Fragment Emission Research Articles

Investigation of projectile fragment emission in the fragmentation of 28Si on C target at 736 A MeV

The emission angular distributions, the transverse momentum distributions and the temperature parameters of projectile fragments produced in fragmentation of [Formula: see text]Si on C target at 736[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]MeV are measured. It is found that the scattering angle of primary silicon ions is smaller than the emission angle of their fragments. The average value and the width of the angular distribution and the transverse momentum distribution are increased with the decrease of the charge of projectile fragments. The cumulative squared transverse momentum distribution of projectile fragments can be well fitted by a single Rayleigh distribution, which indicates that the projectile fragments are emitted from a single temperature emission source. Most of the temperature parameters of projectile fragments emission source are in the range of 2–5[Formula: see text]MeV, which does not obviously depend on the charge of the projectile fragments.

Sequential decay analysis of $^{235}$U(n$^{th}$,f) reaction using fragmentation approach

Abstract Numerous experimental and theoretical observations conclude that the probability of the three fragment emission (ternary fission) or the binary fission increases when one proceeds towards the heavy mass region of nuclear periodic table. The collinear cluster tripartition (CCT) channel of $^{235}$U(n$^{th}$,f) reaction is studied and it was observed that the CCT may be a sequential process or a simultaneous emission phenomena. Till now, different approaches are introduced to study the CCT process as a simultaneous process or sequential process, but the decay dynamics of these modes is not fully explored. It will be of interest to identify the three fragments of the sequential process and to explore their related dynamics using some excitation energy dependent approach. Hence, in present work, an attempt is made to study the sequential decay mechanism of $^{235}$U(n$^{th}$,f) reaction using quantum mechanical fragmentation theory (QMFT). The decay mechanism is considered in two steps, where initially the nucleus splits into an asymmetric channel. In the second step, the heavy fragment obtained in the first step divides into two fragments. Stage I analysis is done by calculating the fragmentation potential and the preformation probability for the spherical and deformed choice of the decaying fragments. The most probable fragment combination of stage I are identified in view the dips in the fragmentation structure, and the corresponding maxima's of the preformation probability ($P_0$). The excitation energy of the decay channel is calculated using an iteration process. The obtained excitation energy of the identified heavy fragments is further used for the fragmentation analysis, and the subsequent binary fragments of the sequential process are obtained. The identified three fragments of the sequential process are in agreement with the experimental observation and are found nearby the neutron or proton shell closure. Finally, the kinetic energy of the observed fragments is calculated and the middle fragment of the CCT mechanism is identified.

Mass spectrometric study of low energy Cs+ ion-induced sputtered fragmentation of PADC polymer.

In this study, low-energy cesium (Cs+ ) ion-induced sputtered fragmentation of poly allyl diglycol carbonate (PADC) was investigated using mass spectrometry. The collision-induced dissociation mechanism revealed emission of various fragments, including monoatomic (H- , C1 - , O1 - ), diatomic (C2 - ), and multiatomic (C3 - , CO2 - , C2 O2 - , C3 O2 - ) species within the Cs+ ion energy range of 1-5keV. The anion current of these fragments exhibited a linear increase with rising incident Cs+ ion energy, indicating a corresponding rise in fragment abundance. Analysis of normalized yield indicated that at 1keV incident energy, the dominant fragment was monoatomic hydrogen (H- ), followed by diatomic carbon (C2 - ), monoatomic carbon (C1 - ), and monoatomic oxygen (O1 - ). Although C2 - remained dominant up to 5keV, other fragments exhibited varying normalized yields at different ion energy steps. The sputter yield estimation revealed that monoatomic hydrogen (H- ) and diatomic carbon (C2 - ) exhibited the highest yields, increasing exponentially beyond 3keV, while multiatomic fragments like C3 - , CO2 - , C2 O2 - , and C3 O2 - displayed the lowest yields. The sputter dissociation mechanism pointed to dehydrogenation, chain scission, and bond breakage as the primary processes during low-energy Cs+ ion impact. Postsputtering Scanning Electron Mircoscope (SEM) micrographs show craters, pits, and micropores on the PADC surface, indicating significant surface degradation. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectra exhibited reduced diffraction intensity, while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated the absence of molecular bands in the IR spectrum, confirming extensive surface damage due to Cs+ ion-induced sputtering.

