Car Emissions Research Articles

Investigating the effects of first idle time and ambient temperature on real driving emissions of passenger cars

Investigating the effects of first idle time and ambient temperature on real driving emissions of passenger cars

Impact of Built Environment on Carbon Emissions from Cross-District Mobility: A Social Network Analysis Based on Private Vehicle Trajectory Big Data

The realization of the “double carbon” goals and the development of green transportation require a focused approach to reducing carbon emissions from private cars. Starting from the perspective of social network analysis, this paper constructs the carbon emission network of private car cross-district mobility based on vehicle trajectory big data in Guangzhou and Foshan and analyzes its spatial network characteristics. Next, the MRQAP model is constructed to examine the impact of built environment factors on carbon emissions from private cars. Furthermore, the paper explores the moderating effect of private car mobility in the central urban area. The results indicate the following: (1) Private vehicle cross-district mobility in the Guangzhou and Foshan region are closely interconnected and exhibit a phenomenon of central clustering. (2) Both population density and the number of road intersections have a positive relationship with private car carbon emissions, and after a series of robustness tests, the results are still valid. (3) Private vehicle mobility in central urban areas contributes to an increase in carbon emissions, and the positive impact is reinforced by population density, while road intersections and private car mobility in central urban areas have a substitutive effect on private car carbon emissions.

Telehealth palliative care interventions for patients with advanced cancer: a scoping review.

Telehealth allows patients to maintain contact with healthcare providers without necessitating travel, and is becoming increasingly utilized. The purpose of this study is to describe the components of telehealth palliative care interventions for patients with advanced cancer before the COVID-19 pandemic; identify any intervention components associated with improvements in outcomes; and evaluate reporting of interventions. This scoping review was registered on the Open Science Framework. We searched 5 medical databases from inception to June 19, 2020. Inclusion criteria were: age ≥ 18, advanced cancer, asynchronous or synchronous telehealth intervention, and specialized palliative care interventions in any setting. We assessed the quality of intervention reporting using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist. Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria: 15 (65%) quantitative (7 randomized controlled trials, 5 feasibility trials, 3 retrospective chart reviews); 4 (17%) mixed methods, and 4 (17%) qualitative. Most quantitative and mixed methods studies were conducted in North America (12/19, 63%), reported on hybrid (in-person and telehealth) interventions (9/19, 47%), and were delivered by nurses (12/19, 63%) in the home setting (14/19, 74%). In most studies that reported improvements in patient- or caregiver-reported outcomes, the content was psychoeducational and resulted in improvements for psychological symptoms. No study provided complete reporting on all 12 TIDieR checklist items. Telehealth studies are needed that reflect palliative care's mission to provide multidisciplinary team-based care that improves quality of life in diverse settings, and that provide detailed reporting of interventions.

EXTERNAL COSTS OF ROAD TRANSPORTIN THE CONTEXT OF TRANSITION TO LOW-CARBON ECONOMY: RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE

To make the transition to a low-carbon economy and sustainable transport system, to solve environmental and climate problems, many countries are replacing traditional cars that run on petroleum fuel with electric cars. Unlike vehicles with an internal combustion engine (ICE),electric vehicles` emission from operation phase are practically zero, but this is not the case if we consider a full life cycle. In this paper, we briefly describe the electric vehicle market, examine the life-cycle emissions of electric cars and ICE cars, propose a methodological approach to the economic assessment of negative impact of emissions from road transport, carry out a comparative assessment of external costs of cars that run on traditional and alternative fuel. To achieve these goals, we use the methodology of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which allows to calculate country-specific and time-adjusted value of a statistical life, and consider the characteristics of Russia`s energy balance and automotive market. The results demonstrate that, in general, under Russian conditions, electric cars are more environmentally friendly and contribute less to climate change than cars with internal combustion engines. The external costs caused by life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of an electric car are lower than similar emissions from a traditional car by about 70 rubles per 100 km. The external costs caused by emissions of pollutants from the electric car operationphase are lower than external costs caused by emissions from an ICE car by approximately20 rubles per 100 km.

