Emission Reduction Performance Research Articles

Temperature, particulate emission characteristics, and emission reduction performance for SCR coated on DPF under drop to idle regeneration

Temperature, particulate emission characteristics, and emission reduction performance for SCR coated on DPF under drop to idle regeneration

Capabilities Analysis of Electricity Energy Conservation and Carbon Emissions Reduction in Multi-Level Battery Electric Passenger Vehicle in China

The battery electric passenger vehicle (BEPV) has the potential to conserve electric energy and reduce carbon emissions, making it an effective tool for achieving low-carbon development in the road transport industry by replacing the internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV). Several factors, such as comprehensive electricity power generation efficiency, proportion of thermal power, vehicle technical performance, regional mileage credibility and low temperature, affect the BEPV’s electricity energy consumption and carbon emissions. In this study, an electricity conservation index model and a carbon emission reduction index model for multilevel BEPVs are established to evaluate their capabilities of electricity energy conservation and carbon emissions reduction, considering the electricity supply chain, including the generation and transmission of electricity. The research shows that the electricity energy conservation ability of BEPVs is not outstanding, but their carbon emissions reduction ability is strong. When the composition of energy for electricity generation is transformed from 2025 to 2035, with a 10% increase in comprehensive electricity generation efficiency, all levels of BEPVs show fruitful electricity energy conservation ability. When the proportion of thermal power decreases to 10%, the carbon emissions reduction is exponentially reduced to 1/25 to 1/30 of ICEV’s total carbon emissions. However, the regional mileage credibility weakens the BEPVs’ ability to save energy and reduce emissions in most Chinese provinces except for the southwest and the south regional provinces, where the regional mileage credibility parameter can increase the energy conservation and carbon emission reduction performance of A00+A0 level BEPV. Low temperatures make BEPV models lose their electricity energy conservation advantage, but most models still have the characteristic of carbon emissions reduction. On this basis, the electricity energy consumption and carbon emissions of all BEPV models are higher than those of ICEVs when the low temperature endurance mileage accuracy is added.

Community-Focused Renewable Energy Transition with Virtual Power Plant in an Australian City—A Case Study

The global transition to a renewable-powered economy is gaining momentum as renewable energy becomes more cost-effective and energy-efficient. Renewable-energy-integrated Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) are capable of facilitating renewable transition, reducing distributed generator impacts, and creating value for prosumers and communities by producing renewable energy, engaging in the electricity market, and providing electricity network functions. In this paper, we conducted a case study in the City of Greater Bendigo to evaluate the challenges and opportunities of the community-focused renewable energy transition through establishing VPP with community-based renewable generators and storage systems. A reinforcement learning algorithm was formulated to optimise the energy supply, load shifting, and market trading in the VPP system. The proposed VPP system has great potential to improve the economic value and carbon emission reduction performance of local renewable resources: it can reduce 50–70% of the case study city’s carbon emissions in 10 years and lower the electricity price from the current range of 0.15 AUD/kWh (off-peak) −0.30 AUD/kWh (peak) as provided by Victorian Essential Services Committee to 0.05 AUD/kWh (off-peak) (peak). Overall, this study proposed a comprehensive framework to investigate community-based VPP in a complex urban environment and validated the capability of the VPP in supporting the renewable transition for Australian communities.

Carbon emission reduction alliance, green technology, and emission reduction performance: an empirical study based on the synergistic perspective of environment and economy

From the synergetic perspective of "Environment-Economy," this paper defines the enterprises' emission reduction performance as the financial income and ecological benefits obtained of implementing emission reduction measures. Based on the resource-based theory and ecological modernization theory, applying 314 listed construction companies' data from 2005 to 2020, the PSM-DID method is adopted to empirically research the effect and mechanism of carbon emission reduction alliance on the emission reduction performance of construction enterprises. The research shows that ① the carbon emission reduction alliance can improve the enterprises' emission reduction performance. However, it is only significant for environmental benefit but not for economic benefit. After the parallel trend test and placebo test, this conclusion is still valid. ② The regression results of the mechanism demonstrate that the carbon emission reduction alliance can promote green innovation, thereby boosting the enterprises' emission reduction performance. The knowledge absorption capacity of enterprises positively regulates the main effect and intermediary effects. ③ Further analysis indicates that there is a U-shaped relationship between green innovation and economic emission reduction performance and an inverted U-shaped connection with emission reduction performance from an environmental perspective.