Theoretical estimation of synthesizing superheavy nuclei using neutron rich targets

The next double magic nucleus after the double magic nucleus lead (208Pb) proton number Z=82 and neutron number N=126 is predicted to be flerovium 298Fl, Z=114 and N=184, and “Island of Stability” around this nucleus is predicted in the nuclear chart. In the synthesis of new elements, it was assumed that the projectile and target nuclei used in the experiments would be stable nuclei. In particular, it was experimentally impossible to use unstable nuclei as target nuclei. Therefore, it was considered difficult to synthesize nuclei on Island of Stability because of the insufficient number of neutrons when it came to fusion between stable nuclei. To approaching Island of Stability, it is necessary to use unstable nuclei with an excess of neutrons. However, until now there has been no method to achieve this. Recently, a new method of colliding unstable nuclei has been planned. It has also been reported that neutron-rich nuclei in the superheavy mass region have lower neutron binding energy than stable nuclei and lower temperature due to neutron emission more quickly, resulting in a high survival probability even at medium and high excitation energies. The goal of this study is to create and analyze neutron emission and mass distribution of fission fragments in the superheavy mass region using the statistical and the dynamical model. In addition, we present the results of calculations using neutron-rich nuclei.

Two-Dimensional Control of Rydberg Fragment Emission in Dissociative Frustrated Ionization of Oxygen

Advances in producing tailored ultrashort laser pulses have enabled the generation and control of molecular dissociative Rydberg excitation along the polarization axis of the laser field. Here, we exploit the orthogonally polarized two-color femtosecond laser fields and achieve an unprecedented two-dimensional control of Rydberg fragment emission in the dissociative frustrated single ionization of oxygen. The Rydberg fragments are collected over the 4π solid angle, whose momentum distribution is manifested in a characteristic four-lobe pattern. Through precise scanning of the relative phase of the orthogonal two-color laser fields, we demonstrate control over asymmetric directional emission of the Rydberg fragments. Our experimental findings are well supported by classical trajectory Monte Carlo simulations, which suggest an efficient emission control achieved through the manipulation of charge localization upon ionization.

Special Features of Multiple Luminescence of the Dyad Containing Imidazole and Coumarin Fragments in Photocured Network Acrylate Polymers

The conditions to prepare luminescent acrylate polymers containing the organic dyad, molecule of which combines two different emitting fragments, hydroxyl-substituted 2,4,5–triarylimidazole and 8-azomethine-7-hydroxycoumarine moieties, via photocuring have been optimized. The effect of the nature of the photocured network acrylate polymers on luminescent properties of the dyad has been investigated. The prepared aliphatic network polymers have exhibited independent fluorescence of both molecule fragments, dependent on the excitation wavelength. At the same time, the aromatic network polymers and the aliphatic network polymers containing ether links have revealed only the imidazole fragment fluorescence. The fluorescence nature has been stronger dependent on the polymer repeat unit structure and the content of the aromatic fragments in the polymer matrix than on the presence of the hydroxyl groups in the polymer. It has been shown that the emission of the imidazole fragment of the dyad in the aliphatic network polymers depends on the internode distance and conditional polarity of the medium.

Thermal Decomposition Path-Studied by the Simultaneous Thermogravimetry Coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry-Of Imidazoline/Dimethyl Succinate Hybrids and Their Biological Characterization.

