Emission Characteristics Research Articles

Algorithm and Methods for Analyzing Power Consumption Behavior of Industrial Enterprises Considering Process Characteristics

Power consumption management is crucial to maintaining the reliable operation of power grids, especially in the context of the decarbonization of the electric power industry. Managing power consumption of industrial enterprises by personnel proved ineffective, which required the development and implementation of automatic energy consumption management systems. Optimization of power consumption behavior requires comprehensive and reliable information on the parameters of the technological processes of an industrial enterprise. The paper explores the specific features of non-stationary conditions of output production and assesses the potential for power consumption management under these conditions. The analysis of power consumption modes was carried out based on the consideration of random factors determined by both internal and external circumstances, subject to the fulfillment of the production plan. This made it possible to increase the efficiency of power consumption in mechanical engineering production by taking into account the uncertainty of seasonal and technological fluctuations by 15–20%, subject to the fulfillment of the production plan. This study presents a justification for utilizing the theory of level-crossings of random processes to enhance the reliability of input information. The need to analyze the specific features of technological processes based on the probabilistic structure and random functions is proven. This is justified because it becomes possible to fulfill the production plan with technological fluctuations in productivity and, accordingly, power consumption, which exceeds the nominal values by more than 5%. In addition, the emission characteristics are clear, easy to measure, and allow the transition from analog to digital information presentation. The algorithm and methods developed to analyze the power consumption patterns of industrial enterprises can be used to develop automatic power consumption management systems.

Effect of Multiple Injection Strategy Under High Ammonia Ratio on Combustion and Emissions of Liquid Ammonia/Diesel Dual DI Engine

With the increasingly prominent environmental and energy issues, emission regulations are becoming more stringent. Ammonia diesel dual fuel (ADDF) engine is one of the effective ways to reduce carbon emissions. This study investigated the effect of multiple injection strategy on the combustion and emission characteristics of liquid ammonia/diesel dual direct injection (DI) engines through numerical simulation. The results showed that under the condition of maintaining the same pre injection diesel fuel and high ammonia energy ratio (80%), with the introduction of multiple injection, the peak cylinder pressure decreased and the peak phase advanced, the combustion start angle (CA10) advanced, the heat release showed a multi-stage pattern. The times of injection (TSOI) has a significant effect on combustion and emissions. As TSOI increased, ignition delay decreased, the combustion duration is shortened, and the combustion is accelerated. Notably, overall emissions of NOx and N2O have decreased, but the emissions of unburned NH3 have increased. Optimized the state of ammonia injection (SOAI) timing and ammonia injection pressure (AIP), showed that advancing SOAI timing and increasing AIP improved combustion. Advanced the SOAI timing to −8 °CA ATDC, resulted in a significant NOx emissions decrease with an increase in TSOI, reaching over 50%. Although increasing injection pressure can improve combustion, it also results in higher N2O emissions.

Examining the influence of port ship activities on pollutant emissions in port environments.

There is a direct and close relationship between ship emissions in port waters and the operational status of the ships. Precisely identifying the operational status of ships in port waters and thoroughly exploring the specific relationship between these activities and ship emissions is crucial for achieving accurate control and scientific reduction of emissions from ships in port areas. With advancements in technology, AIS data can accurately capture the operational status of ships, facilitating a macro-level analysis of ship behavior and emission characteristics. This study proposes a method for extracting ship activity states using AIS data and conducts a detailed examination of ship activities at various container terminals and berths within Shanghai Port. Additionally, it analyzes the correlation between ship activities and their emissions. The research findings indicate that container ships are the most prevalent ships at Shanghai Port, followed by bulk carriers, general cargo ships, and tankers. Notably, bulk carriers and tankers exhibit the longest berthing times, with tankers showing the most significant fluctuations. Mingdong Terminal is identified as the most active, featuring the longest anchorage and berthing time, whereas Jungonglu and Zhanghuabang Terminals have the shortest. The calculation of pollutant emissions reveals that container ships and oil tankers are the primary contributors, particularly for CO2 and NOx emissions. Mingdong Terminal recorded the highest total CO2 emissions, followed by Guandong and Shengdong Terminals. These findings emphasize the importance of berth service efficiency, suggesting that increased emissions are associated with heightened ship activity. CO2 emissions from container ships increase linearly with the number of berthed ships and show a cubic nonlinear relationship with berthing time. The analysis highlights terminals such as Guandong, Zhendong, Shengdong, and Yangshan Phase IV as critical areas for emission reduction strategies. This study not only enhances our understanding of the dynamics of ship emissions in port waters but also provides a theoretical foundation for implementing effective emission control and reduction strategies. Through this detailed research approach, it is possible to more accurately identify emission sources and optimize port operations, thereby offering strong data support and scientific guidance for environmental management and policy-making in port waters.

