Emissions Of Internal Combustion Engines Research Articles

Performance interaction assessment of automobile exhaust thermoelectric generator and engine under different operating conditions

Structure optimization of heat exchanger helps to enhance the output performance of thermoelectric generator (TEG) for automobile exhaust recovery, but the heat exchanger connected to the internal combustion engine (ICE) may lead to its large backpressure and deteriorative performance. To assess the performance interaction between automobile exhaust thermoelectric generator (AETEG) and ICE, the comprehensive numerical model of ICE integrated with AETEG of different heat exchangers was set up and validated based on a test setup. The results reveal that the ICE operating condition and inner topology have obvious influences on the backpressure of heat exchanger, and the chaos shape heat exchanger has the largest backpressure under the same ICE operating condition. The increased backpressure raises the pumping mean effective pressure (PMEP) of ICE, enhances the hot side temperature of TEMs and the maximum output power of AETEG, and the decreases the brake power, brake torque, volumetric efficiency and fuel economy of ICE. Besides, compared with the ICE without AETEG, the ICE emission of CO, CO2, NOX and smoke opacity from empty cavity shape and other heat exchangers increases. The influence of backpressure caused by the heat exchanger on the ICE performance is obvious at large ICE speed and output power. The finds provide a numerical investigation guide for the development, topology optimization and performance assessment of a low-backpressure AETEG without obviously deteriorating the ICE performance.

Effects of Different Gasoline Additives on Fuel Consumption and Emissions in a Vehicle Equipped With the GDI Engine

Fuel additives are considered to be a cost-effective and simple approach to improve combustion and reduce the harmful emissions of internal combustion engines. In addition to the use of conventional fuel additives, some unconventional fuel additives also have potential to improve fuel properties. Exploring the effects of different unconventional additives can provide a valuable reference to improve vehicle performance by fuel optimization. In this study, five unconventional gasoline additives (i.e., isopropyl ether, aniline, diethylamine, dimethyl malonate and p-tert-butylphenol) were blended with the baseline gasoline (G92). The five blended fuels are referred to as G92-1, G92-2, G92-3, G92-4, and G92-5, respectively. Fuels with different additives were tested on a compact passenger vehicle with a 1.4-L gasoline direct injection engine to assess the effects of these additives on performance and emission characteristics, and G92 gasoline was compared as a baseline. The new European drive cycle (NEDC), which is representative for passenger car and light duty vehicles, was chosen in the tests. The experimental results show little or slight improvement in fuel consumption for fuels blended with additives. With respect to gaseous emissions, the vehicle obtains the lowest and highest NOx emissions by fueling G92-5 (blended with p-tert-butylphenol) and G92-3 (blended with diethylamine), respectively; the lowest and highest CO emission is acquired using G92-2 (blended with aniline) and G92-4 (blended with dimethyl malonate), respectively; the vehicle reaches the lowest and highest THC emissions when fueling G92-3 (blended with diethylamine) and G92-4 (blended with dimethyl malonate), respectively; and the lowest and highest CO2 emission using G92-3 (blended with diethylamine) and G92-2 (blended with aniline), respectively. Compared with the baseline gasoline fuel, all of the fuels with additives show improved engine-out PM emissions. Furthermore, all five additives can improve the acceleration performance slightly. In brief, diethylamine is potential gasoline additive to reduce carbon emissions, improve fuel consumption, and enhance performance.

Analytical Formulation for Diesel Engine Fueled with Fusel Oil/Diesel Blends

The experiments related to reduction of gases from the exhaust emissions of internal combustion engines, usually conducted in laboratory conditions, are quite laborious and costly. For these purposes, modelling engine experiments with algorithms have emerged as a way forward. In this paper, the operation of diesel engine is modelled through experimental dataset, which has input variables such as engine load, fuel type and output variables such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), hydrocarbon (HC), smoke, Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC) and maximum in-cylinder pressure (Cpmax). Artificial intelligence based Symbolic Regression (SR) algorithms have been used to derive analytical equations of each output variable. The derived equations and experimental results are plotted on the same graph to show the accuracy of the obtained equations. The coefficient of determination (R2) is between 0.98 and 0.99 in all equations. In addition, Mean Error Percentage (MEP) value is less than 10 in all equations. The performance of SR algorithms is compared with Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), instance-based and K nearest based classifier (IBk), ensemble method-based bagging algorithm, and decision tree-based REPTree algorithms. SR algorithms exhibit the best performance for all output variables. IBk algorithm exhibits the second-best performance for the BSEC, CO, CO2, HC and NOx output variable. SVM algorithm exhibits the second-best performance for the Cpmax output variable and Bagging algorithms exhibits the second-best performance for the smoke output variable. The operation of diesel engine can be predicted using these equations and algorithms for further research.