Telematics data for geospatial and temporal mapping of urban mobility: Fuel consumption, and air pollutant and climate-forcing emissions of passenger cars

In this study, we use the approach of geospatial and temporal (GeoST) mapping of urban mobility to evaluate the speed-time-acceleration profile (dynamic status) of passenger cars. We then use a pre-developed model, fleet composition and real-world emission factor (EF) datasets to translate vehicles dynamics status into real-urban fuel consumption (FC) and exhaustive (CO2 and NOx) emissions with high spatial (15 m) and temporal (2 h) resolutions. Road transport in the West Midlands, UK, for 2016 and 2018 is the spatial and temporal scope of this study. Our approach enables the analysis of the influence of factors such as road slope, non-rush/rush hour and weed days/weekends effects on the characteristics of the transport environment. The results show that real-urban NOx EFs reduced by more than 14 % for 2016–18. This can be attributed to the increasing contribution of Euro 6 vehicles by 63 %, and the increasing contribution of diesel vehicles by 13 %. However, the variations in the real-urban FC and CO2 EFs are less significant (±2 %). We found that the FC estimated for driving under the NEDC (National European Driving Cycle) is a qualified benchmark for evaluating real-urban FCs. Considering the role of road slope increases the estimated real-urban FC, and NOx, and CO2 EFs by a weighted average of 4.8 %, 3.9 %, and 3.0 %, respectively. Time of travel (non-rush/rush hour or weed days/weekends) has a profound effect on vehicle fuel consumption and related emissions, with EFs increasing in more free-flowing conditions.

Machine-Learning-Based Digital Twins for Transient Vehicle Cycles and Their Potential for Predicting Fuel Consumption

Transient car emission tests generate huge amount of test data, but their results are usually evaluated only using their “accumulated” cycle values according to the homologation limits. In this work, two machine learning models were developed and applied to a truck RDE test and two light-duty vehicle chassis emission tests. Different from the conventional approach, the engine parameters and fuel consumption were acquired from the Engine Control Unit, not from the test measurement equipment. Instantaneous engine values were used as input in machine-learning-based digital twins. This novel approach allows for much less costly vehicle tests and optimizations. The paper’s novel approach and developed digital twins model were able to predict both instantaneous and accumulated fuel consumption with good accuracy, and also for tests cycles different to the one used to train the model.

Energy consumption of mobile air-conditioning systems in electrified vehicles under different ambient temperatures

In 2019, passenger car CO2 emissions peaked at 3.2 billion metric tons globally. Despite efforts to curb vehicle CO2 emissions and the ambitious targets adopted for greenhouse gas mitigation in the European Union (EU), emissions from road vehicles increased steadily over the past decade. Electrified vehicles have gained significant market share in the last years and are an essential technical option to reduce CO2 emissions. Range anxiety and insufficient charging infrastructure limit electrified vehicles’ customer acceptance and market attractiveness. The use of auxiliary systems under certain circumstances may reduce vehicle range. In this regard, energy management improvements lead to better vehicle range results. As well-considered in numerous studies, the most consuming auxiliary system is the vehicle’s heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, also known as Mobile Air-Conditioning (MAC). The present work explores the influence of different parameters on the energy consumption of the MAC system in plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV). For this purpose, one PHEV and one BEV were tested in laboratory conditions at different cell temperatures of −7°C (19.4°F), 22°C (71.6°F) and 35°C (95°F), over the Worldwide Harmonised Light vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC). Laboratory tests with the same conditions were repeated with MAC on and off for each temperature. For the reference 23°C (73.4°F) condition, additional factors affecting energy consumption were analysed, such as the impact of depleting/sustaining modes on the MAC performance in PHEV, or the effect of warm and cold start in PHEV and BEV. Results suggest that the electric energy required to heat the cabin at low temperature (−7°C) could be 4–10 times higher than the energy needed to cool down the cabin in hot conditions (35°C). Compared to the vehicle energy required at the wheels during a WLTC, the MAC impact at −7°C ranges from 35% to 45% while at 35°C goes from 15% to 18%.

Development of a smart system for gasoline car emissions diagnosis using Bayesian Network

A vehicle exhaust emissions test is an activity carried out to determine the content of the remaining combustion products that occur in the fuel in the vehicle engine. Many people do not understand exhaust gas content from emission tests, so to make this easier, this study aims to create a smart application that can diagnose vehicle emissions quickly and accurately using the Bayesian Network (BN) algorithm. Application development begins with BN modeling using the MSBNx application until the appropriate results are achieved. Validation of the BN structure that has been designed with various inputs is carried out to ensure that the BN modeling is correct. The next step is to compile the BN modeling algorithm in the MATLAB application so that it becomes a system that can process input in the form of measurement results for Toyota car emissions. The new BN model for vehicle emission gas diagnosis has been successfully constructed. The results of the system reading when there is an HC content of 217 ppm, the probability value of bad emissions increases to 63.5%. Of the 10 tests performed, the system was able to diagnose them all correctly.