Analysis and Enlightenment of Methane Emission Reduction Control in Oil and Gas Industry

Methane is the second largest greenhouse gas in the world after carbon dioxide. In order to cope with the warming impact of methane emissions on climate issues, major oil and gas producing countries in the world have implemented methane emission control policies, supervising technical norms, emission reduction performance or results, economic means and information management. Through comparative analysis, the current problems of methane emission reduction control in China's oil and gas industry are summarized, and the enlightenment and guidance suggestions for methane emission reduction control in Daqing oilfield are further proposed.

Decomposition of carbon emission influencing factors and research on emission reduction performance of energy consumption in China

With the continuous progress of social production, it has brought huge benefits, but also led to an increasingly prominent global warming problem. Therefore, energy conservation and emission reduction has become an important direction of national industrial development. In order to promote the effective promotion of China’s carbon emission reduction action, the study adopted the improved STIRPAT model and Granger test to analyze the factors affecting China’s energy consumption carbon emissions, combined with Johan equation and GFI decomposition to decompose the factors affecting China’s energy consumption carbon emissions, excavated the key influencing conditions of China’s energy consumption carbon emissions, and put forward policy recommendations on energy consumption carbon emissions reduction. The results show that economic growth has the greatest impact on China’s per capita carbon emissions, followed by urbanization, industrial structure and energy structure. At the same time, industrial energy intensity has an inhibitory effect on per capita carbon emissions growth. From 2019 to 2021, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangdong and other 10 provinces will achieve good emission reduction results. Therefore, in the analysis of energy conservation and emission reduction, it is of great value to understand the influencing factors of carbon emissions, which can provide direction and guidance for exploring an effective low-carbon development path, and play an important role in promoting the realization of the “double carbon” goal.

智慧城市建设与高耗能企业碳减排绩效：内在机制与经验证据

智慧城市建设与高耗能企业碳减排绩效：内在机制与经验证据

Numerical analysis of moisture and gas transport in earthen final covers considering effects of vapor and temperature gradient

Biochemical decomposition of high kitchen wastes in landfills in China results in (i) a high content of vapor in landfill gas (LFG) and (ii) a noticeable temperature gradient across the earthen final cover (EFC). Yet, it is unclear how vapor and temperature gradients affect moisture and gas transport through EFC and microbial aerobic methane oxidation (MAMO). A theoretical model of moisture-gas-heat reactive transport considering MAMO and effects of vapor flow and temperature gradients was developed, and a series of parametric studies were included. The model was verified by published test results. The parametric simulation results show that vapor from landfill wastes can replenish water to EFCs in dry seasons, which results in (i) the relief of water shortage of vegetation and MAMO and (ii) LFG emission reduction. Effects of vapor inflow become more significant under larger temperature gradient. In cold seasons, temperature gradients can promote MAMO to reduce methane emissions, and enhance evaporation to reduce percolation. When evaporation rate at the surface exceeds 30 times vapor influx, vapor inflow has negligible effects on moisture and gas transport in EFCs. Neglecting effects of vapor and temperature gradient can lead to misjudgments on anti-seepage performance and methane emission reduction performance of EFCs.

CO2 emissions reduction performance of China's HSR based on substitution effect and demand effect

Abstract As an important transportation infrastructure and transportation backbone in China, high-speed rail (HSR) plays a critical role in promoting the development of green and low-carbon transportation. Calculating the CO2 emissions reduction performance of HSR will be conducive to promote the CO2 emissions reduction work of the railway. Based on the Dalkic HSR CO2 emissions reduction performance model, by adjusting the HSR CO2 emission factor (CEFHSR), the annual times of departures (T) and other parameters, this study develops a Chinese HSR CO2 emissions reduction performance model. Taking the Beijing-Shanghai HSR as the research object, this study conducts a questionnaire survey to explore the substitution effect and demand effect of HSR on different transportation modes; collects data such as passenger volume, average electricity use and annual times of departures of the Beijing-Shanghai HSR in 2019; and calculates the CO2 emissions reduction performance of the Beijing-Shanghai HSR. This study has two main results: (1) It builds a Chinese HSR CO2 emissions reduction performance model based on substitution effect and demand effect. (2) In 2019, the CO2 emissions of the Beijing-Shanghai HSR are 2 898 233.62 t, the CO2 emissions reduction performance of the Beijing-Shanghai HSR is 17 999 482.8 t, the annual CO2 emissions of the Beijing-Shanghai line in ‘No HSR’ case are 7.2 times as in the 'HSR' case and the PKT of the HSR is 10.2 g/pkm. Based on the research results, this study proposes three CO2 emissions reduction policy suggestions. This study would be helpful for further HSR CO2 emissions reduction research and departments related to railway transportation management to make CO2 emissions reduction policies.