Design and Analysis of Hybrid Turbocharger

Abstract: Internal Combustion engines have the capacity to exploit its increase in performance. Part ofwhich can be boosted by the technical solution that is turbocharging. To optimize the turbocharging to react as fast as possible and to adjust the volumetric flow of exhaust gases in the turbine, different alterations to turbochargers are done. To optimally support downsizing of Internal Combustion engines, these alterations are necessary. In a VGT there are vanes on the compressor that change the A/R of the turbo as needed. VGTs show a great improvement over conventional single turbocharger. Sequential turbocharger has an edge over VGT, but they are much more complicated. A 2.2L sequential turbocharged engine is same in performance as a 2.7L VGT engine. Exhaust gas turbocharging is a major technology for reducing fuel consumption and emissions in internal combustion engines, improving engine performance while cutting CO2 emissions. There are also electric turbochargers that almost totally eliminate turbo lag by using a motor to spin the compressor and use a generator on the turbine to recover exhaust gas energy. This application reduces fuel usage by up to 5% for driving cycles. EATC reduced the time it took to reach the optimum boost level during a load increase by up to 30%. Turbocharging is a major technology for reducing fuel consumption and emissions in internal combustion engines, improving engine performance while cutting CO2 emissions. Hybrid Turbocharging application leads to remarkable improvement at lowend torques, better engine performance and increased overall engine efficiency which paves way for downsizing of Internal Combustion engines. Keywords: Internal Combustion Engine, Hybrid turbocharger, Turbo-lag, VGTs

High Load Compression Ignition of Wet Ethanol Using a Triple Injection Strategy

Wet ethanol is a biofuel that can be rapidly integrated into the existing transportation sector infrastructure and have an immediate impact on decarbonization. Compared to conventional hydrocarbon fuels, wet ethanol has unique fuel properties (e.g., short carbon chain, oxygenated, high heat of vaporization, no cool-flame reactivity), which can actually improve the efficiency and engine-out emissions of internal combustion engines while decarbonizing. In this work, wet ethanol 80 (80% ethanol, 20% water by mass) was experimentally studied at high loads under boosted conditions in compression ignition to study the tradeoffs in efficiency and emissions based on boosting and injection strategies. Specifically, this work explores the potential of adding a third, mixing-controlled injection at high loads. The results indicate that adding a third, mixing-controlled injection results in combustion stabilization at high loads, where the peak pressure limit of the engine is a constraint that requires combustion phasing to retard. However, since the heat of vaporization of wet ethanol 80 is ~6% of its lower heating value, evaporation of fuel injected near top dead center imposes a thermodynamic efficiency penalty by absorbing heat from the working fluid at a time in the cycle when adding heat produces net work out. Additionally, the mixing-controlled injection increases NOx emissions. Therefore, the amount of fuel injected in the mixing-controlled injection should be limited to only what is necessary to stabilize combustion. Ultimately, by using wet ethanol 80 in a triple injection strategy, a load of 22 bar IMEPn is achieved with a net fuel conversion efficiency of 42.2%, an engine-out indicated specific emissions of NOx of 1.3 g/kWh, and no measurable particulate matter, while maintaining a peak cylinder pressure below 150 bar.

Health Risk Factors of Emissions from Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles: An Up-to-Date Status of the Problem

