood Residues for Enhanced Biomass Fuels: Process Optimization and Eco-Efficiency Evaluation

Torrefaction was applied to enhance the fuel properties of sawdust (SD) and bark wood (BW), biomass wastes from the rubberwood processing industry. Design Expert (DE) software was used in an experimental design to study the effects of affecting factors including torrefaction temperature and time as well as the biomass size towards the desirable properties such as HHV, mass yield, fixed carbon content, and eco-efficiency values. Promising results showed that the HHVs of the torrefied SD (25 MJ/kg) and BW (26 MJ/kg) were significantly increased when compared to preheated SD (17 MJ/kg) and preheated BW (17 MJ/kg) and in a range similar to that of coal (25–35 MJ/kg). The TGA, FTIR, biomass compositions, and O/C ratios suggested that thermochemical reactions played a significant role in the torrefaction at which thermal degradation coupled with possible in situ chemical reactions took place, to some extent. The optimal conditions of the torrefaction were identified at 320 °C and 30 min for SD, and 325 °C and 30 min for BW. The maximum HHVs at the optimal condition were 22, 23, and 20 MJ/kg while the eco-efficiency values were 29.18, 27.89, and 13.72 kJ/kg CO2_eq*THB for torrefied SD, torrefied BW, and coal, respectively. The findings of this study indicate that torrefied rubberwood residues enhanced HHV, eco-efficiency, and less contribution to CO2 emissions compared to fossil fuels.

C/N conversion and pigment production of Blastochloris sulfoviridis characterized by bacteriochlorophyll b under near-infrared single-wavelength laser

High carbon use efficiency (CUE) of photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) can concurrently increase biomass and reduce CO2 emissions. In the PSB study, light-oxygen conditions are crucial factors influencing the growth of these bacteria. Bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) b (absorption spectra: 970–1040 nm), due to its unique absorption spectrum, can be considered a crucial complement to BChl a (absorption spectra: 780–890 nm). We investigate the effects of four light-oxygen conditions on biomass, C/N conversion, and pigment production using five individual light sources in Blastochloris sulfoviridis (B. sulfoviridis), producing BChl b, isolated using 940±10 nm laser unexpectedly. Biomass, CUE, and pigment production follow the order under different light-oxygen conditions: light-anaerobic > light-aerobic > dark-aerobic > dark-anaerobic. The maximum biomass (1386.88 mg/L), highest CUE (0.95 g-biomass/g-CODremoved and 0.49 g-biomass carbon/g-CODremoved), and highest pigment production are observed under full spectrum (40 W)-anaerobic, 940-anaerobic, and 850-anaerobic conditions, respectively. Compared to light-aerobic, the nitrogen-fixing ability of B. sulfoviridis is enhanced under light-anaerobic conditions. This study contributes to research on resource recovery and greenhouse gas emissions reduction in PSB wastewater treatment.

ENHANCING EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY: GREEN ENERGY SOLUTIONS FOR WATER SUPPLY COMPANIES

Water supply enterprises significantly impact local communities by providing essential services. These companies face high electricity costs for water extraction, purification, and transportation, affecting efficiency and reliability. Therefore, implementing innovative technologies to enhance sustainability in the water supply sector is crucial. This article explores the opportunities and strategies for renewable energy transition at water supply companies. Using investment, sensitivity, and strategic analyses, as well as a case study approach, the research examines technologies, conceptual frameworks, mechanisms, and approaches to integrate green power into water supply operations, addressing high energy costs and promoting sustainability. The article identifies solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, and geothermal energy technologies as the most prominent renewable power solutions for water supply enterprises. The developed conceptual framework for implementing these technologies includes needs assessment and goal setting; resource assessment and technology selection; system design and integration; financing and investment; regulatory compliance and permitting; stakeholder engagement and capacity building; and monitoring, evaluation, and continuous improvement. The mechanisms and approaches to integrate green energy solutions within the developed framework can involve on-site renewable energy generation, power purchase agreements, energy storage and microgrid systems, energy efficiency and demand management, and collaborative and community-based models. As a case study, the article examines a 120-kW solar power plant project for a water supply enterprise, demonstrating profitability with a net present value of 60,370 USD and an internal rate of return exceeding 21%. The project's payback period is estimated at 8.38 years, acceptable within industry standards. Sensitivity analysis indicates the project's financial resilience. Increasing electricity prices will boost profitability, justifying the solar power plant investment amid inflation and economic instability. Additionally, the project ensures reliable water transport and environmental benefits by reducing CO2 emissions through solar energy use. Thus, transitioning to renewable energy at water supply enterprises is feasible and essential for long-term sustainability, transforming operations to be more resilient, efficient, and environmentally friendly.