A Comparative Study of Emission Reduction Performance of Rare Earth Hydroxide Fuel Additives on Marine Diesel Engines

To deal with the environmental pollution caused by diesel engine exhaust gas, this paper calls for the use of fuel additives to improve the fuel quality or combustion quality to reduce the generation of harmful components in diesel engine exhaust gas. Based on the excellent REDOX capacity of rare earth elements, rare earth hydroxide is adopted as fuel additive. Firstly, the rare earth hydroxide is prepared, the contributory factors are analyzed, and the properties are characterized. Then through the building diesel engine test platform, different concentrations of rare earth hydroxide additives (60 mg/L, 80 mg/L and 100 mg/L) are respectively added to 0# diesel oil to make three kinds of oil samples, and the comparison test is conducted to compare with 0# diesel oil. The emission reduction ability of rare earth hydroxide additives is tested by measuring the content of harmful components in diesel exhaust gas. The experimental results show that the emission reduction performance of lanthanum hydroxide is better than that of cerium hydroxide, the 80 mg/L is the optimal amount of lanthanum hydroxide additives, its maximum reduction of NOX, CO and HC emissions is 29.3%, 40.0% and 45.7% respectively, and its maximum increment of PM emissions is 9.5%. Therefore, suitable additives can be selected according to actual needs of PM emission.

Driving factors of spatial-temporal difference in China's transportation sector carbon productivity: an empirical analysis based on Geodetector method.

Carbon productivity is the core index to measure the performance of carbon emission reduction. Exploring the driving factors of the spatial-temporal differences in China's transportation sector, carbon productivity (TSCP) is conducive to the low-carbon sustainable development of the transportation sector. Based on the calculation of TSCP in 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2019, we use time series, spatial visualization, and Dagum Gini coefficient to reveal the characteristics of spatial-temporal evolution and regional differences of TSCP, and uses Geodetector to identify the driving factors that affecting the spatial-temporal differences of TSCP. The results are as follows: (1) from 2000 to 2019, China's TSCP shows a U-shaped change trend of "decline to rise," and shows a spatial pattern of "high in the eastern and central, low in the western". (2) There are obvious regional differences in China's TSCP. The differences within each region show the trend of "eastern > central > western," while the differences between regions show the trend of "central-western > eastern-western > eastern-central," and the differences between regions are the main reason for the overall differences. (3) The spatial-temporal differences in China's TSCP are affected by many factors, such as social economy and self-endowment. Overall, energy intensity, foreign trade, technological innovation level, energy structure, and industrial structure are the dominant factors. Additionally, the interaction between the driving factors enhances the impact on the spatial-temporal differences of TSCP. Finally, according to the analysis results, some policy suggestions are put forward to improve TSCP.

A clean strategy of concrete curing in cold climate: Solar thermal energy storage based on phase change material

In this paper, a novel strategy of concrete curing was developed by solar thermal energy storage based on phase change material (PCM), in order to prevent concrete from frost damage at early age and promote the rapid growth of concrete strength in cold climate. This method utilized huge latent heat of thermal energy storage layer (TESL) containing PCM to achieve continuous curing of concrete at positive temperature, and transparent insulation layer (TIL) was set outside so that TESL can fully absorb a large amount of thermal energy through solar radiation to complete repeated phase transition between day and night. Moreover, a numerical method was proposed to guide the reasonable design of TESL under different climatic conditions and it turned out that the optimum thickness of TESL ranged from 0.87 cm to 4.86 cm. Experiment results indicated that concrete specimen cured by the novel curing strategy achieved an excellent curing temperature history and it took only 60 h to reach the design strength. In addition, economic evaluation results suggested low cost, prominent energy saving and emission reduction performance of the proposed curing method in the whole service cycle. This work provided new insights into an efficient and clean solution to achieving the rapid construction of concrete engineering in cold climate.