Introduction: Motor transport with internal combustion engines powered by diesel fuel and gasoline is one of the main sources of ambient air pollution since its emissions pose an urgent medical and environmental challenge. The objective of the study was to identify priority pollutants from emissions of motor vehicles powered by internal combustion engines based on the results of a systematic review in order to substantiate the main preventive strategy to mitigate the associated public health adverse effects. Methods: We did keyword search for relevant publications in several electronic databases, such as the Russian Science Citation Index, CyberLeninka, Scopus, and WoS. Research papers published in 2000–2021 were selected for the analysis. Out of 103 topical full-text publications, 59 works met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. Results: We observed that atmospheric emissions of internal combustion engines represent a complex agglomeration of gases, vapors, and particulate matter. The chemicals present in the emissions impair the oxygen transport function by inhibiting cellular respiration, cause irritation of mucous membranes, have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, contribute to the occurrence of acid rains and to global warming. The biological effect of airborne particles largely depends on their size. It has been established that an increase in the number of airborne particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm is associated with the risk of endothelial inflammation, thrombosis, increased cell permeability, and DNA methylation. It has been also demonstrated that a 5 µg/m3 increment in ambient concentrations of fine particles (< 2.5 μm) causes a 7 % increase in the mortality rate. At the same time, PM2.5 exposure-related risks of excess deaths from cardiovascular diseases are twice as high as those posed by exposure to PM10. Conclusions: Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts are a significant risk factor for human health. An effective preventive strategy should be aimed at replacing heavy hydrocarbon motor fuels by compressed gas using hydrogen cells and electric motors.

Biodiesel Is Dead: Long Life to Advanced Biofuels—A Comprehensive Critical Review

Many countries are immersed in several strategies to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of internal combustion engines. One option is the substitution of these engines by electric and/or hydrogen engines. However, apart from the strategic and logistical difficulties associated with this change, the application of electric or hydrogen engines in heavy transport, e.g., trucks, shipping, and aircrafts, also presents technological difficulties in the short-medium term. In addition, the replacement of the current car fleet will take decades. This is why the use of biofuels is presented as the only viable alternative to diminishing CO2 emissions in the very near future. Nowadays, it is assumed that vegetable oils will be the main raw material for replacing fossil fuels in diesel engines. In this context, it has also been assumed that the reduction in the viscosity of straight vegetable oils (SVO) must be performed through a transesterification reaction with methanol in order to obtain the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that constitute biodiesel. Nevertheless, the complexity in the industrial production of this biofuel, mainly due to the costs of eliminating the glycerol produced, has caused a significant delay in the energy transition. For this reason, several advanced biofuels that avoid the glycerol production and exhibit similar properties to fossil diesel have been developed. In this way, “green diesels” have emerged as products of different processes, such as the cracking or pyrolysis of vegetable oil, as well as catalytic (hydro)cracking. In addition, some biodiesel-like biofuels, such as Gliperol (DMC-Biod) or Ecodiesel, as well as straight vegetable oils, in blends with plant-based sources with low viscosity have been described as renewable biofuels capable of performing in combustion ignition engines. After evaluating the research carried out in the last decades, it can be concluded that green diesel and biodiesel-like biofuels could constitute the main alternative to addressing the energy transition, although green diesel will be the principal option in aviation fuel.

The Effect of Sodium Hydroxide Absorbent on The Exhaust Emissions From Internal Combustion Engine

Exhaust emissions are the residue from burning fuel which can cause air pollution. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to design a system for reducing exhaust emissions of internal combustion engine. This study aims to determine the effect of absorbent concentration on the exhaust emission from internal combustion engine. The research was carried out in 2 stages, namely designing a system for reducing exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines and processing exhaust emissions by channeling exhaust emissions into an exhaust emission reduction system. The internal combustion engine used pertalite. The exhaust emissions consisted of CO, CO2 and HC. The absorbent concentrations were 0.05 M, 0.1 M and 0.15 M. The engine speeds were 800, 1000, 1500 and 2000 rpm. The paired-t test showed that the exhaust emission reduction system in this study can reduce exhaust emission. The one-way Anova test resulted the absorbent concentration affect the exhaust gas emissions, both CO, CO2 and HC which are expressed in the efficiency of reducing exhaust emission.. The greatest efficiency in reducing exhaust emission is CO2 of 67.95%. The lowest efficiency of reducing exhaust emission is CO, which is 46.92%, while the efficiency of reducing HC emission is 62.47%.

Development, Calibration and Validation of a Tribological Simulation Model for the Piston Ring Pack of a Large Gas Engine