The thermal decomposition path of synthetically and pharmacologically useful hybrid materials was analyzed in inert and oxidizing conditions for the first time and presented in this article. All the imidazoline/dimethyl succinate hybrids (1-5) were studied using the simultaneous thermogravimetry (TG) coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS). It was found that the tested compounds were thermally stable up to 200-208 °C (inert conditions) and up to 191-197 °C (oxidizing conditions). In both furnace atmospheres, their decomposition paths were multi-step processes. At least two major stages (inert conditions) and three major stages (oxidizing conditions) of their decomposition were observed. The first decomposition stage occurred between T5% and 230-237 °C. It was connected with the breaking of one ester bond. This led to the emission of one methanol molecule and the formation of radicals capable of further radical reactions in both used atmospheres. At the second decomposition stage (Tmax2) between 230-237 °C and 370 °C (inert conditions), or at about 360 °C (oxidizing conditions), the cleavage of the second ester bond and N-N and C-C bonds led to the emission of CH3OH, HCN, N2, and CO2 and other radical fragments that reacted with each other to form clusters and large clusters. Heating the tested compounds to a temperature of about 490 °C resulted in the emission of NH3, HCN, HNCO, aromatic amines, carbonyl fragments, and the residue (Tmax2a) in both atmospheres. In oxidizing conditions, the oxidation of the formed residues (Tmax3) was related to the production of CO2, CO, and H2O. These studies confirmed the same radical decomposition mechanism of the tested compounds both in inert and oxidizing conditions. The antitumor activities and toxicities to normal cells of the imidazoline/dimethyl succinate hybrids were also evaluated. As a result, the two hybrid materials (3 and 5) proved to be the most selective in biological studies, and therefore, they should be utilized in further, more extended in vivo investigations.

63Cu(I) binding to human kidney 68Zn7-βα MT1A: determination of Cu(I)-thiolate cluster domain specificity from ESI-MS and room temperature phosphorescence spectroscopy.

Mammalian metallothioneins (MTs) are important proteins in Zn(II) and Cu(I) homeostasis with the Zn(II) and Cu(I) binding to the 20 cysteines in metal-thiolate clusters. Previous electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometric (MS) analyses of Cu(I) binding to Zn7-MT were complicated by significant overlap of the natural abundance isotopic patterns for Zn(II) and Cu(I) leading to impossibly ambiguous stoichiometries. In this paper, isotopically pure 63Cu(I) and 68Zn(II) allowed determination of the specific stoichiometries in the 68Zn,63Cu-βα MT1A species formed following the stepwise addition of 63Cu(I) to 68Zn7-βα MT1A. These species were characterized by ESI-MS and room temperature emission spectroscopy. The key species that form and their emission band centres are Zn5Cu5-βα MT1A (λ = 684nm), Zn4Cu6-βα MT1A (λ = 750nm), Zn3Cu9-βα MT1A (λ = 750nm), Zn2Cu10-βα MT1A (λ = 750nm), and Zn1Cu14-βα MT1A (λ = 634nm). The specific domain stoichiometry of each species was determined by assessing the species forming following 63Cu(I) addition to the 68Zn3-β MT1A and 68Zn4-α MT1A domain fragments. The domain fragment emission suggests that Zn5Cu5-βα MT1A contains a Zn1Cu5-β cluster and the Zn4Cu6-βα MT1A, Zn3Cu9-βα MT1A, and Zn2Cu10-βα MT1A each contain a Cu6-β cluster. The species forming with >10mol. eq. of 63Cu(I) in βα-MT1A exhibit emission from the Cu6-β cluster and an α domain cluster. This high emission intensity is seen at the end of the titrations of 68Zn7-βα MT1A and the 68Zn4-α MT1A domain fragment suggesting that the initial presence of the Zn(II) results in clustered Cu(I) binding in the α domain.

A New Glutathione-Cleavable Theranostic for Photodynamic Therapy Based on Bacteriochlorin e and Styrylnaphthalimide Derivatives

Herein, we report a new conjugate BChl-S-S-NI based on the second-generation photosensitizer bacteriochlorin e6 (BChl) and a 4-styrylnaphthalimide fluorophore (NI), which is cleaved into individual functional fragments in the intracellular medium. The chromophores in the conjugate were cross-linked by click chemistry via a bis(azidoethyl)disulfide bridge which is reductively cleaved by the intracellular enzyme glutathione (GSH). A photophysical investigation of the conjugate in solution by using optical spectroscopy revealed that the energy transfer process is realized with high efficiency in the conjugated system, leading to the quenching of the emission of the fluorophore fragment. It was shown that the conjugate is cleaved by GSH in solution, which eliminates the possibility of energy transfer and restores the fluorescence of 4-styrylnaphthalimide. The photoinduced activity of the conjugate and its imaging properties were investigated on the mouse soft tissue sarcoma cell line S37. Phototoxicity studies in vitro show that the BChl-S-S-NI conjugate has insignificant dark cytotoxicity in the concentration range from 15 to 20,000 nM. At the same time, upon photoexcitation, it exhibits high photoinduced activity.

