Emission Mitigation Research Articles

Performance investigation of a V-trough concentrating agrivoltaic system based on spectral splitting

Abstract In order to improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of solar energy, a V-trough concentrating and splitting agrivoltaic hybrid system (VCSPVA system) is proposed in this paper, which transmits the red and blue spectral bands to crop field for photosynthesis conversion and concentrates the other bands to the solar panels for photoelectric conversion. Then, the power generation is completed with sustaining the crop growth, while the overall utilization efficiency of solar energy is improved significantly. The influence of key parameters is studied in detail. Results show that by adjusting trough angles, more reflected radiation can be received by the solar panels, minimizing the energy loss of the system. Through mathematical model establishment, the energy, economic and carbon emission evaluations of the proposed system are carried out. Consequently, the VCSPVA system has the highest annual efficiency of 16.96%, which is 39.15% and 45.93% higher than that of the traditional agrivoltaic system and photovoltaic-only system, respectively. Meanwhile, the net present value and carbon emission mitigation are $758680.99 and 0.25 t·m−2·a−1, respectively, which demonstrates a competitive option for dual land use and a significant role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Solidarity or self-interest? Carbon footprint pressure measurement and spatial correlation in the Yangtze River Delta region

The augmentation of collaborative governance, intertwining both emission mitigation and carbon sequestration enhancement, is pivotal for urban areas to manifest a leading role within the context of the “dual carbon” objectives. Notwithstanding, extant research exhibits an insufficiency in detail and a neglect of the intricate relationship and reciprocal dynamics between urban carbon emissions and ecological carbon sinks. In response to this gap, this study constructs and gauges the carbon footprint pressure (CFP) index of the Yangtze River Delta region over the period 2000–2020. Moreover, a comprehensive approach combining a modified gravity model, social network analysis, and the STIRPAT model is employed to systematically explore the evolution characteristics and effects of spatial correlations of CFP. The results show that the overall CFP predominantly displayed an oscillatory uptrend, underscored by stark spatial non-uniformity and an annually exacerbating divergence. The CFP exhibited a complex network structure, with continually intensifying stability and incremental convergence in its hierarchical framework. Nevertheless, the core-periphery attributes within this network remained pronounced, despite the low degree of network connectivity. Furthermore, the network incorporated four dynamically transmuting blocks. With the variable extent of the block's deconstruction and restructuring, the “club” spatial dispersion characteristic became increasingly evident. The degree centrality and betweenness centrality of urban nodes rendered an adverse impact on CFP, with the latter wielding a more potent effect.

Prospects for green steelmaking technology with low carbon emissions in China

AbstractThe steel industry is a major source of CO2 emissions, and thus, the mitigation of carbon emissions is the most pressing challenge in this sector. In this paper, international environmental governance in the steel industry is reviewed, and the current state of development of low‐carbon technologies is discussed. Additionally, low‐carbon pathways for the steel industry at the current time are proposed, emphasizing prevention and treatment strategies. Furthermore, the prospects of low‐carbon technologies are explored from the perspective of transitioning the energy structure to a “carbon–electricity–hydrogen” relationship. Overall, steel enterprises should adopt hydrogen‐rich metallurgical technologies that are compatible with current needs and process flows in the short term, based on the carbon substitution with hydrogen (prevention) and the CCU (CO2 capture and utilization) concepts (treatment). Additionally, the capture and utilization of CO2 for steelmaking, which can assist in achieving short‐term emission reduction targets but is not a long‐term solution, is discussed. In conclusion, in the long term, the carbon metallurgical process should be gradually supplanted by a hydrogen–electric synergistic approach, thus transforming the energy structure of existing steelmaking processes and attaining near‐zero carbon emission steelmaking technology.

Carbon Emission Mitigation: a Sustainable Transportation Perspective for Reforming the Law on Highways in Indonesia