The Impact of Financial Development, Foreign Direct Investment, and Trade Openness on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Jordan: An ARDL and VECM Analysis Approach

Jordan has made substantial strides in enhancing its economy by focusing on economic growth stimulants, which include financial development, foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade openness. However, these economic activities often lead to significant environmental risks. Despite their relevance, the existing literature has rarely examined the influence of these dynamics on environmental quality in the Middle East, particularly in Jordan. This study aims to investigate the influence of financial development, FDI, and trade openness on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Jordan. To achieve this, the study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Granger causality approach, utilizing data sourced from the World Bank for the period from 1990 to 2022. The findings indicate that financial development, FDI, and trade openness positively impact CO2 emissions, thereby increasing environmental risks in both the short and long term. Additionally, there exists a bidirectional causal relationship between financial development and both FDI and trade openness, as well as between FDI and trade openness. It is imperative for Jordan to design strategies that balance economic growth with sustainable environmental practices.

Are air travelers willing to pay for mandatory carbon emission policies? Evidence from China

The aviation industry is one of the fastest-growing sectors in terms of CO2 emissions and also one of the most challenging to decarbonize. China has become the world's second-largest aviation market. While a nationwide mandatory carbon reduction policy has yet to be introduced in China's aviation sector, it may be implemented in the coming years. The implementation of mandatory carbon reduction policies will inevitably raise questions about the distribution of additional costs. Therefore, air travelers' willingness to pay (WTP) and the factors influencing it are critical considerations for policymakers and airlines. However, there is a lack of research on the WTP of Chinese air travelers under mandatory carbon reduction policies. No studies have specifically focused on the regional differences in WTP among air travelers in China. Moreover, existing research on air travelers' WTP for carbon offsets rarely captures the impact of rational, emotional, and social interaction factors. Therefore, this study investigates the WTP of 3424 air travelers across 31 provincial-level administrative regions in China within the context of a carbon tax policy. Using the Heckman two-step model, the study analyzes the impact of rational, emotional, and social interactions on air travelers' WTP. The results indicate that, after removing biased samples, the average WTP among Chinese air travelers is 311.04 CNY ($44.14) per ton of CO2. The highest WTP is observed in the East China region at 341.20 CNY ($48.42) per ton of CO2, while the lowest is in the Northeast region at 263.19 CNY ($37.35) per ton of CO2. Epistemic performance expectancy, social performance expectancy, function performance expectancy, and anticipated pride positively influence WTP. In contrast, effort expectancy negatively impacts WTP. Additionally, social interaction can moderate the effects of certain rational and emotional factors on WTP. It is noteworthy that although anticipated guilt does not directly influence WTP, its positive impact on WTP can be moderated through social interactions. The results of this study can assist governments in formulating effective carbon emission reduction policies for the aviation industry. Moreover, these findings can provide valuable insights for airlines to adjust pricing strategies under mandatory carbon reduction policies, thus holding practical significance.

