Emission Characteristics Of PM Research Articles

Emission Characteristics of Particulate Matter from Boiling Food

Cooking food in water or soup, such as hot pot, is a widely used cooking method in China. This type of cooking requires no oil and cooks at a lower temperature, but that does not mean it produces fewer pollutants or is less harmful. There are few research studies on the emission characteristics and mechanisms of particulate matter emissions when eating hot pot (the boiling process), which leads to the unreasonable design of ventilation systems for this kind of catering. In this paper, the effects of boiling different ingredients (including noodles, potatoes, fish, tofu, meatballs, and pork) on particle number concentration emissions were studied. The particle number concentration and particle size distribution of PM with diameters of 0.3 μm and less, 0.3–0.5 μm and 0.5–1.0 μm (PM0.3, PM0.3–0.5 and PM0.5–1.0, respectively) were measured in an experimental chamber. The food type and shape showed very little change in the PM emission characteristics of boiling. When the boiling state was reached, the number concentration, particle size distribution, and arithmetic mean diameter of particles all fluctuated within 60 s. The emission characteristics of particles produced by boiling water and heating oil were compared. Heating oil produced more small particles, and boiling water released more large particles. Transient and steady methods were used to calculate the emission rate of particles, and the steady-state calculation has a high estimation of the emission rate.

Emission Characteristics of PM (PMtotal, PM10, PM2.5), NOx, CO and VOCs Emitted from LNG-fired Gas Turbine and Small Domestic Boiler

In recent years, natural gas is increasingly being used in the heating and power generation sectors as a clean fuel with an aim to reduce air pollution. In this study, a standard test method was used to measure air pollutants and identify emission characteristics for gas turbines and small domestic boilers, which use LNG as fuel. For gas turbines, the air pollutants were measured at 14 sites, whereas for small domestic boilers, six of them were installed in a laboratory to run tests due to limitations in on-site measuring and testing. However, the small domestic boilers were all new machines and were operated for long consecutive hours for testing, meaning that the results could vary from that of on-site boilers. The results show that gas turbines and small domestic boilers not only emit PM2.5, but also particulate matters larger than PM2.5. According to the measurements, the average concentration level of PMtotal, PM10, and PM2.5 generated from gas turbines are 51.8, 38.5, and 28.1 µg/m3 (@O2 15%), respectively. Those generated from small domestic boilers were 31.3, 26.2, and 20.0 µg/m3 (@O2 4%), respectively. The NOx concentration levels complied with the emission limits. Especially where a NOx control device was in place, both the NOx and CO concentration levels were relatively low. However, the NOx and CO concentration levels were generated from small domestic boilers were relatively high, since the emission limits were not applied. VOCs were measured at 10 facilities where 28 samples were collected. The compounds that were identified were Aromatics, Oxygenated VOCs, Alkanes, in that order, which were consistent across the samples. Aromatics consisted mostly of toluene, o,m,p-xylenes, benzene, and ethylbenzene. Among oxygenated VOCs, ethyl acetate, vinyl acetate, and isopropyl alcohol, etc. were identified. In other words, gas turbines generated a wider range and higher concentration levels of VOCs compared to small domestic boilers. The emission factors of gas turbines and small domestic boilers were derived from the measurements, and then compared with the standard emission factors of other countries (NAER, U.S. EPA AP-42, EMEP/EEA). PM emission factors calculated in this study were lower than that of existing emission factors and the calculated NOx emission factors (uncontrolled) for the small boilers were also lower. The CO emission factor for gas turbines was lower than that of existing emission factors, but higher for the small domestic boilers. Emission factors of benzene, toluene, and xylenes, which are hazardous air pollutants, were lower than those of U.S. EPA AP-42.

Emission characteristics of PM, heavy metals, and dioxins in flue gases from sintering machines with wet and semi-dry flue gas desulfurization systems.

