Gasoline Engine Emissions Research Articles

Analysis on Emissions of Gasoline Engine with Different Ethanol Blends at Different Compression Ratio

Alcohol fuels do have some extra benefit compare to other alternative fuels, like the capability to work in existing engines also have the ability to decrease harmful emissions. Among the various alcohols, ethanol is considered most appropriate fuels for SI engines, because of its superior fuel quality and ecological benefits. In this experiment, ethanol was blended in different ratios as 0%, 5%, 10% and 20% with gasoline. The effect of the ethanol/gasoline blends on engine emissions at various compression ratios (CRs) of 10:1, 10.5:1, 11:1 and 11.5:1 was studied and examine by using computerized single cylinder, 4 stroke, multi-fuel, variable CRs engine. Engine emission characteristics are studied experimentally by the combustion of different blends of E0, E5, E10 and E20 at different loads of 0 kg, 1 kg, 2 kg and 3 kg. Result shows that adding ethanol in gasoline engine at CRs of 10:1, 10.5:1, 11:1, and 11.5:1 emission reduces (CO, CO2, NOx except HC). Additionally, CO2 emissions were found lower in E0 at CR 10.5:1 and also at CR 11.5:1 as compared to E5, E10 and E20. Also, it was observed that blended fuel permits varying CRs without any knock occurrence. Finally, octane numbers are found to be higher with ethanol blends. Keywords: - Ethanol, Octane Number, Combustion, Emissions, knock etc

Analysis on the potential of EGR strategy to reduce fuel consumption in hybrid powertrains based on advanced gasoline engines under simulated driving cycle conditions

The increased concern for environmental problems has boosted the electrification of passenger cars to remove air pollutant emissions from urban areas. Automotive manufacturers have predominantly opted for hybrid powertrains with advanced gasoline engines, because of the current limitations of battery electric vehicles and the higher costs of diesel aftertreatment systems. Meanwhile, the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) strategy decreases fuel consumption and CO2 emissions in gasoline engines. The powertrain hybridization may increase the EGR benefit in fuel consumption, given that the dependence of internal combustion engine (ICE) operation on the driver’s power demand is reduced. The ICE can usually operate at medium loads, around its maximum efficiency zone, where the EGR benefit is greater than at low loads. Therefore, this research aimed to quantify the fuel saving achieved with EGR in a gasoline-electric hybrid powertrain under driving cycle conditions. To this end, vehicle 0D simulations were performed using a map-based engine fuel consumption model. Engine tests and 1D simulations were carried out to obtain ICE fuel maps with and without EGR. Besides, the transient performance of the vehicle 0D model was validated with experimental data. Both rule- and optimization-based strategies were used to manage the power split between the engine and electric motor. Modeling results revealed that EGR improves fuel economy by 4.6% in the hybrid powertrain during a WLTP class 3b driving cycle, 2% more than in the conventional one.

Comprehensive Effects on Performance and Emission of GDI Gasoline Engine with Electric Supercharger and EGR

Comprehensive Effects on Performance and Emission of GDI Gasoline Engine with Electric Supercharger and EGR

Synthesis of an Advanced Pd–Rh Bimetallic Three-Way Catalyst for Gasoline Engine Emission Control with the Assistance of Citric Acid

Synthesis of an Advanced Pd–Rh Bimetallic Three-Way Catalyst for Gasoline Engine Emission Control with the Assistance of Citric Acid