Development of Predictive Models for Energy Demand and CO2 Emission Trends for Households in Makurdi Metropolis

This study aimed at developing predictive models for energy demand and CO2 emission trends for households in Makurdi metropolis. As part of the study, households were randomly selected to represent a reasonable spread. Four major emission sources: electricity; transportation; solid waste and cooking fuels were considered, and data on the sources were obtained using records from relevant departments as well as questionnaires, surveys, and interviews of the occupants. This data was analyzed and used to calculate the CO2 emissions of the households using IPCC standard guidelines and formulae. The CO2 emission and energy demand predictive models were also developed using Design Expert 13. The ANOVA for the CO2 emission and energy demand shows a significant model (Significance F value of ≤ 0.0001) and a high R-squared value of 0.9981 and 0.9802 respectively. This indicates the adequacy of the models, and they can therefore be used to predict the CO2 and energy demand of households in Makurdi metropolis. The limitation remains the imbalance in living standards across the respective areas of the metropolis which definitely impacts on the demand and use of energy. It will be useful for policy makers and implementers in ensuring sustainable energy demand planning and CO2 emissions mitigation.

Assessment of Vehicle Carbon Emissions and Their Impact on Rainfall and Temperature in Ranchi, Jharkhand

Climate change is very serious problem to mankind as it is affecting climatic variables such as rainfall and temperature and which affects agriculture and livelihood of humans. The main reason of climate change and global warming is the increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Greenhouse gases contain 72.4% carbon dioxide, making it the major component of GHG. Energy sector and transport sector are the two main emitter of CO2. The vehicular carbon emission of Ranchi is calculated for year 1997-2020 and is correlated against rainfall and temperature. The results shows that the vehicular carbon emission of Ranchi is increasing exponentially. The bi-variate correlation of CO2 signifies no significant correlation with rainfall however temperature is moderately correlated with CO2 emission. The partial correlation signifies the moderate influence of CO2 on rainfall and temperature of Ranchi.

Assessment and management of costs for renewable energy investments in Zambia using a novel mixed method.

This paper investigates strategies for managing costs in low-CO2 renewable energy (RE) projects, with a focus on enhancing investment efficiency. The study develops a novel mixed-method framework that integrates Shapley rates, TOPSIS, and Pythagorean fuzzy (PF) DEMATEL to identify effective cost-control tactics. Data is sourced from financial reports, project records, and expert evaluations involving three managers from the energy sector with over two decades of experience in renewable energy investments and CO2 emission reduction. The framework's precision is tested through the VIKOR technique and sensitivity analysis, using five scenarios where the weighting outcomes of criteria are adjusted. Findings reveal that solar energy consistently offers the most cost-effective solutions, while consumer prioritization significantly improves the viability of wind energy investments. The results also emphasize the importance of workforce development in solar energy projects and collaborative cost-control strategies to enhance project success. The study recommends that investors focus on high- or low-level collaborative approaches for solar energy due to its lower associated costs compared to other options. These insights can guide policymakers and investors in optimizing renewable energy investments and enhancing collaboration to reduce CO2 emissions.

Harnessing Solar and Hydropower in Pakistan: A Strategic Approach to Climate Change Mitigation

This study aims to conduct a thorough examination of Pakistan’s energy sector, with a specific focus on renewable energy (RE) and nonrenewable energy (non-RE) sources. It intends to delve into the potential of solar and hydropower resources within Pakistan and their capacity to mitigate the effects of climate change, thus centering the discussion on RE, particularly solar and hydropower. Adopting secondary data sources, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current state of Pakistan’s energy sector and the challenges that it faces. One of the key findings highlighted in the analysis is the serious problem within Pakistan’s energy sector: existing institutions struggle to cope with the increasing demand for energy owing to insufficient growth in power generation capacity. This inadequacy has led to an increase in CO2 emissions, primarily driven by the country’s growing reliance on fossil fuels to meet its energy needs. Despite this challenge, Pakistan possesses substantial potential for Resources, particularly solar energy and hydropower. Following an evaluation of renewable energy resources, this study proposes recommendations to support the adoption and utilization of renewable energy as a critical component of sustainable growth. These suggestions are geared toward accelerating the transition to renewable energy sources, thus positioning Pakistan for a more sustainable and resilient energy future. This research paper underscores the urgency of addressing the shortcomings in Pakistan’s energy sector and emphasizes the pivotal role of renewable energy, especially solar and hydropower, in mitigating climate change and fostering sustainable development. By leveraging its abundant renewable energy resources and implementing strategic measures, Pakistan can chart a path toward a more environmentally friendly and economically viable energy landscape.