Objective: This research aims to provide essential issues to be included in the draft of new regulations to revise Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation. The transportation sector plays a vital role in social mobility in Jakarta. However, the negative impact of increasing carbon emissions reaching 171 air pollution standard index (APSI) cannot be accommodated by outdated laws and poses a significant challenge to the health of the environment and urban communities now and in the future. Theoretical framework: The theory used is Carbon Emission Disclosure. We will use some of this theory to explain and incorporate it into the plans for new regulations. Carbon Emission Disclosure (CED) is one part of carbon accounting, an organization's obligation to measure, acknowledge, record, present, and disclose carbon emissions. In this context, the government is responsible for CED. Carbon Emission Disclosure was measured using several items adopted from research. There are five broad categories relevant to climate change and carbon emissions: climate change risks and opportunities, greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, reduction of greenhouse gases and costs, and accountability of emission carbon. Method: The Method uses a qualitative approach using focus group discussions and is supported by participant observation. Sixteen stakeholders, policymakers, and eight private vehicle users participated in this study, providing diverse perspectives. Research starts May 18 to November 19, 2023. The research locus is in the city of Jakarta. Results and Conclusions: This study found six themes that were taken into consideration to be included in the draft of new regulations that will be drafted. Namely Motor Vehicle Policy is to reduce the amount of reduction in the impact of carbon emissions; policy on the impact of traffic jams and density, the impact of carbon emissions on population health; limiting vehicle emissions by implementing carbon accounting; zero-emission vehicles by supporting electric vehicles; future solutions and strategies, namely implementing a Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) plan to reduce carbon emissions, and regarding the use of illegal drugs, alcohol, and several points proposed by field observation participants. Research implications: This study presents policy implications that the government can utilize to reduce the impact of carbon emissions through several parts of the CED concept, including reducing carbon emissions, high energy consumption in Jakarta can be reduced by electric vehicles, detailing emission reduction strategies, and comprehensively implementing accountability for carbon emissions serious about coal-based electricity companies around the city of Jakarta. The consequences of this strategy can range from policy formulation to developing new regulations that replace old laws. Originality/value: This research analyzes the paradigm shift, which still uses old laws to become new laws, by including the CED concept, which focuses on six themes from the results of this study. These changes can affect transportation management in Indonesia. This paradigm shift study is a new contribution because it can provide a deeper understanding of the evolution of transportation governance by reducing carbon emissions. This paradigm shift is expected to significantly shift private vehicle users to mass vehicles, reducing carbon emissions. On the other hand, the government has issued regulations President Number 61 of 2011 concerning the National Action Plan for Emission Reduction Greenhouse Gases. This regulation is issued to reduce carbon emissions. The challenge is that until now, the implementers have yet to implement it thoughtfully; its implementation is separate from the National Law and requires a solid will to include it in the new draft law as a single unit.

Effect of Alternate Wetting and Drying on the Emission of Greenhouse Gases from Rice Fields on the Northern Coast of Peru

The cultivation of rice is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to continuously flooded irrigation (CF), which demands large volumes of water. As an alternative solution, alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation has been developed as a water-saving strategy. This study was conducted at the Experimental Agricultural Station (EEA) in Vista, Florida, in the Lambayeque region located on the northern coast of Peru. Thus, it was analyzed the effect of AWD irrigation at different depths (5, 10, and less than 20 cm below the surface) compared to CF control on methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and rice grain yield. AWD treatments reduced CH4 emissions by 84% to 99% but increased N2O emissions by 66% to 273%. In terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP), the AWD10 treatment demonstrated a 77% reduction and a Water Use Efficiency (WUE) of 0.96, affecting only a 2% decrease in rice grain yield, which ranged between 11.85 and 14.01 t ha−1. Likewise, this study provides sufficient evidence for the adoption of AWD irrigation as a strategy for the efficient use of water resources and the mitigation of GHG emissions in rice cultivation in the study area, compared to continuous flooded irrigation.

Pathways for carbon emission prediction and mitigation of sustainable industrial parks: a LEAP model application

ABSTRACT Industrial parks play a crucial role as a carrier of industrial clusters and energy consumption. Accurately predicting the energy demand and carbon emissions trend is key to scientifically determining the pathways for low-carbon industrial parks. However, exploration in carbon emission prediction on industrial park scale is still in its infancy stage. This paper investigates fuel demand and carbon emissions from 2021 to 2035 in an industrial park in Jiangsu Province, utilizing the Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) model to explore the pathways for low carbon development. Energy-saving and emission-reduction effects of different macro-economic policies and micro-energy planning are analyzed based on the energy balance and emission factor methods. Four scenarios are compared: the baseline scenario (BAS), green development scenario (GDS), low carbon scenario (LCS), and strength low carbon scenario (SLS). Results indicated that energy demand under BAS reached at 31.37 Mtce in 2035, and energy-saving rates of GDS, LCS, and SLS in 2035 were 12.94%, 14.00% and 19.08%, respectively. Carbon emissions reached 53.96 MtCO2e in BAS of 2035. However, in the same year, emissions decreased by 24.88%, 43.09%, and 52.52% in GDS, LCS, and SLS, respectively, with SLS being the most suitable for the park.