Collaborative strategy within China's emission trading scheme: Evidence from a tripartite evolutionary game model

Emission trading scheme (ETS) is considered as a tool to reduce emissions at a low cost, which can effectively promote the carbon peak and carbon neutrality. As the main participants in the carbon emission trading (CET) market, the behavior and strategies for governments and different types of enterprises affect the final emission reduction performance. Taking the national carbon market as an example, this paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model including governments and power generation enterprises with different emission reduction capacity to analyze the possible game situations in the development process of the CET market. The results show that with the development of the CET market, the governments and power generation enterprises will have different game results. In order to achieve the optimal stable equilibrium and maximize carbon emission reduction, governments should improve regulatory efficiency and formulate appropriate incentive strategies for excess emission reduction and punishment strategies for insufficient emission reduction. In addition, the initial willingness will not affect the final strategy choice of the three parties. Reasonable free carbon quota ratio, lower technology emission reduction cost and higher carbon price can stimulate the enthusiasm of governments and enterprises to reduce emissions. The above results provide a reference for coordinating the relationships between governments and power generation enterprises with different emission reduction capacity in the construction of the CET market in the future.

Carbon asset remolding and potential benefit measurement of machinery products in the light of lean production and low-carbon investment

For machinery manufacturing firms, a rather concerned barrier to arrive at carbon neutrality is the uncertain benefit of carbon emission reduction. To control the increasing cost triggered by carbon pricing mechanism and transition of carbon emission pattern, this paper restructures the whole production process of machinery products from the perspectives of low-carbon management and revaluation of carbon assets of process-flow to unearth the potential of carbon benefit of machinery products. Our theoretical analysis and case study keeping an eye on engineering machinery and port machinery jointly draw following key findings: First, the process management can effectively reduce carbon emissions as similar as the role of green-tech investment, and can arrive at a rather impressive emission reduction performance with less upfront investment. Second, to enhance carbon benefits sustainably, machinery manufacturing firms should control carbon emissions in the whole life-cycle and integrate carbon assets into production costs. Third, both carbon emission reduction and waste recycling can argument the return on carbon assets. Hence one can see that to create the competitive edge in the low-carbon sphere of machinery products, machinery manufacturing firms should remold the value-added process of carbon emission reduction in products' whole-life at the peak of total costs.

Carbon emission reduction effects of eco-industrial park policy in China

Scientifically evaluating the carbon emission reduction performance of eco-industrial park (EIP) can provide empirical supports for governments to formulate energy conservation and emission reduction policies. Based on the quasi-natural experiment of China's National Demonstration Eco-Industrial Park (NDEIP) construction, this study adopts the panel data of 285 prefecture-level cities in China from 2003 to 2019 to investigate the effects of EIP policy on urban carbon emission reduction through the multi-period difference in difference method. It was revealed that: (1) NDEIP construction has reduced urban carbon emissions by 3.08%, indicating a significantly inhibiting effect on urban carbon emission level; (2) Improvement the effects of NDEIP construction on urban carbon emission reduction appears in the 2nd year following policy implementation; (3) Carbon emission reduction effects of the NDEIP construction are more significant in small and medium-sized, eastern and western, non-resource-based, and high carbon emission cities; (4) NDEIP construction primarily promotes carbon emission reduction through the improvement of energy use efficiency, while the optimization of energy use structure has a weak effect on carbon emission reduction. Furthermore, NDEIP construction has a strong spatial spillover effect, driving carbon emission reduction in surrounding cities within 450 km.

Government Participation in Supply Chain Low-Carbon Technology R&D and Green Marketing Strategy Optimization

This paper uses the differential game approach to construct a model of cooperative emission reduction involving the government, manufacturing firms, and retail firms under different power structures. It is found that the dominant player receives more subsidies; the development of a mechanism for horizontal technology R&D among enterprises can reduce the financial pressure on the government to implement compensation strategies and improve the effectiveness and performance of supply chain emission reduction; and the government can develop differentiated subsidy schemes to achieve Pareto optimality in the supply chain and environmental performance based on different game strategies and revenue-sharing agreements by enterprises.