Tuning CO2 Hydrogenation to Light Olefin Selectivity via Cu/Zn/Zr Supported on Modified SAPO‐34

AbstractTo alleviate CO2 emissions and reduce reliance on fossil fuels, a groundbreaking bifunctional catalyst system was introduced, which ingeniously merged CZZ with modified SAPO‐34 zeolite, to convert CO2 into light olefins. Different metals were impregnated into SAPO‐34 to form MeSAPO‐34 (Me = Zn, Zr, Mn) and the metal Zr content was altered. Furthermore, CZZ and MeSAPO‐34 was combined into CZZ/MeSAPO‐34 composite catalysts, which was used for CO2 hydrogenation. The MeSAPO‐34 and xZrSAPO‐34 catalysts were rigorously characterized by various techniques, revealing key physicochemical attributes. This innovative approach harnessed the synergistic effects between the metallic CZZ component and the modified zeolite to facilitate a series of reactions, effectively generating C2‐C4‐rich hydrocarbons. Benefiting from weak acid, higher oxygen vacancy concentration and interactions between components, the CZZ/ZrSAPO‐34 catalyst system has shown remarkable efficiency in enhancing the light olefin selectivity. The key aspects of this system are its ability to modulate surface acidity and oxygen vacancy concentration, thus creating favorable conditions for light olefin production via enhanced tandem reaction based on CO2 hydrogenation. This work enriches our insight into designing novel composite catalysts for promoting CO2 conversion and hence mitigating CO2 emissions.

Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emission Assessment Resulting from Processing Municipal Organic Waste into Bahan Bakar Jumputan Padat for Co-firing in Power Plants; Case Study: Bagendung Landfill Cilegon City

One type of biomass that can be used as fuel for co-firing in power plants is Bahan Bakar Jumputan Padat (BBJP)/Solid Waste Fuel. BBJP is a non-hazardous waste derivative that cannot be recycled. The production process of BBJP is strictly regulated by the Indonesian national standard (SNI) 8966:2021. The definition, characteristics and specifications of BBJP are much closer to Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) than Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). The utilization of BBJP reflects the dedication to reducing waste in landfills with a circular economy concept approach as well as the transition of the energy mix in Indonesia. To the present day, the production capacity of BBJP at Bagendung landfill in Cilegon City, Banten Province, has successfully produced 30 tons/day of organic municipal waste with an average BBJP product yield ranging between 11-15 tons/day. This research is intended to assess the Greenhouse Gas emissions (GHG) generated from the processing of municipal waste into BBJP. There are three main processes that produce GHG emissions, namely during bio drying processing, the use of machinery that produces emissions from electricity and the transportation process that produces combustion emissions in diesel fuel. As a result, direct GHG emissions arising from all waste processing activities into BBJP consist of 10 pollutants, namely CH4, N2O, CO, NH3, CO2, NOX, SO2, NVMOC, PM2.5 and ID(1,2,3,c,d)P. CO2 emission is the largest pollutant, accounting for 96.70% of the entire BBJP process.

The effect of global collaboration on climate mitigation technologies in reducing CO2

The fundamental approaches to industrial growth, government interventions, and market structure have ignored the main consequences of the common idea of “growth first, clean later”. This study investigates the relationship between carbon emissions (CO2) and international collaboration in climate change mitigation technologies (ICCCMT), renewable energy consumption (REC), exports (EXP), imports (IMP), gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), natural resources rents (NRR), and domestic innovation in climate change mitigation technologies (DICCMT) for a panel of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries over the period of 1990-2020. We adopted a series of econometric techniques for the visualization of the available data. We used second-generation econometrics estimations to verify cross-sectional dependence, co-integration, and stationary between the variables.Based on our findings, the study reveals that ICCCMT, REC, and DICCMT have a positive effect and contribute to CO2 mitigation of the 30 OECD economies. Furthermore, the findings reveal that ICCCMT can promote renewable energy consumption, thus the increase of REC will significantly mitigate CO2 emissions. The outcomes from the panel dynamic GMM model confirmed a positive relationship between CO2 emissions, FDI, exports, imports, and GDP. The study indicates that these variables can adversely affect climate change mitigation.