Copillar[5]arene Appended Pyrene Schiff Base: Photophysics, Aggregation Induced Emission and Picric Acid Recognition

Herein, we report the synthesis of copillar[5]arene‐based pyrene Schiff base 1 and its characterization by using 1H, 13C NMR, FT‐IR and mass spectrometry. UV‐vis absorption, steady‐state fluorescence and time‐resolved fluorescence are done to elucidate the photophysical behaviors of 1. To understand the electronic structure of 1, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed. Owing to the presence of pyrene via a Schiff base linkage, compound 1 exhibits aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics. It shows aggregation in aqueous THF and DMF. The aggregation behavior is successfully demonstrated by steady‐state fluorescence, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and time‐correlated single‐photon counting (TCSPC) experiments. Experimental findings reveal that hydrophobic effect is the driving force in the formation of aggregates. As application, the aggregated state of 1 in aqueous THF fluorimetrically recognizes picric acid (PA) selectively over a series of nitro‐ and nonnitroaromatics with a detection limit of 1.62 x 10‐7 M. The emission of the aggregated state is fully quenched upon interaction with PA.

Carbon emission and energy risk management in mega sporting events: challenges, strategies, and pathways

Carbon emissions from mega sporting events pose a serious challenge to the sustainable development of the global environment, and the management of carbon emissions and energy efficiency in sporting events has become a focus of attention for both countries and international organizations. However, most existing research focuses on carbon emissions in sporting events is limited by a narrow focus on individual cases, limited attention to indirect emissions, insufficient integration of socioeconomic dimensions, a lack of broader data coverage, the adoption of interdisciplinary methodologies, and an emphasis on lifecycle energy risk management to provide robust support for sustainable event practices and policy development. To remedy these deficiencies, this study systematically compiles the current situation of carbon emissions in sports activities, analyzes the carbon emission characteristics and energy-saving potential of different types of sporting events, and summarizes the excellent cases of carbon emission and energy efficiency management in sports activities. The study reveals that large-scale sporting events generate substantial carbon emissions and energy consumption in transportation, venue construction, and event operation. However, carbon emissions and energy usage can be significantly reduced by optimizing venue locations, promoting green transportation, and implementing energy-saving measures at all stages. This study not only provides empirical data and theoretical support for the management of carbon emissions and energy efficiency in sporting events but also proposes practical and feasible suggestions that are highly important for the sustainable development of future sporting events. The findings have reference value for policymakers and event organizers in planning and implementing energy-saving and low-carbon events, helping promote environmental governance and sustainable development in the sports sector.