Isoscaling in central Sn+Sn collisions at 270 MeV/u

Experimental information on fragment emissions is important in understanding the dynamics of nuclear collisions and in the development of transport model simulating heavy-ion collisions. The composition of complex fragments emitted in the heavy-ion collisions can be explained by statistical models, which assume that thermal equilibrium is achieved at collision energies below 100 MeV/u. Our new experimental data together with theoretical analyses for light particles from Sn+Sn collisions at 270 MeV/u, suggest that the hypothesis of thermal equilibrium breaks down for particles emitted with high transfer momentum. To inspect the system's properties in such limit, the scaling features of the yield ratios of particles from two systems, a neutron-rich system of ${}^{132}\mathrm{Sn}+{}^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$ and a nearly symmetric system of ${}^{108}\mathrm{Sn}+{}^{112}\mathrm{Sn}$, are examined in the framework of the statistical multifragmentation model and the antisymmetrized molecular dynamics model. The isoscaling from low energy particles agree with both models. However the observed breakdown of isoscaling for particles with high transverse momentum cannot be explained by the antisymmetrized molecular dynamics model.

Fission barriers of superheavy nuclei for emitted fragment isotopes near proton magic numbers

Fission barriers for supposed doubly magic $^{298}\mathrm{Fl}$ are calculated using a specialized binary macroscopic-microscopic method. The microscopic effects are obtained from the developed binary Strutinsky shell correction method. The main input data are the proton and neutron energy levels calculated with the deformed two-center shell model. One is able in this way to provide the microscopic transition via the level schemes, from the parent to two overlapped and finally separated level schemes. The macroscopic part is acquired by the deformed charged liquid drop model with the double Yukawa-plus-exponential finite range potential. The method is applied to the reactions accompanied by isotopes of Sn and Pb within the fission channels, as being favored by strongly negative shell corrections.

Fission channels for fragment isotopes from Fl298 with magic nucleon numbers

Short-lived systems such as superheavy nuclei decay mainly by $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ emission. However, fission fragment emission is also probable, as theoretical calculations prove it. $^{298}\mathrm{Fl}$ dynamics decay is studied with a specialized binary macroscopic-microscopic method combined with the mass inertia tensor. The multidimensional WKB tunneling method is used to obtain the penetrabilities and half-lives. The calculations are applied to fission channels around the isotopes of two presumably favored fragments, Pb and Sn. The choice is due to their proton magicity shell correction favorable fission valleys.

Applying machine learning to construct braking emission model for real-world road driving.

Brake emissions from vehicles are increasing as the number of vehicles increases. However, current research on brake emissions, particularly the intensity and characteristics of emissions under real road conditions, is significantly inadequate compared to exhaust emissions. To this end, a dataset of 600 (200 unique real-world braking events simulated using three types of brake pads) real-world braking events (called brake pad segments) was constructed and a mapping function between the average brake emission intensity of PM2.5 from the segments and the segment features was established by five algorithms (multiple linear regression (MLR) and four machine learning algorithms). Based on the five algorithms, the importance of the different features of the fragments was discussed and brake energy intensity (BEI) and metal content (MC) of the brake pad emissions were identified as the most significant factors affecting brake emissions and used as the final modeling features. Among the five algorithms, categorical boosting (CatBoost) had the best prediction performance, with a mean R2 and RMSE of 0.83 and 0.039 respectively for the tenfold cross-validation. In addition, the CatBoost-based model was further compared with the MOVES model to demonstrate its applicability. The CatBoost-based model has better prediction performance than the MOVES model. The MOVES model overpredicts brake fragment emissions for urban roads and underpredicts brake fragment emissions for motorways. Furthermore, the CatBoost-based model was interpreted and visualized by an individual conditional expectation (ICE) plot to break the machine learning "black box", with BEI and MC showing nonlinear monotonic increasing relationships with braking emissions. ICE plot also provides viable technical solutions for controlling brake emissions in the future. Both avoiding aggressive braking driving behavior (e.g., the application of smart transportation technologies) and using brake pads with less metal content (e.g., using ceramic brake pads) can effectively reduce brake emissions. The construction of a machine learning-based brake emission model and the white-boxing of its model provide excellent insights for the future detailed assessment and control of brake emissions.