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Increasing demands regarding the efficiency and emissions of internal combustion engines will require higher peak firing pressures and increased indicated mean effective pressures in the future. Adaptation of these parameters will result in higher thermal and mechanical loads that act on core engine components. To meet the future requirements, it is essential to make changes to the design of the tribological system, which is composed of the piston, piston rings, liner and lube oil, while maintaining the robustness and reliability of the engine and its components. Modification of the tribological system requires in-depth knowledge of wear and friction.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents the setup of a model of the tribological system (piston, piston rings, liner and lube oil) of a large gas engine in the commercial software AVL EXCITE™ Piston&Rings as well as its calibration and validation with data obtained from a test bed. Initial analysis of necessary input data has revealed a high number (>300) of different parameters, some of which are known and others that have to be determined. Strategies are identified for how missing input data can be specified or generated with appropriate tools. The model is calibrated with respect to blow-by and lube oil consumption data measured on the test bed at two different load points. Subsequent validation shows satisfactory agreement between simulation and measurements. A final summary proposes how the extensive and time-consuming process of setting up, calibrating and validating the presented model could be complemented by the integration of data-driven models and sensitivity analysis approaches.</div></div>

A multiparameter investigation of syngas/diesel dual-fuel engine performance and emissions with various syngas compositions

Syngas, also known as producer gas or wood gas, is a gaseous biofuel produced by gasification of biomass. It is mainly composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with a smaller share of methane, all diluted by nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Despite having carbon in its composition, since it is made from biomass, it is considered low to zero-carbon and being so makes it one candidate for reducing carbon emissions of internal combustion engines. This work focuses on the effect of different syngas compositions on the performance and the exhaust emissions of compression ignition engine with decane pilot injection as a diesel surrogate. Results showed that thermal efficiencies over 39% are possible with a variety of syngas with less than 10% energy contribution of decane. NOx and soot emissions were generally lowered by increasing the syngas/decane ratio, whereas CO and Total HC emissions increased. Additionally, relations between engine performance/emissions and fundamental properties of varying Syngas compositions were established. Further investigation on other combustion properties, such as stretch sensitivity of the syngas/air flame, are needed in order to better predict optimum operability.

Perovskite Catalyst for In-Cylinder Coating to Reduce Raw Pollutant Emissions of Internal Combustion Engines.

Aiming to achieve the highest combustion efficiency and less pollutant emission, a catalytic coating for cylinder walls in internal combustion engines was developed and tested under several conditions. The coating consists of a La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 (LSCO) catalyst on an aluminum-based ceramic support. Atomic force microscopy was applied to investigate the surface roughness of the LSCO coating, while in situ diffuse infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy was used to obtain the molecular understanding of adsorption and conversion. In addition, the influence of LSCO-coated substrates on the flame quenching distance was studied in a constant-volume combustion chamber. Investigations conclude that an LSCO coating leads to a reduction of flame quenching at low wall temperatures but a negligible effect at high temperatures. Finally, the influence of LSCO coatings on the in-cylinder wall-near gas composition was investigated using a fast gas sampling methodology with sample durations below 1 ms. Ion molecule reaction mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed a significant reduction of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide when LSCO coating was applied.

A Review on the Role and Impact of Typical Alcohol Additives in Controlling Emissions from Diesel Engines

Today, most of the essential energy needs of humans and production are met by fossil fuels that are expected to be exhausted in the next century. Furthermore, fossil fuels are not renewable and sensitive to the environment. In particular, there is growing concerned about the negative impact of internal combustion engine emissions on climate change and global environmental pollution. Fuel and alcohol-based additives are being considered as good candidates for sustainable alternative fuels used on compression ignition engines. In this review, the different key production pathways and properties of each of the five alcohol additive candidates were discussed. Besides, their effects on the emission characteristics of diesel engines when alcohol additives are added to diesel fuel are also carefully considered. Five candidates including methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol have been shown to control pollutants from combustion engines while using alcohol-based additives. This is of great significance in the strategy of coping with the threats of pollution and climate change caused by the operation of transport vehicles

An Artificial Neural Network Model to Predict Efficiency and Emissions of a Gasoline Engine

With global warming, and internal combustion engine emissions as the main global non-industrial emissions, how to further optimize the power performance and emissions of internal combustion engines (ICEs) has become a top priority. Since the internal combustion engine is a complex nonlinear system, it is often difficult to optimize engine performance from a certain factor of the internal combustion engine, and the various parameters of the internal combustion engine are coupled with each other and affect each other. Moreover, traditional experimental methods including 3D simulation or bench testing are very time consuming or expensive, which largely affects the development of engines and the speed of product updates. Machine learning algorithms are currently receiving a lot of attention in various fields, including the internal combustion engine field. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was built to predict three types of indicators (power, emissions, and combustion phasing) together, including 50% combustion crank angle (CA50), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), and indicated thermal efficiency (ITE). The goal of this work was to verify that only one machine learning model can combine power, emissions, and phase metrics together for prediction. The predicted results showed that all coefficients of determination (R2) were larger than 0.97 with a relatively small RMSE, indicating that it is possible to build a predictive model with three types of parameters (power, emissions, phase) as outputs based on only one ANN model. Most importantly, when optimizing the powertrain control strategy of a hybrid vehicle, only a surrogate model can help establish the relationship between the input and output parameters of the whole engine, which is the need of the future research. Overall, this study demonstrated that it is feasible to integrate three types of combustion-related parameters in a single machine learning model.