Significant human health co-benefits of mitigating African emissions.

Future African aerosol emissions, and therefore air pollution levels and health outcomes, are uncertain and understudied. Understanding the future health impacts of pollutant emissions from this region is crucial. Here, this research gap is addressed by studying the range in the future health impacts of aerosol emissions from Africa in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios, using the UK Earth System Model version 1 (UKESM1), along with human health concentration-response functions. The effects of Africa following a high-pollution aerosol pathway are studied relative to a low-pollution control, with experiments varying aerosol emissions from industry and biomass burning. Using present-day demographics, annual deaths within Africa attributable to ambient particulate matter are estimated to be lower by 150 000 (5th-95th confidence interval of 67 000-234 000) under stronger African aerosol mitigation by 2090, while those attributable to O3 are lower by 15 000 (5th-95th confidence interval of 9000-21 000). The particulate matter health benefits are realised predominantly within Africa, with the O3-driven benefits being more widespread - though still concentrated in Africa - due to the longer atmospheric lifetime of O3. These results demonstrate the important health co-benefits from future emission mitigation in Africa.

Potential and benefits of biochar production: crop straw management and carbon emission mitigation in Shaanxi Province, China.

Shaanxi Province is an important agricultural province in western China. Its profit-oriented management of crop residues remains a concern in the agriculture sector. Aiming to accelerate the valorization of agricultural straw and offer potential solutions for profit-oriented use of crop residues in Shaanxi, this study estimated the quantity of resources and collectable amount of crop straw by using the grain-to-straw ratio, analyzed the carbon emission reduction potential considering biochar energy and soil uses with the help of a life cycle assessment (LCA) model, and calculated the economic benefits of biochar production using waste and abandoned straw in Weinan (a city of Shaanxi). The theoretical resources and collectible amount of crop straw in Shaanxi showed an overall growth trend from 1949 to 2021, reaching 1.47 × 107 and 1.26 × 107t in 2021 respectively. In 2021, straw from corn, wheat, and other grains accounted for 94.32% of the total straw. Among the 11 cities in Shaanxi, Weinan had the largest straw resources of 2.82 × 106t, Yulin had the largest per capita straw resources of 0.72t/person, and Yangling had the highest resource density of 7.60t/hm2. The total carbon emission reduction was 3.11 × 104t under scenario A with crop straw used for power generation. The emission reduction ranged from 1.25 × 107 to 1.27 × 107 CO2e t under scenario B with biochar production for energy and soil use. By using waste and abandoned straw in Weinan for biochar production, carbon emissions could be reduced by up to 2.07 × 105t CO2e. In terms of the economic benefit from straw pyrolysis, the actual income was estimated to range from 0.67 × 108 to 1.33 × 108 ¥/a with different carbon prices. This study sheds light on the economic and environmental benefits of agricultural straw valorization through pyrolysis in Shaanxi, and provided an important basis for promoting the agricultural straw utilization in view of its potential for carbon emission reduction.

Prediction of atmospheric PM2.5 level by machine learning techniques in Isfahan, Iran

With increasing levels of air pollution, air quality prediction has attracted more attention. Mathematical models are being developed by researchers to achieve precise predictions. Monitoring and prediction of atmospheric PM2.5 levels, as a predominant pollutant, is essential in emission mitigation programs. In this study, meteorological datasets from 9 years in Isfahan city, a large metropolis of Iran, were applied to predict the PM2.5 levels, using four machine learning algorithms including Artificial Neural |Networks (ANNs), K-Nearest-Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector |Machines (SVMs) and ensembles of classification trees Random Forest (RF). The data from 7 air quality monitoring stations located in Isfahan City were taken into consideration. The Confusion Matrix and Cross-Entropy Loss were used to analyze the performance of classification models. Several parameters, including sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, F1 score, precision, and the area under the curve (AUC), are computed to assess model performance. Finally, by introducing the predicted data for 2020 into ArcGIS software and using the IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) method, interpolation was conducted for the area of Isfahan city and the pollution map was illustrated for each month of the year. The results showed that, based on the accuracy percentage, the ANN model has a better performance (90.1%) in predicting PM2.5 grades compared to the other models for the applied meteorological dataset, followed by RF (86.1%), SVM (84.6%) and KNN (82.2%) models, respectively. Therefore, ANN modelling provides a feasible procedure for the managerial planning of air pollution control.