Occurrence and sources of microplastics in dust of the Ebinur lake Basin, northwest China.

Currently, there is a lack of studies on microplastic pollution in mountain terrains and foothills areas in Northwest China and Central Asia. Here, we collected monthly dusts samples for one year and we studied the distribution, pollution levels, and sources of microplastics in atmospheric dust fall in the Ebinur Lake Basin in Northwest China. Results showed that the average content of dust microplastic on construction land was 28.61 ± 1.13mg/kg, followed by farmland (20.25 ± 1.56mg/kg), forest (19.52 ± 1.06mg/kg), and deserts (8.08 ± 0.56mg/kg). Regarding different land use types, atmospheric dust reduction dominated on farmland (58.64%), followed by urban area (26.65%), forest (9.76%), and desert (4.95%). Regarding the shape of microplastics, the order of occurrence in dust was film (46.85%) > fiber (35.15%) > foam(12.35%) > fragment (5.65%). In this study, four colors of microplastics were found in dust, and white accounted for the largest proportion (52.15%), followed by transparent (18.65%), black (19.45%), and green (9.75%). The main components of film microplastics in atmospheric dustfall in the Ebinur Lake Basin were PE and PP, and their sources were mainly plastic products in daily life, plastic industrial packaging materials from urban enterprises, broken plastic woven bags, and PET mostly from fabric fragment emissions. The abundance of microplastics in dust was correlated with atmospheric dust pH, EC, and total salt content. The contents of seven heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, and Co) adsorbed by microplastics were also correlated with pH, EC, and total salt content. Our results represent a reference for microplastics pollution prevention in mountain terrains and foothills areas in northwest China and Central Asia.

Preference of heavy fragments as competing modes for alpha decay of 294Og

Complete binary decay of [Formula: see text]Og formed in the heavy-ion fusion reaction is studied in the frame work of Yukawa-plus-exponential potential with a third-order polynomial potential for the overlapping region. Preformation probability, which is taken as the probability of penetration in the overlapping region, calculated for the use of reduced classical hydrodynamical mass, reveals the preference for near symmetric fission fragments [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], in competency with alpha decay. Influence of the parameter [Formula: see text] of classical hydrodynamical mass is studied in preformation values. Half-life calculated for alpha decay matches well with experimental value for the use of reduced mass. Half-lives calculated for symmetric, near symmetric fragments [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] are found to be low for the use of reduced hydrodynamical mass and promises preference of near symmetric fragments emission, as a competing decay mode to alpha decay and confirms the role of shell structure in deciding the most probable fragment.

Signature of fusion suppression in complex fragment emission

The effect of weak binding of $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ on complete fusion has been explored through the study of complex fragment emission in $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}+^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ reaction. The yields of the fragments $^{6,7}\mathrm{Li}$ and $^{7,9}\mathrm{Be}$ emitted from the excited compound nucleus $^{29}\mathrm{Si}^{*}$ have been compared with the respective statistical model predictions. Emission of same fragments from another close-by compound nucleus $^{28}\mathrm{Si}^{*}$ at similar excitation energy, formed by the fusion of two strongly bound nuclei, $^{16}\mathrm{O}+^{12}\mathrm{C}$, has been studied for comparison. It has been observed that for the system $^{16}\mathrm{O}+^{12}\mathrm{C}$, the yields of $^{6,7}\mathrm{Li}$ and $^{7,9}\mathrm{Be}$ fragments are close to the predictions of the statistical model. However, for the $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}+^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ system, although the experimental yield pattern follows the statistical model prediction, there is substantial reduction in yield for all detected fragments. These observations have been attributed to the suppression of complete fusion in $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}+^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ system due to the weak binding of $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$, a dynamical effect which is not incorporated in the conventional statistical models. It is the first time that a clear signature of the suppression of complete fusion in light systems involving weakly bound nucleus has been observed in complex fragment emission from fully equilibrated composite produced in fusion well above the barrier.