In iron and steel industry, sintering process releases large amount and different kinds of pollutants. Most sintering plants had applied the dust removal system and the flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system for exhaust treatment in China. Previous studies of FGD systems were focused on the removal of air pollutants from coal-fired boiler, rather than in the iron ore sintering process. In this study, PM, heavy metals, and dioxins were sampled at a China typical sintering plant with both wet and semi-dry FGDs. The results showed that the PM removal efficiencies of the wet and semi-dry FGDs were 29.44% and 22.28%, respectively. The size distributions of PM were at the range of 0.7~4.7 μm in the inlet flue gases of both FGDs. The overall removal efficiencies of heavy metals were above 65%. In both outlet flue gases, Pb as the most elements accounted for 93.33% of total at the wet FGD, while Pb, Cr, and Zn accounted for 76.34% at the semi-dry FGD. The proportions of gaseous heavy metals in the inlets of both FGDs were improved than those in the outlets. Furthermore, the total emission amounts of dioxins in both inlets and outlets of the flue gases were 0.0385 ng-TEQ/m3 and 0.0248 ng-TEQ/m3 at the wet FGD and 0.0078 ng-TEQ/m3 and 0.0050 ng-TEQ/m3 at the semi-dry FGD, respectively. The overall removal efficiencies of dioxins were all above 35%. The polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) ratio in the dioxins lightly increased from 84.46 to 88.80% through wet FGD, while it decreased from 80.83 to 44.35% in semi-dry FGD.

A Study on Technical and PM Emission Characteristics on Diesel Engines using Biodiesel Based Palm Oil

The transport industry is facing problems such as the exhaustion of fossil fuels and the threat of pollution from emissions from internal combustion engines. The use of alternative fuels is considered as one of the effective solutions to address the pressure on fuel prices and environmental pollution. Using biofuels is considered an emerging solution to ensure energy security in transportation and environment friendliness. Palm oil-based biodiesel is a relatively abundant fuel source and is compatible with traditional diesel engines with little change to the engine structure. The paper focuses on the possibility of using biodiesel derived from palm oil with the volume ratio of 5%, 10% and 15% on Vikyno EV2600 engine. Thereby, it will analyze and evaluate the technical features and emission level of the engine compared to traditional diesel fuel. In addition, this study is also worth the impact of the blend ratio of palm oil-based biofuel with diesel to the PM emission level of the test engine.

Study on Technical and PM Emission Characteristics on Diesel Engines using Biodiesel Based Palm Oil

The transport industry is facing problems such as the exhaustion of fossil fuels and the threat of pollution from emissions from internal combustion engines. The use of alternative fuels is considered as one of the effective solutions to address the pressure on fuel prices and environmental pollution. Using biofuels is considered an emerging solution to ensure energy security in transportation and environment friendliness. Palm oil-based biodiesel is a relatively abundant fuel source and is compatible with traditional diesel engines with little change to the engine structure. The paper focuses on the possibility of using biodiesel derived from palm oil with the volume ratio of 5%, 10% and 15% on Vikyno EV2600 engine. Thereby, it will analyze and evaluate the technical features and emission level of the engine compared to traditional diesel fuel. In addition, this study is also worth the impact of the blend ratio of palm oil-based biofuel with diesel to the PM emission level of the test engine.

Corrigendum: Experimental study on production and emission characteristics of PM 2.5 from industrial fluidized bed boilers

Requests that it is necessary to clearly define names of two Corresponding authors of the paper EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PRODUCTION AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PM2.5 FROM INDUSTRIAL FLUIDIZED BED BOILERS by Songsong ZHANGa, Qian DUb* , and Guoli QIa <br><br><font color="red"><b> Link to the corrected article <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/TSCI190828001Z">10.2298/TSCI190828001Z</a></b></u>