Who flies but never drives? Highlighting diversity among high emitters for passenger transport in England

Energy research is paying increasing attention to inequalities in climate emissions and to the disproportionate contribution of ‘high emitters’ to national emissions, notably from transport. While the individual and household factors associated with high overall emissions are well-known, there is a need for a more nuanced understanding of who ‘high emitters’ across different domains are and what drives their emissions. This paper highlights diversity within the group of ‘high emitters’ for transport, based on survey data on English residents' car and air travel. We define groups characterised by high emissions from car travel, air travel, or both. We focus in particular on individuals with ‘dissonant’ profiles – i.e., combining low emissions for one mode and high emissions for the other. These nuances have been overlooked to date, but they are important from a policy perspective. We describe the identified groups with bivariate and multivariate methods, considering socio-economic attributes, neighbourhood characteristics, social network dispersion, and environmental attitudes. We find that individuals with ‘dissonant’ emission patterns account for up to 20 % of the population, and up to 30 % of emissions from car and air travel. Those who combine low car emissions with high emissions from air travel are more likely to be urban residents, higher-income groups, younger adults, females, migrants, and people with dispersed social networks. Individuals with the opposite profile of high car and low air travel emissions tend to be male, middle-aged, and long-distance commuters living in car-dependent areas. We conclude by discussing implications for climate policy in the transport sector.

The Impact of Charging Infrastructure on Local Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides

Benefits from EV (Electric vehicles) and e-mobility include the reduction of local emissions of pollutants from particulate matter (PM0.5, PM5, and PM10) and nitrogen oxides (NOx and NO2). Cities and urban agglomerations benefit the most from potential emission reductions from EVs due to the large number of cars utilized in most urban traffic systems. This abstract presents results from a corporate research and funding project in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany (LINOx BW) which facilitates the installation of 2358 charging points within 178 different sub-projects in 23 different cities, spanning a period of four years. Utilizing several different survey waves, data about outgoing currents from these publicly funded charging points are gathered. Converting this data utilizing car classifications and emission classes (HBEFA), the reduction of local nitrogen oxides is derived.

IMPROVEMENT OF HEAT ENGINE FUEL COMBUSTION PROCESSES DUE TO MAGNETIC TREATMENT OF HYDROCARBONS FUEL

In our time, the issue of compliance with the environmental norms of exhaust gas emissions of cars, as well as norms for consumption of any type of fuel consumed by any type of transport, is relevant.All types of existing fuels used in combustion chamber

Life Cycle Emissions of Passenger Vehicles in China: A Sensitivity Analysis of Multiple Influencing Factors

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions from passenger vehicles, new energy vehicles are actively promoted by China’s government. Various power system types are being developed and their sales keep increasing. However, there is uncertainty about the greenhouse gas emission of different vehicle types. This paper studies the life cycle carbon emissions of passenger vehicles in China. A calculation model is established with consideration of all types of power systems, model classes, and electric driving ranges. In order to calculate and compare the effect of carbon emission reduction on all types of vehicles, a sensitivity analysis is conducted in two ways to study three of the main influencing factors. The results show the carbon emission-reducing effect of different factors on different stages in the life cycle. It is known that different influencing factors have different effects on these stages. Since there is a variation in different vehicle types, the carbon reduction effect caused by these factors is different for these vehicle types. This paper describes a sensitivity analysis of three main influencing factors and puts forward relevant policy recommendations to reduce the carbon emissions of passenger cars during their life cycle based on these results. It is necessary to take the vehicle life cycle as a whole for carbon emission management. The conclusions of this paper can be used for vehicle manufacturers to decide the focus of technology research, and also have important reference significance for enterprises when making life cycle carbon reduction strategies for their products. It is also of certain value for China to formulate a medium- and long-term carbon emission reduction strategy for the passenger car industry.