Nuclear reaction measurements of 80.5 MeV/u [formula omitted]C beam bombarding on C, Cu, W, Au, Pb targets

To get the energy distributions and cross sections of emitted light charged particles, and to explore the nuclear reaction, experiments of 80.5 MeV/u 12C beam bombarding on C, Cu, W, Au, Pb targets have been carried out at Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 30°, 60°, and 120° relative to the incident beam have been detected using three sets of telescope detectors. The method of ΔE−ΔE−E was used for particle identification. Results indicate that heavier targets have larger double differential cross sections, and the emitted fragments tend to go forward. Besides, the decrease of cross sections of fragments produced with the increasing emitted angles follows a kind of pattern.

New Empirical Formulation for the Sublimational Breakup of Graupel and Dendritic Snow

Abstract Ice fragments are generated by sublimation of ice particles in subsaturated conditions in natural clouds. Conceivably, such sublimational breakup would be expected to cause ice multiplication in natural clouds. Any fragment that survives will grow to become ice precipitation that may sublimate and fragment further. As a first step toward assessing this overlooked process, a formulation is proposed for the number of ice fragments from sublimation of ice particles for an atmospheric model. This is done by amalgamating laboratory observations from previously published studies. The concept of a “sublimated mass activity spectrum” for the breakup is applied to the dataset. The number of ice fragments is determined by the relative humidity over ice and the initial size of the parent ice particles. The new formulation applies to dendritic crystals and heavily rimed particles only. Finally, a thought experiment is performed for an idealized scenario of subsaturation with in-cloud descent. Scaling analysis yields an estimate of an ice enhancement ratio of about 5 (10) within a weak deep convective downdraft of about 2 m s−1, for an initial monodisperse population of dendritic snow (graupel) particles of 3 L−1 and 2 mm. During descent, there is a dynamic equilibrium between continual emission of fragments and their depletion by sublimation. A simplified bin microphysics parcel model exhibits this dynamical quasi equilibrium, consistent with the thought experiment. The fragments have average lifetimes of around 90 and 70 s for dendrites and graupel, respectively. Sublimational breakup is predicted to cause significant secondary ice production.

Development of a Monte-Carlo Evaporation Code for Multiple-Fragment Emission

An extended Hauser-Feshbach approach has been employed in a multi-step Monte-Carlo evaporation code designed to study the de-excitation of highly excited compound nuclei. The code is intended to account for emission of light particles ($\gamma$, n, $^{1,2,3}$H, $^{3-6}$He) and intermediate mass fragments in their ground and excited states (particle-bound or unbound). As a study case, we consider the decay of the compound nucleus $^{120}$Te$^*$ at excitation energy 100, 200 and 300 MeV. First chance decay widths are compared with treatments based on the Weisskopf and the s-wave approximation. Preliminary calculations are compared with experimental isotopic yields of intermediate mass fragments emitted in E/A = 50 MeV $^{4}$He + $^{116,124}$Sn $\rightarrow$ $^{120,128}$Te$^*$ reactions.

The COLTRIMS Reaction Microscope—The Spyhole into the Ultrafast Entangled Dynamics of Atomic and Molecular Systems

AbstractThe COLTRIMS Reaction Microscope C‐REMI can image the momentum vectors of all emitted charged fragments in an atomic or molecular reactions similar to the bubble chamber in high energy particle physics. C‐REMI can detect fragments with “zero” kinetic energy in an ultrahigh vacuum environment by projecting them with weak electromagnetic fields onto position‐sensitive detectors. Geometrically a nearly 4π collection solid angle and a nearly 50% efficiency for a fivefold multi‐coincidence can be achieved. Measuring time‐of‐flight and detector position the momenta of the fragments can be measured with excellent resolution (<0.01 a.u.; see A1 in the Appendix). Thus, multivector correlations in momentum space are measured, which provide insight into the entangled dynamics of atomic and molecular quantum systems. From these vector‐correlations phases and energies can be deduced which allow for relative time measurements even in the zeptosecond range. C‐REMI provides a “spyhole” into the secrets of ultrafast dynamics of atomic and molecular processes. It is applied today around the globe in numerous research projects in physics and chemistry. The purpose for writing this article is to demonstrate the universal application possibilities of C‐REMI, and its high multi‐coincidence efficiency and high momentum resolution. This paper will not give a review on all milestone experiments performed with C‐REMI.