Analysis of ship emission characteristics under real-world conditions in China

The actual emission characteristics of CO, THC, NOx, and PM from 50 ships were tested by a portable emission measurement system. Statistical analysis of emission data was carried out based on model years and engine types. The results show that with the increase of the model year, the specific emissions of pollutants increase gradually, that is, the stage I ships (before 2000 years) emit more pollutants. For CO, the specific emissions for stage Ⅱ ships (between 2001 and 2010 years) increase by 3.99%–26.39% compared with those for stage Ⅲ ships (between 2011 and 2016 years), and for stage I and Ⅱ ships, the maximum specific emissions increase by 25.34%–36.95 under the same operating modes; The specific emissions of THC are similar to those of CO. The specific emissions of THC increase by 45.84%–52.97% for stage I and Ⅱ ships and the weighted emissions of stage Ⅱ ships are 9.37% higher than that of stage Ⅲ. For NOx, the specific emissions of stage I, Ⅱ and Ⅲ ships are gradually reduced by 1.64%–13.44% and 6.83%–23.19% respectively, and the specific emissions under cruise condition are increased by 16.15%–36.47% compared with maneuvering condition. Due to the limitation of fuel products and test methods, PM emission characteristics are slightly different from other pollutants for different stage ships, but weighted emissions considering errors are reduced by 22.49%–25.59%. For different engine types, the specific emissions of high speed engines are higher than those of medium speed engines, especially for CO and THC pollutants, which are 16.05%–36.61% and 6.52%–73.31% higher respectively; On the contrary, for NOx, the emissions for each stage ships are reduced by 8.21%–8.82% compared with those for other stages, and PM has no consistent trend. At the same time, compared with foreign experimental data (European, USA, Sweden, et al.), the emissions of domestic ships, traveling on major routes (Yangtze river basin and Shandong coastal area and so on) in China, are about 1.1–5.11 times than that of other countries.

A unit-based emission inventory of SO2, NOx and PM for the Chinese iron and steel industry from 2010 to 2015

It is important to understand the emission characteristics of PM and its precursors for the iron and steel industry in high resolution, considering its significant contribution to the total national emissions and the pressing need for more scientific and specific strategies of air pollution control in China. We developed a unit-based emission inventory of SO2, NOx, PM2.5, PM10 and TSP for the Chinese iron and steel industry from 2010 to 2015 by integrating source-specific unabated emission factors with unit-based information of both the activity rate and abatement technology from ~4900 production facilities in mainland China. This is the first study that accomplished a unit-based and source-specific emission inventory of SO2, NOx, PM2.5, PM10 and TSP updated to 2015 for the Chinese iron and steel industry. Based on our estimates, despite the rise of 26.1% in crude steel production from 2010 to 2015, the annual emissions of SO2, PM2.5, PM10, TSP were reduced by 27.9%, 27.4%, 36.1% and 50.4% respectively, and the NOx had increased by 12.4% for the Chinese iron and steel industry. The emissions of SO2 and PM from sintering, pelletizing, BF, BOF, and EAF all significantly decreased. Hebei, Jiangsu, Shandong, Liaoning, Shanxi, Henan, and Hubei are hot spots for the air pollutant emissions of the iron and steel industry. Our results suggest that the strengthened capacity policy and emission control policy were two major human driving forces of the emission mitigation of SO2 and PM for the Chinese iron and steel industry, with the latter playing a more important role during the period of 2010–2015.

Tailpipe emission characteristics of PM2.5 from selected on-road China III and China IV diesel vehicles

Eighteen China III and IV diesel vehicles, including light-duty diesel trucks (LDDTs), medium-duty diesel trucks (MDDTs), heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) and buses, were tested with real-world mea...

Emissions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Particle-Bound Metals from a Diesel Engine Generator Fueled with Waste Cooking Oil-Based Biodiesel Blends

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the emission of a heavy-duty diesel engine generator fueled with waste cooking oil (WCO)-based biodiesel blends (W) and operated at 1.5 and 3.0 kW loads. A brand of pure fossil diesel was adopted as the base fuel, with 20% and 40% WCO-based biodiesel added into the based fuel to form W20 and W40 blends, respectively. The emission characteristics of PM, metals and PAHs were analyzed. Experimental results indicate that alternative WCO-based fuels had slightly higher fuel consumption rates (FCR) and brake specific fuel consumptions (BSFC) than conventional diesel (0.6–4.1% for FCR and 1.0–7.6% for BSFC), and similar engine thermal efficiency. The PM emissions reductions when using W20 and W40 were 19% and 6.5%, respectively, at 1.5 kW, and 27% and 19%, respectively, at 3.0 kW. The emissions of particle-bound metals were 13.6–13.8% lower when using W20 than using conventional diesel, but 12.0–12.3% higher when using W40. The metal contents of PM rose with the addition of WCO-based biodiesel. The metal elements of PM were dominated (> 90% mass) by Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Fe and Zn, while the major trace metals were Mn, Cu, Sr and Pb. The use of WCO-based biodiesel blends reduced the emissions of total-PAHs (44.0% in average) and total-BaPeq (80.2% in average). The mass reductions of MMW- and HMW-PAHs using W20 and W40 were more significant at 3.0 kW than at 1.5 kW, while the reduction of LMW-PAHs was greater at 1.5 kW than at 3.0 kW. Thus, the reduction in total-BaPeq was greater at the higher engine load. Accordingly, we conclude that the WCO-based biodiesel is a potential candidate of cleaner alternative energy sources.