KUALA TERENGGANU DRIVING CYCLE DEVELOPMENT USING TARGET PARAMETER APPROACH

The driving cycle is critical in producing and evaluating the vehicle’s performance. A driving cycle is a set of speed-time data used as a key input in car emission models. In this article, a driving cycle for Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia, is proposed and created. The driving cycle data collection route was chosen based on the most common path taken by drivers to get to work. The parameters for the driving data in each run are calculated and then the target value parameter is developed. The lowest percentage error is accepted as the KTDC (Kuala Terengganu Driving Cycle). Later, a Kuala Terengganu Driving Cycle (KTDC) is developed with 37.52 km/h in average speed and 8 micro-trips. Then, the KTDC is compared with the existing standard driving cycle such as NEDC and UDDS.

Putting on the brakes: the shortsightedness of EU car decarbonization policies

The EU styles itself as a climate leader, yet its emission reduction objectives are seen as insufficient to limit global warming. While the European Green Deal (EGD) increased the farsightedness of some aspects of EU climate legislation, its objectives still fall short of what is required. To better understand shortsightedness in EU climate policy, this article examines the shortsightedness of sectoral climate legislation: the EU Regulations on the CO2 emission performance standards of new passenger cars (2009, 2014, 2019, Fit For 55). It applies a shortsightedness framework composed of four criteria: (1) consistency of standards with long-term goals; (2) stringency and (3) adaptability of the legislation; and (4) presence of long-term thinking. The assessment shows that the Car Regulations have been characterized by a high degree of shortsightedness, worsened by loopholes for carmakers and symbolic stringency. While the inconsistency between the car emission standards and the economy-wide emission reduction objectives increased over time, the zero-emissions by 2035 standard of the Fit For 55 Regulation is in line with the economy-wide net-zero by 2050 objective. Research into what drives shortsightedness in the EU could shed light on the nature of this shift.

Assessing risk caused by atmospheric air pollution from motor vehicles to the health of population in urbanized areas

The object of this study is a regional center with a developed industry and a significant transport load. The study assesses the impact of car emissions on public health. It is shown that on average in the city, emissions from vehicles are 0.341 mg/m∙s and vary from 0.038 to 1.012 mg/m∙s. The main pollutants are nitrogen dioxide (from 39.3 to 58.5 % of the total emission, the average value is 50.9 %) and carbon monoxide (from 39.5 to 47.7 %, the average value is 38.7 %). There is an excess of the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) by the content of NO2 (1.5‒4.5 MPC with an average value of 2.7 MPC), formaldehyde (4.3‒4.4 MPC ), hydrocarbons (1.2 MPC), soot (1.3 MPC). The level of carcinogenic danger for adults (R=1.9∙10-4) and children (R=3.8∙10-5‒9.8∙10-5) is rated as average. Soot (61.0 %) and formaldehyde (38.9 %) account for the largest contribution. Behind a non-carcinogenic risk, there is a significant danger of increasing morbidity of the population (HI=9.9‒14.0 with an average value of 11.1). Principal pollutants are formaldehyde (37 %), NO2 (23 %), hydrocarbons (17 %). The most vulnerable are the respiratory system (НІ=8.7) and the immune system (НІ=4.3). A significant health hazard is due to low fuel quality, technical and operational characteristics of cars, adverse natural conditions for the dispersion of impurities. The method of interpolation and extrapolation of the results of full-scale observations was used to assess the effect of gaseous and dust components from vehicles on humans. The current study makes it possible to assess the combined impact of pollutants on the risks of disease and premature death of the population, to identify the danger and zoning the territory by the level of danger. The results obtained can be important for making effective management decisions in the field of environmental protection and public health

Estimation of passenger car CO2 emissions by population density class based on Japanese vehicle inspection certificate data

Estimates of passenger car CO2 emissions that reflect regional characteristics are useful for predicting the effects of electrification, modal shifts in transport, and urban compactness. To date, differences in emissions have often been estimated based on the regional differences in the number of vehicles owned. Regional differences in mileage were estimated from the counts of the Origin and Destination Surveys in the Road Traffic Census. In this study, by utilizing the mileage data from the vehicle inspection certificate data, it was possible to reflect the differences in mileage per vehicle in detailed regional terms. The higher the population density, the smaller was the mileage per vehicle. Based on this, we calculated the CO2 emissions from passenger cars by municipality nationwide and estimated the CO2 emissions and population share by grid population density. In areas of 3000–10,000 persons/km2, which accounts for approximately 40% of Japan's population, emissions per person approximated the national average. However, in areas with 1000–3000 persons/km2 (approximately 20% of the population), emissions per person were approximately 30% higher; while with 100–1000 persons/km2 (approximately 1.5% of the population), they were approximately 70% higher; and with 10,000 persons/km2 (approximately 25% of the population), they were approximately 70% lower. A map was produced for use when considering the cities and regions suitable for a decarbonized society as well as policies such as electrification, modal shift, and coordination of urban centers.