Research on the Aerodynamics of Electric Vehicles

A major contributing factor to the growing severity of the global warming issue is greenhouse gas emissions, of which carbon dioxide from moving cars makes up a significant amount. Therefore, electric vehicles have become the focus of countries to replace conventional internal combustion engine vehicles due to their low emission characteristics. However, the weight of electric vehicles is increased by their reinforced structures and batteries, which reduces their range. In the short run, it is challenging to lower the weight of electric vehicles greatly because of the constraints of battery technology. Thus, lowering air resistance has emerged as a key strategy for extending the range of electric cars. This paper first analyses the reasons why electric vehicles need better aerodynamic design to increase range, including increased environmental demands, battery technology limitations and the high weight of electric vehicles. Next, the causes of air resistance are explored. Finally, the paper discusses ways to design active aerodynamic components to increase or decrease drag under different operating conditions. For example, a front air dam design can reduce the amount of airflow into the underbody, reducing lift and increasing grip. Variable air dams can optimize aerodynamics by automatically adjusting their position according to speed and driving conditions. In conclusion, the aim of this paper is to find and discover ways to optimize the aerodynamic performance of electric vehicles in order to solve the range problem. This paper provides an important theoretical and practical basis for aerodynamic optimization of electric vehicles

Optical properties of InGaN-based red quantum well and microcavity

Optical properties of InGaN/GaN red quantum well(QW) and their microcavities were studied and compared under optical pumping. Incidence of the excitation laser from the p-side was employed for both structures in order to acquire better emission characteristics. The QW structure was grown on sapphire substrate by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy(MOVPE) with a blue pre-layer QW. X-ray and scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM) measurements demonstrate the good crystalline quality. Emissions from both blue and red QWs were observed and demonstrated to be dominated by radiative recombination. For red InGaN microcavity with two dielectric distributed Bragg reflector(DBR) mirrors, a high Q factor of 2355 at the longitudinal mode of 612.3 nm was achieved. Discrete higher-order modes were also clearly observed, being attributed to the lateral confinement on the photons in the microcavity caused by change in the refractive index of the laser-irradiation area because of the increase of carrier density. The Purcell effect accelerates the radiation recombination rate, leading to the fast decay process in the red InGaN microcavity which does exist for QWs only. Compared with the red QW sample, the emission of red microcavities is much purer and more stable. The above results lay a foundation for the realization of InGaN-based red vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers(VCSELs) in the future.

Smart Luminescent Materials for Emerging Sensors: Fundamentals and Advances.

Smart luminescent materials have drawn a significant attention owing to their unique optical properties and versatility in sensor applications. These materials, encompassing a broad spectrum of organic, inorganic, and hybrid systems including quantum dots, organic dyes, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), offer tunable emission characteristics that can be engineered at the molecular or nanoscale level to respond to specific stimuli, such as temperature, pH, and chemical presence. Recent advancements have been driven by the integration of nanotechnology, which enhances the sensitivity and selectivity of luminescent materials in sensor platforms. The development of photoluminescent and electrochemiluminescent sensors, for instance, has enabled real-time detection and quantification of target analytes with high accuracy. Additionally, the incorporation of these materials into portable, user-friendly devices, such as smartphone-based sensors, broadens their applicability and accessibility. Despite their potential, challenges remain in optimizing the stability, efficiency, and biocompatibility of these materials under different conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles of smart luminescent materials, discusses recent innovations in their use for sensor applications, and explores future directions aimed at overcoming current limitations and expanding their capabilities in meeting the growing demand for rapid and cost-effective sensing solutions.

Research on the Correlation Mechanism Between Complex Slopes of Mountain City Roads and the Real Driving Emission of Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles

This research proposed the method of using cumulative positive and negative elevation increment indicators based on road segment to identify the slope characteristics of mountain city roads. Furthermore, it proposed the adoption of these indicators, combined with driving dynamics and emission theory, to analyze the correlation mechanism between the road slope and the actual driving fuel consumption and emissions. Three routes with different slope characteristics were selected in the mountain city of Chongqing, and six road driving tests were conducted using a Class N2 heavy-duty diesel vehicle. Finally, a comprehensive and in-depth study on fuel consumption and emission characteristics was carried out. The results show that the cumulative positive and negative elevation increment indicators based on road segment can correctly identify the complex slope characteristics of mountain city roads. Moreover, using the above indicators, the research method based on the theory of driving dynamics and emission successfully revealed the correlation mechanism between the slope of mountain city roads and the fuel consumption and emissions. Overall, the changes in fuel consumption factor and pollutants CO, NOX, and PN are positively correlated with the change in slope. The increase in slope leads to a rise in load, thereby increasing the required power, fuel consumption, and rich combustion conditions, ultimately leading to an increase in pollutants. It should be noted that driving dynamics also affect fuel consumption and emissions, leading to the specific rate of change between slope and fuel consumption not being consistent and a significant increase in the PN (Particulate Number) on some road sections. In addition, exhaust gas temperature may have a certain impact on emissions.