Optimization and comparison of multiple solar energy systems for public sanitation service buildings in Tibet

Qinghai Tibet Plateau, known as ‘Roof of the World’, is the highest and largest plateau on Earth, with an average elevation of 4900 m and spanning nearly two-thirds the size of the European continent. The energy consumption characteristics of public sanitation service buildings in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau are significantly different from traditional public buildings. It has unique advantages that allow these facilities to use the local enriched solar energy resources to meet the energy demand. This study proposes eight potential solar energy system schemes to obtain a suitable solar energy supply system and design an optimization method for public sanitation service buildings. The optimization models aimed at the life cycle cost for each solar energy system are established, and the equipment capacity in the system is optimized and simulated. Firstly, the optimized life cycle cost and equipment capacity of different solar energy system are compared and analyzed. Then, the short-term dynamic operation performance and the system's energy conservation, economic and CO2 emission reduction performance are comprehensively analyzed. Finally, the sensitivities of economic parameters and equipment price to the system optimization results are analyzed. The results indicate that the life cycle cost of the integrated solar hot water and heat storage system is 43% lower than that of the standalone solar hot air heat supply system and the standalone photovoltaic system. An optimized integrated system consisting of photovoltaic, photothermal, thermal storage, and power storage has the best comprehensive performance. The annual energy saving ratio of the integrated system is ∼85%, and the life cycle cost saving rate is about 50%. In addition, the sensitivity analysis shows that the electricity price is the most significant factor for life cycle cost compared to the annual interest and inflation rates. The price of a solar collector and air source heat pump have the most significant impact on the life cycle cost optimization results of a photovoltaic-photothermal-thermal and power storage integrated system.

Information infrastructure and greenhouse gas emission performance in urban China: A difference-in-differences analysis

Owing to its network spillover effect, information infrastructure performs outstandingly in promoting economic growth and technological innovation, and has received widespread attention. However, the ecological performance of information infrastructure, especially its impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission performance, has been less studied. To investigate this issue, using panel data for 281 prefecture-level cities in China from 2003 to 2018, we treat the Broadband China policy as a quasi-natural experiment in information infrastructure, and conduct a difference-in-differences (DID) analysis. The results show that: (1) Information infrastructure significantly improves urban GHG emission performance. This conclusion holds even after controlling for pilot selection endogeneity, sampling bias, and other policy interference. (2) Technological innovation, industrial structure upgrading, factor allocation enhancement, and tertiary agglomeration are effective channels for information infrastructure to improve GHG emission performance. (3) The treatment effect varies with city size, digital economy level, and economic status. Specifically, information infrastructure exhibits significant emission reduction performance in cities with large size, advanced digital economy, and leading economic status, while the emission reduction effect drops in other cities. This study provides insights into the transition to a carbon-neutral manner for infrastructure in China and other developing countries.

Board gender diversity and environmental emissions

AbstractThe recent climate emergency declaration by many nations around the world signifies the severity of the impact of climate change. As an entity which consumes a large quantity of resources ranging from material to human, corporations have a responsibility to seriously tackle climate change. As a company's board of directors is typically responsible for developing business strategies, including environmental strategies, this paper explores whether gender diversity on corporate boards affect firms' emission performance. Consistent with diversity theory, we find that board gender diversity is positively associated with firms' emission reduction performance. The likelihood that a firm with a gender diverse board reduces environmental emission is 9% higher than its industry peers. To ensure that our results are robust to endogeneity, we conduct additional analyses including propensity score matching (PSM), entropy balancing, and instrumental‐variable analysis.

Measuring China's agricultural green total factor productivity and its drivers during 1998–2019

Improving agricultural green total factor productivity (AGTFP) is essential to China's agricultural sustainable development. Although several studies have focused on China's AGTFP, its measurement and drivers are not fully investigated yet. More specifically, the published research examining the drivers of China's AGTFP at both the production and factor levels is still scarce. To fill this gap, this study constructs two different data envelopment analysis models combined with green Luenberger productivity indicator (GLPI), the biennial weight modified Russell model and the biennial bounded adjusted model, to measure China's AGTFP as well as check the robustness. We further decompose the AGTFP growth at both production and factor levels to investigate its drivers. The main findings are as follows. First, during 1998–2019, the central region with its GLPI at 0.0377 had the largest AGTFP growth, followed by the western (0.0281) and eastern regions (0.0254). Second, in terms of production-decomposition, technical progress was crucial driver to AGTFP growth, energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) and market performance. Third, in terms of factors-decomposition, the contributions of these factors to the AGTFP growth were positive and the contribution rates ranged from 1.01% (pesticide) to 38.51% (agricultural carbon emissions). Additionally, ECER performance was the primary driver of AGTFP, accounting for about 51.35% of the growth. Finally, according to the decompositions, Porter effect was discovered in China's agricultural sector. ECER drove China's agriculture to achieve win-win development between the environment and economic production.