The global emission mitigation potential of avoiding waste and product lifespan extension by Chinese households

This paper examines the emission mitigation potential of Chinese households’ low-carbon behavior by 2030 through a global carbon footprint scenario analysis. The emission reduction effect is estimated by comparing the projected global emissions in 2030 in a lifestyle emulation scenario and a low-carbon scenario, in which Chinese households adopt low-carbon consumption behaviors. Lifestyle emulation is modeled based on what we call “world Engel curves”, which describe how the expenditure share of a certain consumption good depends on the total per capita expenditures for household consumption (which depends on income). By including a dynamic link between household lifestyle changes and GDP, we then obtain the emission projections under different scenarios in 2030, based on the historical data for 49 countries from 1995 to 2011 from EXIOBASE. Our results show that adopting a mild low-carbon lifestyle by households helps only little in terms of reducing GHG emissions. Reducing avoidable waste and expanding the lifetime of products are not enough to help meeting the 2 °C goal. More drastic changes are required.

Greenhouse gas emissions from US irrigation pumping and implications for climate-smart irrigation policy

Irrigation reduces crop vulnerability to drought and heat stress and thus is a promising climate change adaptation strategy. However, irrigation also produces greenhouse gas emissions through pump energy use. To assess potential conflicts between adaptive irrigation expansion and agricultural emissions mitigation efforts, we calculated county-level emissions from irrigation energy use in the US using fuel expenditures, prices, and emissions factors. Irrigation pump energy use produced 12.6 million metric tonnes CO2e in the US in 2018 (90% CI: 10.4, 15.0), predominantly attributable to groundwater pumping. Groundwater reliance, irrigated area extent, water demand, fuel choice, and electrical grid emissions intensity drove spatial heterogeneity in emissions. Due to heavy reliance on electrical pumps, projected reductions in electrical grid emissions intensity are estimated to reduce pumping emissions by 46% by 2050, with further reductions possible through pump electrification. Quantification of irrigation-related emissions will enable targeted emissions reduction efforts and climate-smart irrigation expansion.

Leveraging dairy cattle to upcycle culled citrus fruit for emission mitigation and resource co-benefits: A case study

Fruit and vegetable wastes are the largest components of global food loss and waste (FLW), leading to tremendous management, resource, and environmental burdens. The objective of this study is to find ways for effectively upcycling fruit waste via dairy cattle and to assess multiple sustainability benefits. Fresh citrus waste from a fruit processing center was incorporated into treatment diet (7.1 kg cow−1 day−1), fed to 160 cows for 24 days at a research dairy facility, in comparison with control diet. Additionally, at a commercial dairy farm, fresh citrus waste was co-ensiled with grass hay to prevent spoilage and preserve the feeding value, the resulting silage subsequently incorporated into diet and fed to lactating cows. Both feeding trials supported cow productivity and lowered feed cost. Sustainability implications were quantitatively assessed, including GHG emission mitigation and the sparing of land, water, fertilizer and herbicide uses due to substitution of conventional feed ingredients.

Mitigation of Fugitive Gas Emissions from Landfill Using Biochar-Amended Soil Cover and Its Geotechnical Characterization

Landfills with gas collection systems often struggle to capture fugitive emissions through the final soil cover, leading to significant environmental challenges. Considering recent major landfill fires in India, methane gas emissions have been identified as the primary cause. This research explores the potential of biochar-amended soil covers as an alternative solution to mitigate fugitive emissions. Various percentages of biochar were added to the soil collected from a landfill site in Vilholi, Maharashtra, India. Geotechnical testing assesses compaction characteristics, hydraulic conductivity, and shear strength. Amendment improves the compaction characteristics of soil cover. The decreased hydraulic conductivity with amendment indicates improved water retention. The interlocking between soil and biochar and the specific type of biochar influences the strength gained. The column setups containing different percentages of amended soil showed reduced emissions. The improved geotechnical properties and reduced fugitive emissions demonstrate the potential for biochar-amended soil covers to enhance landfills' stability.