THE ANALYSIS OF THE EMISSION INFLUENCE ON THE HUMAN’S GENERAL CONDITION

Currently, the problem of air pollution is topical. In this study, we described the question of environmental influence on human health. Sickness statistics over the past years (in compliance with the Health Ministry of the Russian Federation) were analyzed. National health deterioration and an increase in sicknesses are observed. During the last few years, respiratory diseases account for up to 46% of all cases. We studied the components of harmful substances of gasoline and diesel engine emissions and analyzed some of the chemical compounds of the exhaust (which cause a negative influence on the human respiratory system). The study aims to determine the impact of exhaust pollution on citizens’ health conditions. Barnaul citizens participated in this research. The questionnaire was conducted with the help of Google Forms. The received data illustrate that 90% of the respondents use motor transport. Moreover, 76%–79% of motor service users experience the reduced general condition, dizziness, and nausea caused by exhaustion. Around 90% of participants understood the negative influence of exhaust on their health (in places with less concentration of cars, they feel better). To improve the situation of air pollution in cities, we suggest a multi methodology focused on a preventive approach: (1) restrict the usage of personal autos; (2) promote a healthy way of life; use of alternative eco gasoline (including electric cars); (3) develop infrastructure for pedestrians and bicycles; and (4) carry out vast landscaping of cities.

Correction to: Optimization of gasoline engine emission parameters employing commercial and sucrolite-catalyst coated converter using response surface methodology

Correction to: Optimization of gasoline engine emission parameters employing commercial and sucrolite-catalyst coated converter using response surface methodology

Optimization of gasoline engine emission parameters employing commercial and sucrolite-catalyst coated converter using response surface methodology

Optimization of gasoline engine emission parameters employing commercial and sucrolite-catalyst coated converter using response surface methodology

Synthesis of an advanced Pd-Rh bimetallic catalyst for gasoline engine emission control

• An advanced Pd-Rh bimetallic catalyst was obtained by adjusting the Rh distribution. • The aggregation of Pd upon aging is suppressed owing to the diffusion barrier effect. • More PdO and Rh 2 O 3 species are kept due to the synergistic effect between Pd and Rh. • After aging, the modified catalyst shows superior catalytic conversion efficiency. In recent years, the dramatic increase of the prices of Pd and Rh brings about increasingly heavier cost pressure for the exhaust gas after-treatment industry, thus it is of great significance to develop advanced Pd-Rh bimetallic catalysts with low metal loading. In this work, on the basis of conventional catalyst composed of Al 2 O 3 -supported Pd and CZ (ceria-zirconia-based oxide)-supported Rh, an advanced Pd-Rh catalyst was obtained by adjusting the synthesis procedure. That was, a small portion of Rh was co-impregnated with Pd on Al 2 O 3 , while the other portion was still supported on CZ. In this way, the co-impregnated Rh may act as an auxiliary for Pd/Al 2 O 3 component. As revealed by the various characterization results, the agglomeration of Pd species is well suppressed, and larger amount of PdO species is maintained for the modified catalyst after hydrothermal aging treatment. On the other hand, the state of Rh species also appears to be somewhat modified. Consequently, after hydrothermal aging treatment, the modified catalyst behaves much better for the catalytic conversions of CO, HC and NO.

Simulation study on the influence of fuel injection strategy on the soot emission of dual-injection engine

A 2.0T gasoline engine was modified to a dual-injection engine. Numerical simulation method is used to study the influence of fuel type and fuel injection strategy on the in-cylinder mixture formation process, combustion process and soot emission of dual-injection gasoline engine. The simulation results show that an appropriate increase in the intake port fuel injection ratio can improve the uniformity of the air-fuel mixture. Increasing the fuel injection ratio in the intake port of the dual-injection system, the proportion of fuel directly injected into the cylinder decreases and the oil film distribution in the cylinder is reduced. Among the three injection schemes, the flame front of the D85 injection scheme reaches the cylinder wall earliest, and the flame spreads faster; the soot mass fraction generation decreases with the decrease of the GDI injection ratio. In particular, the amount of soot generated under the D65GDI injection ratio is significantly reduced.