Podatki środowiskowe w kształtowaniu zrównoważonej produkcji i konsumpcji w krajach Unii Europejskiej

Purpose – The aim of this article is to assess the impact of environmental taxes in terms of sustainable consumption and production. Examination of the correlation between environmental tax revenues in the European Union countries and sustainable consumption and production indicators will allow us to make this assessment. Research method – The study used the method of literature analysis and comparative analysis using structure, dynamics, correlation, median and arithmetic mean indicators. The numerical data for the research were obtained from the Eurostat database. Goal no 12 performance indicators were used as a variable to measure the impact of environmental taxes in each Member State. Results – The results of the correlation analysis conducted clearly indicate that in the case of the indicators: energy productivity, average CO2 emissions of new passenger cars per 1 km, consumption of materials in a closed loop, and the gross value of goods in the sector of environmental goods and services, significant relationships were obtained in a large group of EU countries in the desired directions. The hypothesis has been positively verified. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – It is very important from the point of view of sustainable development, and especially sustainable consumption, to define the role of tax fiscal instruments. As an important instrument of public finance, they should support the implementation of sustainable development goals. As a result of the conducted analyses, an attempt will be made to formulate recommendations in terms of the functioning of tax fiscal instruments for sustainable development.

Modelling the Effects of Euro 7 Emission standard on Passenger Car Emissions in Germany

Road traffic represents a significant source of air pollution and greenhouse gases, particularly in urban areas. A new emission standard for passenger cars – Euro 7, coming into force in 2025 - is currently elaborated at European level to improve the air quality situation and thus the prerequisite for human well-being in the EU. The legislative proposal is expected to be published in 2022. This paper focusses on the evaluation of the effectiveness of Euro 7 standard with regard to vehicle fleet emissions in Germany. To this end, emission trend scenarios were generated for relevant exhaust gas components by applying the TREMOD model. Hereby, a strong reduction potential becomes apparent for hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions up to 2035. Assumptions laid down in this study need to be verified with real-world emission data when the new emission standard comes into force.

Real driving emissions of Euro 6 electric/gasoline hybrid and natural gas vehicles

Electric hybrid powertrain and natural gas fuel for spark-ignition engines are among the much promising technologies to reduce the fossil fuel use for road transportation and the emissions of harmful and greenhouse gases. This paper investigated gas and particulate real emissions of hybrid and natural gas passenger cars. On road testing were carried out along urban, rural and motorway routes in Napoli (Italy), by using portable emissions measurement systems. Hybrid vehicle has the main advantage of fuel saving in urban environment due to large use of pure electric mode operation at low speed and load. On the other hand, continuous engine restarting causes peak emissions due to a longer light-off time of aftertreatment systems. By analysing the Vehicle Specific Power, it was observed that at same positive values of power, natural gas vehicle is characterized by lower emission and fuel/energy consumption rates compared to the hybrid vehicle.

The new electric SUV market under battery supply constraints: Might they increase CO2 emissions?

Two trends have shaped the European car market over the past decade: electrification and SUVisation. Recently, they have merged in a new product: the electric sport utility vehicle. This paper contrasts the view that regards this innovation as a technological solution to mitigate road transport emissions with a broader view that takes into account the battery requirement and profitability of such type of electric car. This broad view is formalised in a system dynamics model that captures the potential effects of supply side constraints. Four scenarios are simulated. The results show that the levels of CO2 emissions of new cars are substantially reduced only in the one that assumes lower motorisation. Based on these simulations, the conclusion that the diffusion of electric sport utility vehicles does not necessarily contribute to mitigating car emissions in Europe is drawn. Less reliance on technology fixes, downsizing and reduced motorisation are identified as solutions worth investigating to meet ambitious climate goals. Further research on how vehicle manufacturers distribute batteries is needed.