Research on Carbon Footprint Reduction During Hydrogen Co-Combustion in a Turbojet Engine

The paper presents experimental studies on the effect of co-combustion of aviation kerosene with hydrogen in the GTM400 turbojet engine on the change in the carbon footprint generated by the engine in relation to its standard operation without hydrogen in the fuel. This research is in line with current research and development trends carried out in the EU, linking them to the issues of the European Green Deal, the Fit for 55 directive and current environmental trends in aviation and energy. The main objective of the research was to check the effect of hydrogen co-combustion in a turbojet engine on the change of the carbon footprint, while a secondary objective was to verify the impact of higher exhaust gas temperatures generated by the new, high-calorific fuel on the secondary generation of nitrogen oxides (NOx), especially in the thermal mechanism, as an undesirable effect. The research shows that the co-combustion of hydrogen with aviation kerosene in a turbojet engine reduces the carbon footprint (reduction of CO2 maximum of 15% and CO emissions maximum of 24%), but also increases the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) maximum of 58%, including those generated in the thermal mechanism (significant increase in the temperature of exhaust gases), moreover, the increase in nitrogen oxide emissions is proportional to the amount of co-combusted hydrogen, which is directly related to the stoichiometry of the combustion process. The main conclusion of the research is that technologies for the combustion or co-combustion of hydrogen in turbojet engines require further research and development, mainly on the side of the use of excess exhaust gas temperature generated during combustion and methods of reducing secondary nitrogen oxides.

Impact of Shortening Real Driving Emission (RDE) Test Trips on CO, NOX, and PN10 Emissions from Different Vehicles

Impact of Shortening Real Driving Emission (RDE) Test Trips on CO, NOX, and PN10 Emissions from Different Vehicles

Congruent Long-Term Declines in Carbon and Biodiversity Are a Signature of Forest Degradation.

Recent global policy initiatives aimed at reducing forest degradation require practical definitions of degradation that are readily monitored. However, consistent approaches for monitoring forest degradation over the long term and at broad scales are lacking. We quantified the long-term effects of intensive wood harvest on above-ground carbon and biodiversity at fine resolutions (30 m2) and broad scales (New Brunswick, Canada; 72,908 km2). Model predictions for above-ground biomass were highly correlated with independent data (r = 0.77). After accounting for carbon stored in wood products, net CO2 emissions from forests for the region from 1985 to 2020 were 141 CO2e Tg (4.02 TgCO2e year-1; 32% of all reported emissions). We found strong positive correlations between locations with declines in above-ground carbon and habitats for old-forest bird species, which have lost > 20% habitat over 35 years. High congruence between biodiversity and forest carbon offers potential for policy incentives to conserve both objectives simultaneously and slow rates of forest degradation. These methods could be used to track forest degradation for managed forest regions worldwide.

Synthesis and Properties of Nickel Copper Phosphorus (NixCuyPz) Catalyst

Nowadays, scientists around the world are paying more attention to renewable hydrogen fuels. There is a growing need for precious metal catalysts to calculate the cost of obtaining renewable energy, an efficient method of producing H2 by electrolysis of water, as well as to facilitate the decomposition of water into its elemental parts. Today, due to the increase in the problem of the shortage of energy resources and the growing of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, attention is being paid to hydrogen energy. However, the production of H2 requires low-cost, efficient catalysts that facilitate hydrogen/oxygen separation reactions in the water splitting. For this purpose, intermediate metal phosphides (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, W) were used as effective electrocatalysts for water decomposition. The catalytic activity of intermediate metal phosphides to form hydrogen is largely dependent on the phosphorus content, but the P atoms play an important role in increasing efficiency. The production of hydrogen by electrolysis of water on the basis of bifunctional catalysts has good prospects for use in the energy industry. In the article, the one-step hydrothermal synthesis method and physico-chemical (electronic structure and conductivity, structure morphology) of double metal phosphide with NixCuyPz composition were studied.