Study on the effect of fuel additive on PFI gasoline engine performance and emissions

With increasingly stringent emission and fuel consumption regulations, fuel additives have been proved to have a huge role in energy conservation and emission reduction, a new type of fuel additive based on nitroparaffin has received worldwide attention. An experimental study was conducted with the aim of developing an understanding of the fuel additive’s effect on a 1.5L naturally aspirated PFI gasoline engine’s power performance, fuel economy, emissions and cylinder cleanliness. The results show that when fueled with fuel additive, engine power increased at full load condition. The commonly used working condition’s average fuel consumption decreased by 4.5% at fuel consumption contour map. For pollutant emissions, unburned hydrocarbons (HC), smoke (filter smoke number, FSN) decreased significantly, slightly higher nitrogen oxides (NOx) compared with no fuel additive. Furthermore, the use of fuel additive has a positive effect on elimination of carbon deposit in the cylinder.

Research of Effect on Gasoline-2-Propanol Blends on Exhaust Emission of Gasoline Engine with Direct Enjection Using Taguchi Approach

Internal combustion engines are quite widely used today. Much work is being done to reduce the environmental damage of internal combustion engines, reduce fuel consumption and improve engine performance values. Despite quite a lot of work done to date, it is known that due to the increase in the number of gasoline engines, their environmental damage is excessive. In this study, the effect of 2-Propanol use on emission characteristics was investigated. 2-Propanol (%5, %10, and %15 by volume) mixed with gasoline fuel, tests were conducted with a direct injection engine. Tests were conducted under full load conditions. Compared to the gasoline reference fuel and the blended fuels prepared with different percentages, it was observed that the CO and HC emission values decreased, and the CO2, O2, and NO emission values increased as a result of the use of 2-Propanol.

Development of a 1 kW Micro-Polygeneration System Fueled by Natural Gas for Single-Family Users

The use of primary energy saving techniques and renewable energy systems has become mandatory to tackle the effects of global temperature rise. As a result, a transition is taking place from centralized energy generation to distributed energy generation. Starting from the experience concerning a 15 kW micro-CHP plant previously designed at DII, this paper addresses the development of a 1 kW micro-CHP system fueled by natural gas for single-family users. Specifically, the paper presents a wide experimental investigation aimed at optimizing performance and emissions of a small scale two-stroke spark ignition gasoline engine properly modified to be fueled with natural gas to make the engine more suitable for cogeneration purposes. The described activity was carried out at the DII of the University of Naples Federico II. Rigorous laboratory tests were conducted with the engine in order to characterize both gasoline and CNG operation in terms of brake mechanical power, overall efficiency and exhaust gas emissions in different operating regimes. Furthermore, several physical quantities associated with the engine operation were measured through several sensors in order to optimize performance and emissions achieved when the engine is fueled with CNG. In particular, dynamic pressure variations inside the cylinder were measured and analyzed to evaluate the effect of the adopted fuel on the optimum ignition-timing angle and cyclic dispersion.

Experimental and simulation study on the effect of ZSM-5 hydrocarbon catcher on the emission of gasoline engine during cold start

To reduce pollutant emission of gasoline engine during cold start, ZSM-5 zeolite was selected as adsorbent and coated on cordierite carrier and encapsulated as a hydrocarbon (HC) catcher. The hydrocarbon catcher was connected to an engine bench and the cold start experiment was carried out on the engine bench. The low-speed section of World Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) was used as the real road cycle to study the cold start emission of gasoline engines. The real-time emissions of hydrocarbons before and after the hydrocarbon catcher were measured and compared. The following results were obtained: in the first 41 s, the adsorption efficiency could reach 78%. From 41 s to 108 s, most of the adsorbed hydrocarbons were desorbed. After 108 s, chemical adsorption played a leading role. The total adsorption efficiency was 26.2% in the whole cycle. Results showed that ZSM-5 was an excellent HC adsorbent for cold start of gasoline engine. Molecular simulation based on the Monte Carlo method was applied to help understand the adsorption behavior of propene on ZSM-5 zeolite. Results showed that the priority of propene adsorption sites was: channel intersection near the compensation cation > channel intersection > center of the channels > the outer ring of the channels.