Direct utilization of cationic cellulose nanoparticles derived from maize-stalk parenchyma for intensifying mechanical properties and antibacterial activity in non-refined pulp paper

In recent years, an increasing focus has been placed on the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions, underscoring the significance of the sustainable energy-conservation industry as a prominent and consequential field of development. As an energy-intensive procedure within the papermaking sector, the process of pulp-fiber beating necessitates an imperative exploration of alternative approaches aimed at mitigating energy consumption. This study has synthesized renewable cationic cellulose nanoparticles (CCNPs) extracted from the parenchymal cells of maize stalk pith. The objective is to demonstrate their viability as a reinforcing additive for paper sheets, thereby reducing the reliance on conventional beating processes. The results showed that CCNPs were prone to augment the physical strength of bleached papers, compared with unbleached papers. The inclusion of 9% CCNPs led to a remarkable 163.5% and 140.0% increase in tear and tensile indexes for bleached Eucalyptus paper, respectively. Incorporating CCNPs into non-refined paper yields physical traits akin to wood pulp paper beaten over 40 °SR. The CCNP-strengthened handsheets exhibited superior tensile and tear index in comparison to commercial dry strength additives such as cationic starch (CS) and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM). Additionally, at 80 μg/ml concentration, E-B-9 displayed significant bactericidal effectiveness, achieving an impressive 97% reduction in Escherichia coli. This notable outcome is attributed to the presence of quaternary ammonium salt moieties in the formulation. This investigation introduces a promising approach where in the utilization of CCNP as an innovative multifunctional agent for paper holds the potential to enhance paper performance and concurrently reduce production costs.

Air pollution benefits from reduced on-road activity due to COVID-19 in the United States.

On-road transportation is one of the largest contributors to air pollution in the United States. The COVID-19 pandemic provided the unintended experiment of reduced on-road emissions' impacts on air pollution due to lockdowns across the United States. Studies have quantified on-road transportation's impact on fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-attributable and ozone (O3)-attributable adverse health outcomes in the United States, and other studies have quantified air pollution-attributable health outcome reductions due to COVID-19-related lockdowns. We aim to quantify the PM2.5-attributable, O3-attributable, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)-attributable adverse health outcomes from traffic emissions as well as the air pollution benefits due to reduced on-road activity during the pandemic in 2020. We estimate 79,400 (95% CI 46,100-121,000) premature mortalities each year due to on-road-attributable PM2.5, O3, and NO2. We further break down the impacts by pollutant and vehicle types (passenger [PAS] vs. freight [FRT] vehicles). We estimate PAS vehicles to be responsible for 63% of total impacts and FRT vehicles 37%. Nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions from these vehicles are responsible for 78% of total impacts as it is a precursor for PM2.5 and O3. Utilizing annual vehicle miles traveled reductions in 2020, we estimate that 9,300 (5,500-14,000) deaths from air pollution were avoided in 2020 due to the state-specific reductions in on-road activity across the continental United States. By quantifying the air pollution public health benefits from lockdown-related reductions in on-road emissions, the results from this study stress the need for continued emission mitigation policies, like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) recently proposed NOX standards for heavy-duty vehicles, to mitigate on-road transportation's public health impact.

A Feasibility Assessment of Heat Energy Productivity of Geothermal Wells Converted from Oil/Gas Wells

The mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions necessitates a shift from fossil fuel to environmentally friendly energy, such as geothermal energy. It is advantageous to retrofit end-of-life oil/gas wells for geothermal energy extraction. Prior to repurposing depleted wells into geothermal wells, it is imperative to conduct the heat-energy potential assessment. In this work, an analytical model was developed for this purpose. A case study was conducted using the model and the data from a well in North-west Louisiana for a feasibility assessment. A sensitivity study was performed with the model to identify major factors affecting well productivity. The result of the case study shows that reverse circulation is 35% more efficient than direct circulation for improving the heat-energy productivity of geothermal wells converted from oil/gas wells. The sensitivity analysis revealed that well productivity increases with higher injection rates and greater horizontal wellbore lengths. Additionally, well productivity rises in correspondence with reservoir temperature as well as the temperature of the injected water. However, well productivity decreases as the thermal conductivity of the tubing insulation increases. Counteracting this trend, well productivity increases with thicker tubing insulation layers. This study furnishes engineers with an easy-to-use tool for predicting the heat-energy deliverability of wells converted from end-of-life oil/gas wells.