Progress in Corrosion Protection Research for Supercritical CO2 Transportation Pipelines

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technology is an emergent field with the potential for substantial CO2 emissions reduction, enabling low-carbon utilization of fossil fuels. It is widely regarded as a critical technology for combating global climate change and controlling greenhouse gas emissions. According to recent studies, China has identified CCUS as a key emissions reduction technology in climate change response and carbon neutrality objectives. Within this framework, supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) transport pipelines are an essential means for efficient and safe transportation of CO2. Corrosion protection of pipelines enhances the efficiency and safety of CCUS technology and supports broader implementation and application. This paper reviews the current research on corrosion protection for SC-CO2 transport pipelines, discusses effect factors, compares various corrosion protection strategies, and analyzes the challenges in corrosion protection of SC-CO2 transport pipelines. It concludes with a perspective on future research and development directions in this field. This paper is dedicated to providing new research strategies for pipeline corrosion protection in CCUS technology in the future, and providing technical support for pipeline corrosion protection in CCUS industrial applications.

Evaluating tree-ring proxies for representing the ecosystem productivity in India.

Terrestrial ecosystems are one of the major sinks of atmospheric CO2 and play a key role in climate change mitigation. Forest ecosystems offset nearly 25% of the global annual CO2 emissions, and a large part of this is stored in the aboveground woody biomass. Several studies have focused on understanding the carbon sequestration processes in forest ecosystems and their response to climate change using the eddy covariance (EC) technique and remotely sensed vegetation indices. However, very few of them address the linkage of tree-ring growth with the ecosystem-atmosphere carbon exchange, and nearly none have tested this linkage over a long-term (> 100 years) - limited by the short-term (< 50 years) availability of measured ecosystem carbon flux. Nevertheless, tree-ring indices can potentially act as proxies for ecosystem productivity. We utilise the Coupled Climate Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (C4MIP) model outputs for its 140-year-long simulated records of mean monthly gross primary productivity (GPP) and compare them with the tree-ring growth indices over the northwestern Himalayan region in India. In this study, we examine three coniferous tree species: Pinus roxburghii and Picea smithiana wall. Boiss and Cedrus deodara and find that the strength of the correlation between GPP and tree ring growth indices (RWI) varies among the species.

Theoretical foundations and practical implementation of supply chain optimization a metal fabrication business model

In the dynamic landscape of modern business, effective management of supply chains stands as a cornerstone of organizational success and competitive edge. This study investigates the theoretical principles and practical implementations of optimization models aimed at refining supply chain operations in the metal fabrication business, giving the maximum profit. It begins with a comprehensive survey of optimization theory, encompassing linear programming, integer programming, and stochastic optimization. It proceeds to their application in addressing diverse challenges encountered in supply chain management. The discussion includes deterministic models, such as those optimizing facility location under capacity constraints and transportation logistics, alongside stochastic models designed to manage uncertainties inherent in demand forecasting and inventory control. Advanced methodologies like metaheuristic algorithms and multi-objective optimization techniques are examined for their capacity to navigate the intricate and often conflicting objectives within supply chain networks. Through comprehensive theoretical analysis and a study of the supply chain model developed for the metal fabrication business, this paper contributes to advancing knowledge in mechanical engineering and supply chain management, offering insights pertinent to practitioners and researchers alike. Ultimately, it emphasizes the critical role of optimization models in optimizing efficiency, reducing costs, improving profit margin, reducing CO2 emission, and enhancing competitiveness in modern supply chain operations.