Impact of Blow-By Gas and Endgap Ring Position on the Variations of Particle Emissions in Gasoline Engines

Particulate emission from internal combustion engines is a complex phenomenon that needs to be understood in order to identify its main factors. To this end, it appears necessary to study the impact of unburned gases, called blow-by gases, which are reinjected into the engine intake system. A series of transient tests demonstrate their significant contribution since the particle emissions of spark-ignition engines are 1.5 times higher than those of an engine without blow-by with a standard deviation 1.5 times greater. After analysis, it is found that the decanter is not effective enough to remove completely the oil from the gases. Tests without blow-by gases also have the advantage of having a lower disparity, and therefore of being more repeatable. It appears that the position of the “endgap” formed by the first two rings has a significant impact on the amount of oil transported towards the combustion chamber by the backflow, and consequently on the variation of particle emissions. For this engine and for this transient, 57% of the particulate emissions are related to the equivalence ratio, while 31% are directly related to the ability of the decanter to remove the oil of the blowby gases and 12% of the emissions come from the backflow. The novelty of this work is to relate the particles fluctuation to the position of the endgap ring.

Assessment of air-management strategies to improve the transient performance of a gasoline engine under high EGR conditions during load-decrease operation

Advanced gasoline engines in hybrid powertrains are currently regarded as the most widespread solution for passenger cars in the upcoming years, due to the strong commitment of many countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the limitations of pure electric vehicles at present. At the same time, it is widely proven that exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) through the low pressure (LP) configuration allows reducing fuel consumption and, consequently, CO2 emissions in gasoline engines. However, it is challenging to extract the full EGR potential, since it means operating close to the EGR tolerance, and this can compromise the engine transient response because of the long transport delays associated with LP EGR systems. Hence the paper presents an analysis on the capability of three strategies to accelerate the transient response of a gasoline engine operating with high LP EGR levels during tip-out maneuvers, while guaranteeing the combustion stability. Such strategies are the optimization of valve synchronization (based on applying different delays between the throttle actuation and pedal demand), the integration of a secondary air-path which bypasses the compressor, and the use of a pressurized air tank directly connected to the intake manifold. Both experimental and modeling data were utilized to assess the advantages and drawbacks of these strategies: engine tests for the validation of 1D model transient performance and the evaluation of combustion stability and torque evolution, while the fluid-dynamics and transport phenomena were analyzed by simulation.

Effect of different types of fuels tested in a gasoline engine on engine performance and emissions

In this study, three different fuels named G100 (pure gasoline), E20 (volume 20% ethanol and 80% gasoline blend) and ES20 (20% sodium borohydride added ethanol solution and 80% gasoline) were used to test in a gasoline engine. First of all, G100 fuel, E20 and ES20 blended fuels, respectively, were tested in a gasoline engine and the effects of fuels on engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated experimentally. Experiments were carried out at full load and at five different engine speeds ranging from 1400 to 3000 rpm, and engine performance and exhaust emission values were determined for each test fuel. When the test results of the engine operated with E20 and ES20 blended fuels are compared with the test results of the engine operated with gasoline; engine torque of E20 blended fuel increased by 1.87% compared to pure gasoline, while engine torque of ES20 blended fuel decreased by 1.64%. However, the engine power of E20 and ES20 blended fuels decreased by 2.02% and 5.10%, respectively, compared to the power of pure gasoline engine, while their specific fuel consumption increased by 5.02% and 6.57%, respectively, compared to pure gasoline fueled engine. On the other hand, CO and HC emissions of the engine operated with E20 and ES20 blended fuels decreased compared to the pure gasoline engine, while CO2 and NOx emissions increased.

A Simulation Study of Water Injection Position and Pressure on the Knock, Combustion, and Emissions of a Direct Injection Gasoline Engine.