Natural Forest Regeneration and Tree Planting Complexity: An Enigma of Climate Mitigation in the World of Technology

Given the severity and implication of prolonged palpability epitomized by Climate change, discussion and negotiation between parties and policy applications for mitigations employed is not 100% solution. The mitigation of carbon emission through tree planting alone is inadequate. There’s need for knowledge on the type of trees, where to plant them, and their impact on the biosphere. Previous study shows that uncensored tree planting programs causes riparian land to dry up. This study lingers on achieving climate change mitigation through afforestation, algae, and technology. It adopts three hypotheses; the first, there’s nothing like global warming or climate change occurring, Secondly, global warming and climate change occurs as natural and cyclic events not related to human activity, Thirdly, global warming and climate change are outcome of mans’ activities. This is a desk top study, the findings indicate that trees are important factors in conserving atmosphere with a balanced biosphere, but not solutions to climate crisis. Thus, certain types of trees cause problems for other plants and animals in their symbiotic nature. Scientists shows that Algae consumes 400x more CO2 hence, investing in them is efficient. Additionally, investing in technology like carbon engineering, direct air capture, and geological sequestration are effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere and revolutionize the energy sector. In conclusion, embracing technology and change of human consumer behavior should be the way to go in the contemporary world to mitigate climate issues.

Inclusion of Sorghum in Ruminant Diets Towards Methane Emission Mitigation and Improved Meat Quality: A Review

Sorghum is among the less widely used crops yet it is ranked the fifth most important cereal crop after wheat, maize, rice and barley. The grain’s nutritional value is similar to that of maize and wheat and the phenolic profile is more abundant and varied than other common cereal grains. Sorghum has been largely included in ruminant diets as an energy source and research findings show insignificant differences in the performance parameters in livestock fed sorghum-based diets, with some studies suggesting sorghum as a more efficient alternative to maize. The narrative review focuses on opportunities for reducing rumen methanogenesis through dietary inclusion of sorghum as well as discussing the impact on relative abundance of microbiota and meat quality. The grain possesses qualities that can potentially influence the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in ruminant livestock production, relative abundance of rumen microbes and meat quality. However, there is very little information on the influence of sorghum grain-based diets on the rumen bacterial community composition and their relationship with ruminal metabolites. Further investigations are required to add more knowledge on the effect of sorghum grain-based diets on meat quality.

Investigating Individual’s Energy Saving Behavior in Using Electric Vehicles: Extended Theory of Planned Behavior

The rapid climate change and its negative impacts have garnered global attention towards carbon emission mitigation efforts. The use of electric vehicles and individual energy-saving behaviors plays a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions from the transportation sector. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of individual attitudes towards behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on the intention and behavior of energy-saving, particularly in the context of electric vehicle usage. This study employs a quantitative approach and a survey method using a Likert-scale questionnaire. The sample of respondents consists of electric vehicle users selected through random sampling. Data was collected through questionnaires with a scale ranging from 1 to 5, and a total of 313 samples were used for analysis. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Model (SEM) with the assistance of SmartPLS 4 software. The results of the analysis indicate that an individual's attitude towards behavior plays a significant role in influencing the intention and behavior of energy-saving. Perceived behavioral control also directly influences energy-saving behavior. However, subjective norms do not have a significant impact on intention and energy-saving behavior. These findings suggest that to promote individual energy-saving behavior, there should be an emphasis on cultivating positive attitudes towards energy-saving practices and factors affecting behavioral control. This research provides valuable insights into the factors influencing individual energy-saving behavior in the context of electric vehicle usage. With a better understanding of these factors, we can contribute to global efforts to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate change.

Embodied residential building carbon emissions reduction in Nepal using linear optimization modeling

The study of embodied residential carbon emissions has attracted significant attention in sustainability research amidst growing awareness of climate change. As Nepal experiences economic growth and urbanization, urban areas are witnessing a significant surge in carbon emissions, in contrast to past decades. Despite national level initiatives aimed at achieving net zero emissions by 2045, there is a noticeable gap in actionable approaches at provincial, ecological, and city levels regarding the tracking and mitigation of carbon emissions. This research combines building component data from the National Statistics Office (NSO) of Nepal and emissions data from literature in order to model three distinct emissions forecasting scenarios: (1) the current optimized, (2) a 50 % reduction emissions, and (3) a 75 % reduction in emissions. Based on these estimations, Bagmati province is found to exhibit the highest levels of embodied emissions, while Karnali province is found to have the lowest emissions. This can aid in the formulation of region-specific policy frameworks aimed at reducing emissions in high-emission areas. Additionally, the study highlights that urban emissions outweigh rural emissions by a factor of more than two, suggesting a need for policymakers to concentrate their efforts on urban areas.