Current Progress of Jatropha Curcas Commoditisation as Biodiesel Feedstock: A Comprehensive Review

This article looks at the national and global actors, social networks, and narratives that have influencedJatropha’sworldwide acceptability as a biofuel crop.Jatropha Curcasis a genus of around 175 succulent shrubs and trees in theEuphorbiaceaefamily (some of which are deciduous, such asJatropha CurcasL.). It’s a drought-tolerant perennial that thrives in poor or marginal soil and produces a large amount of oil per hectare. It is easy to grow, has a fast growth rate, and can generate seeds for up to 50 years.Jatropha Curcashas been developed as a unique and promising tropical plant for augmenting renewable energy sources due to its various benefits. It is deserving of being recognised as the only competitor in terms of concrete and intangible environmental advantages.Jatropha Curcasis a low-cost biodiesel feedstock with good fuel properties and more oil than other species. It is a non-edible oilseed feedstock. Thus it will have no impact on food prices or the food vs fuel debate.Jatropha Curcasemits fewer pollutants than diesel and may be used in diesel engines with equivalent performance.Jatropha Curcasalso makes a substantial contribution to the betterment of rural life. The plant may also provide up to 40% oil yield per seed based on weight. This study looks at the features characteristics ofJatropha Curcasas biodiesel feedstock and performance, and emissions of internal combustion engine that operates on this biodiesel fuel.

Study on oxygen concentration distribution of Sejila mount tunnel construction based on fluent

Sichuan-Tibet Railway is a major construction project to ensure national defense security and support social and economic development in the west. Due to the geographical environment at high altitudes in the Sichuan-Tibet region, for every 1000 m increase in the average altitude, the atmospheric pressure decreases by about 11.55 %, and the oxygen partial pressure decreases accordingly, forming a low-pressure and low-oxygen environment, which affects the construction safety. The oxygen consumption of mechanical equipment in the tunnel and the discharge of pollutants make the construction personnel’s hypoxia problem more serious. Based on the project of the Sejila Mountain Tunnel, this paper divides the tunnel into the working face and the construction section along the tunnel according to different construction procedures. Based on the numerical simulation by CFD software, the distribution law of oxygen concentration in the tunnel construction process before the implementation of the environmental control scheme under different factors is proposed, and the relationship between various influencing factors and oxygen concentration distribution is obtained. It is concluded that oxygen consumption and emission of internal combustion engines and tunnel excavation length are important factors affecting oxygen concentration in the tunnel construction environment.

Experimental and kinetic modeling studies on oxidation of n-heptane under oxygen enrichment in a jet-stirred reactor

Oxygen-enriched combustion can improve thermal efficiency and reduce CO, unburned hydrocarbons and soot emissions in internal combustion engines. There are significant differences in the combustion process and pollutant emissions between oxygen-enriched and air condition. In order to develop an improved understanding of the effect of oxygen concentration on n-heptane oxidation, the jet-stirred reactor oxidation characteristics of n-heptane were experimentally tested at temperatures of 450-950 K and pressures of 1.03 atm with the residence time (τ) of 2 s, under the condition of oxygen mole fractions from 0.055 to 0.6. Meantime, the simulations were performed on CHEMKIN. Results show that, firstly, with the increase of oxygen concentration, the NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) effect is weakened, mainly due to the strengthening of low-temperature reaction path, which is also the reason for the improvement of ignition stability in cold-start condition of engines. Secondly, the activity of the reaction system improves with the increase of oxygen concentration. Within 500-750 K, it is due to enhancement of the low-temperature reaction path. When the temperature is higher than 750 K, the improvement is due to the enhancement of decomposition of H2O2 and addition reaction of H and O2. Thirdly, with the increase of oxygen concentration, both the generation and consumption of CO are strengthened, which leads to the tip of the diesel spray flame changing from soot area under air condition to the CO chemiluminescence.