A study on the characteristics of fuel performance according to the oxygenated additive type for gasoline fuel Part 2. Exhaust and Non-regulated, PM emission characteristics

A study on the characteristics of fuel performance according to the oxygenated additive type for gasoline fuel Part 2. Exhaust and Non-regulated, PM emission characteristics

Exhaust Gas of Iron &Steel Industry and Emission Characteristics of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and Pollution Control Measures

Exhaust Gas of Iron &Steel Industry and Emission Characteristics of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and Pollution Control Measures

201 GTL軽油を用いた小型DIディーゼル機関のPM排出特性(エンジンシステムI)

201 GTL軽油を用いた小型DIディーゼル機関のPM排出特性(エンジンシステムI)

Effect of kaolinite additive on formation of PM 2.5 under O 2/CO 2 atmosphere during coal combustion

The influence of kaolinite additive on the emission characteristics of PM 2.5 (particulates with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5μm) was studied with a tube furnace. The combustion tests were carried out at 1123 K under O 2/CO 2 atmosphere. The PM 2.5 generated from coal combustion was collected and analyzed with an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). The results indicate that kaolinite is an important factor for the formation of PM 2.5 during coal combustion under O 2/CO 2 atmosphere. The number and mass concentrations of PM 1 diminish, but those of PM 1–2.5 enhance slightly after kaolinite is added. The size distributions of PM 2.5 are similar, which display two peaks around 0.2 μm and 2.0 μm, respectively. With increasing the weight ratio of kaolinite, the concentrations of S, Pb, Cu, Na and K decrease. The submicron-size ash particles smaller than 0.317 μm are formed via nucleation of vaporized ash components. The supermicron-size ash particles are formed by coagulation and coalescence of the submicron-size ash, and fragmentation and coalescence of mineral matter.

Experimental study on emission characteristics of PM10‐fraction in coal‐fired boilers

AbstractA low‐pressure impactor (LPI) was used to obtain size‐segregated dust samples at the inlet and outlet of ash collectors. The mass distribution, emission characteristics and the composition of different size particles of PM10‐fraction were studied. The results showed that PM10‐fraction of the four boilers had a similar bimodal distribution no matter at the inlet or outlet of dust collectors. The efficiency of dust collectors was the lowest between 0.1 and 1 µm for all dust collectors. The chemical composition of the size‐segregated ash showed that the elements Na and S are obviously enriched in finer ash which was possibly formed via vaporization and subsequent condensation of inorganic matter. The refractory oxides were the major composition in bigger size ash, which might be formed via char fragmentation, excluding mineral fragmentation and including mineral coalescence. Typical morphology of PM10‐fraction retained by LPI from boilers was analyzed by using a field‐emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PM2.5 and Associated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Mutagenicity Emissions from Motorcycles

In this study, PM(2.5) in diluted exhausts of motorcycles are collected and emission characteristics of PM(2.5)-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and mutagenicities are investigated. The measured mutagenicity emission factors with metabolic activation for new fuel injection, used fuel injection, new carburetor and used carburetor motorcycles are 7.77 x 10(4), 1.18 x 10(5), 1.32 x 10(5) and 1.15 x 10(5) rev/km, respectively. The mutagenicity emission factors with metabolic activation are higher than the corresponding values without metabolic activation. The average PAH emission factors are 12.3, 16.3, 25.5 and 26.5 microg/km for new and used fuel-injection motorcycles, and new and used carburetor-operated motorcycles, respectively. The correlation coefficients between PAHs and mutagenicity emission factors are higher with metabolic activation (0.59) than that without metabolic activation (0.31).