A turbocharged downsizing spark ignition (SI) engine combined with direct injection technology has the potential to improve the power and fuel economy and reduce emissions. However, gasoline engines are prone to knocking under low-speed and high-load conditions, which limits the application and development of downsizing SI engines. In this study, numerical simulation methods are used to explore the feasibility of water injection in the intake port to reduce the knock tendency of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines and to explore the effects of different water injection pressures on combustion and emissions. First, the GDI engine is induced to knock by increasing the compression ratio and advancing the spark timing. Then, the influences of low position and no angle (LPNA) and high position and angled water injector arrangements on engine combustion are explored. When the water injector arrangement is LPNA, the turbulent kinetic energy near the spark plug is higher, the equivalence ratio is more evenly distributed, and the engine knock intensity is smaller. Finally, when the arrangement of the water injector is LPNA, the effects of water injection pressure on the knock, combustion, and emissions of the GDI engine are explored. The results show that when the water injection pressure is 5 bar, the knock intensity of the engine is the smallest, the cycle work is the highest, and the emissions of NOx and unburned hydrocarbon are the lowest.

Synthesis of a highly stable Pt/CeO2/Al2O3 catalyst for gasoline engine emission control by adjusting Pt distribution

AbstractFor a CeO2/Al2O3‐supported Pt catalyst system, the distribution of Pt is of significant importance to its hydrothermal stability and catalytic performance. Generally speaking, impregnation of a Pt precursor on CeO2/Al2O3 composite is a commonly applied approach to synthesize the catalyst. In this work, partially calcined CeO2 on Al2O3 was used as the support to modify Pt distribution. The characterization results reveal that for conventional Pt/CeO2/Al2O3, Pt is distributed on the outer surface of CeO2/Al2O3; although high dispersion of Pt is obtained for the fresh sample, severe aggregation of Pt species inevitably takes place upon hydrothermal aging treatment, leading to drastic catalyst deactivation. On the other hand, when Pt is principally embedded into the CeO2 region, the Pt/CeO2/Al2O3 catalyst has better hydrothermal stability; however, it still shows undesirable catalytic performance owing to the comparatively low dispersion of Pt on the surface. Fortunately, when Pt species are partially embedded into the CeO2 region, and the other portion is located on the outer surface of CeO2, a favourable balance between the dispersion and hydrothermal stability is realized, which consequently brings about superior three‐way catalytic performance after hydrothermal aging treatment.

Evaluation of the effect of a new alternative fuel containing boron and hydrogen on gasoline engine performance and emission responses

Evaluation of the effect of a new alternative fuel containing boron and hydrogen on gasoline engine performance and emission responses

Seasonal and spatial variations in atmospheric PM2.5-bound PAHs in Karaj city, Iran: Sources, distributions, and health risks

Potential sources, temporal and spatial distribution, and health risks of 16 US EPA priority PAHs bound to PM2.5 in Karaj city have been monitored in order to assess the effect abatement and cleanup strategies. A total of 130 PM2.5 samples were collected in three different sites located in the southeast, northwest, and central parts of Karaj city in 2018 and 2019 and the average annual PAHs concentrations were 22.55 ± 13.74, 16.16 ± 10.62, and 16.67 ± 9.21 ng/m3, respectively. Atmospheric PM2.5-bound PAHs levels at all sites were lower in warm seasons than cold seasons, dominated by low molecular weight PAHs in the spring and high molecular weight PAHs in other seasons. The positive matrix factorization modeling (PMF) showed that diesel and gasoline engine emissions were dominant contributors to PAHs which accounted for 37.4 % and 31.1 %, respectively, followed by natural gas and biomass burning (14.8 %), industrial emissions (10.1 %), and petrogenic sources (6.6 %). The conditional bivariate probability function plots (CBPF) for PMF-resolved factor contributions were consistent with the predominant wind directions from northwest and southeast and known local emission sources. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) carcinogenic equivalent (BaPPEQ), BaP mutagenic equivalents (BaPMEQ) and the incremental lifetime lung cancer risk (LLCR) methodologies were calculated to evaluate human exposure to carcinogenic PAHs. The health risk related to PAHs was higher in cold seasons. Based on LLCR model, the total cancer risk related to PAHs exceeded the “safe limit” recommended by the USEPA (10−6) at all sites, indicating serious health risks for population of Karaj city mostly due to gasoline engine emissions.