Assessment of density and kinematic viscosity of two methyl ester blends at elevated temperatures

Fuel properties are essential components in the performance and emission of internal combustion engines. To measure density, viscosity and other properties of methyl esters and two methyl esters blends in the temperature range of 25°C-95°C. Experimental investigations is carried out using standard equipments and methodology. Test fuels considered are Pongamia, Jatropha and Simarouba biodiesels and blends of two biodiesels in different volume fraction of 0% to 100%. Density of Pongamia-Jatropha and Pongamia-Simarouba biodiesel blends increases linearly with increase in volume fraction of Pongamia methyl esters at all the temperatures. Density of Jatropha-Simarouba biodiesel blends increases with increase in volume percentage of Jatropha in the blends. The kinematic viscosities of blends are found to reduce almost logarithmically with increase in temperature. Viscosity of the blends lies between the constituent fuels. The measured value of density and viscosity is correlated as function of blend percentage and temperature through an empirical relation. The correlations developed are unique and are model equations. The maximum % density variation between the experimental results and estimated results is 0.4%, where as percentage viscosity variation between experimental results and estimated results from correlation is 5%.

Role of soluble nano-catalyst and blends for improved combustion performance and reduced greenhouse gas emissions in internal combustion engines

Biofuels were getting an enormous attention to be used as fuel for diesel engines. This paper examines the effect of addition of nanoparticles in biofuel on diesel engines. The biofuel used for conducting tests was canola oil. Corn oil was mixed with titanium dioxide (TiO2) at different proportions as 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm and 100 ppm. These nanoparticles mixed with biofuel and diesel. The nanoparticles were dispersed with biodiesel at the concentration of B10T25 (10% cornoil + 90% diesel + TiO225), B10T50, B10T75, B10T100, B20T25, B20T50, B20T75, and B20T100 and plain biodiesel are B10 and B20. All tests were carried at different speeds 1800 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2200 rpm, 2400 rpm, 2600 rpm and 2800 rpm. Performance and emission characteristics were estimated for all fuel blends. Results were compared to each other to characterize the fuel blend quality. The addition of titania with biofuel increased the performance qualities such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), Torque and Power. Further this combination reduced the Greenhouse gas emissions such as CO, CO2, and UHC. The specific fuel consumption (SFC) was also reduced and proved to be the better alternative to existing fossil fuel. However, the emission of NOx was increased.

Effect of oxy hydrogen gas addition on combustion, performance, and emissions of premixed charge compression ignition engine

Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) is one of the well-known ways to achieve low NOx and Soot emissions in Internal Combustion engines. However, this strategy has shown limited scope to bring down the Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbons (HC) emissions. To overcome this drawback, a novel attempt had been made to use oxy hydrogen gas as fuel additive in the PCCI engine. The conventional CI engine was converted into PCCI engine by Port Fuel Injection of diesel fuel and preheating of air. The comparison was made between Conventional Diesel Combustion (CDC) and PCCI mode with and without use of oxy hydrogen gas. Due to accelerated chemical reactions, Indicated Mean Effective Pressure and Indicated Thermal Efficiency improved. Due to the addition of the oxy hydrogen gas the average reduction in CO emission was 26.19% at 25% load and 18.88% at 50% load. In the case of HC, the average emission reduction was 19.27% at 25% load and 23.74% at 50% load. NOx emissions were within the range of 10 ppm even after the addition of oxy hydrogen gas. The oxy hydrogen gas addition resulted in almost negligible Smoke and oxides of nitrogen emissions even without the use of exhaust gas recirculation.

Effect of driving resistances on energy demand and exhaust emission in motor vehicles

Among the fundamental factors affecting the emissions of internal combustion engines is the resistance to motion acting on the car. This is an important factor to be taken into account when testing cars in conditions simulated on a chassis dynamometer. The dependence of the driving resistance function on vehicle speed is determined on the basis of various methods, the most frequently used of which is the so-called alternative method specified in procedures for the type approval of motor vehicles with respect to the emission of pollutants in exhaust gases. The values adopted in accordance with the alternative method differ from the actual resistance acting on the car in road conditions. This is one of the reasons why the emission of pollutants and the fuel consumption of an engine in real road conditions differs from the values given by the car manufacturer, including the emission limits specified in the standards. This paper presents an evaluation of the influence of driving resistance on the energy demand and emission of pollutants in the exhaust gases by sample passenger car with SI engine fuelled by petrol and LPG.