Characteristics of NO/SO2 generation during coal/steel dust co-firing under multi-factor synergies

ABSTRACT The co-combustion of solid waste and coal in industrial kilns represents the primary method for the treatment of solid waste. This process must address the critical issue of efficiently controlling nitrogen oxides (NO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. In this study, we initially conducted combustion experiments using both single-fuel and mixed-fuel configurations involving coal and steel dust. The experimental results indicated a positive correlation between temperature, airflow rate, and NO/SO2 emissions, while the mixing ratios exhibited a negative correlation. A straightforward regression prediction model for NO/SO2 emissions was developed to enhance understanding of the generation characteristics of NO and SO2, notably, the relative deviation from experimental results was merely 3.16%. This model integrates fuel properties with combustion conditions to elucidate the emission characteristics of nitrogen oxides (NO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) at their source. Finally, Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to analyze NO/SO2 emissions under varying operating conditions, including temperature (700–900 °C), air flow rate (80–200 mL/min), and mixing ratios (10–50%).The optimal results were observed at a blending ratio of 50%, where nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) conversion rates decreased by 25% and 23%, respectively. The results of the analyses determined that the key factors affecting NO emissions, in order of influence, are the mixing ratio, temperature, and air flow rate. For SO2 emissions, the order is mixing ratio, air flow rate, and temperature.

Performance and emission characteristics of domestic LPG gas burners with hydrogen integration

Abstract Domestic gas burners are a significant source of indoor air pollution and contribute substantially to household energy consumption. While transitioning to carbon-free fuels, such as hydrogen, presents considerable safety challenges, blending hydrogen with conventional fuels can improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. However, factors like the differences in the Wobbe index, loading height, power input, and fuel blending complicate understanding the aerated burner performance. This is particularly relevant for large establishments like restaurants and canteens, where hydrogen blending can have a notable impact. This study evaluates four burner designs—commercial (A), straight holes (B), slots (C), and swirl (D)—across thermal inputs (0.8–1.6 kW), with a focus on the swirl burner using hydrogen blends (0%, 34%, and 52% by volume) and varying loading heights (5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm). Straight hole (B) and swirl (D) burners were 3D-printed using stainless steel metal powder, while the slot (C) burner was machined. Key performance metrics such as flame behavior, thermal efficiency, pressure drop, and CO emissions were analyzed. Improving primary aeration by reducing flow resistance and enhancing secondary aeration through swirl action resulted in better flame-load interaction and minimized heat loss. The slot burner (C) achieved a thermal efficiency of 63.5%, while the swirl burner (D) reached 65% efficiency at a 10 mm height. The swirl burner maintained high efficiency with up to 52% hydrogen by volume across a wide range of operational conditions, with some exceptions. Additionally, the use of hydrogen eliminated soot emissions. Optimal performance occurred at a 10 mm loading height, with stable efficiency and lower emissions across various power inputs and hydrogen blends. The complex interactions between primary aeration, secondary mixing, and flame-load dynamics during hydrogen blending require thorough evaluation before incorporating hydrogen into aerated LPG burners.

Rapid Room Temperature Entropy‐Stabilized Synthesis Enabling Super‐Stable Metal Halide Perovskite Semiconductor Colloidal Nanocrystals

AbstractAlthough high‐entropy materials have garnered extensive attention due to their substantially enhanced performance, their formation generally demands prolonged high‐temperature synthetic processes. Moreover, research on entropy‐stabilized halide perovskite (ESHP) semiconductor colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) is scarce. Herein, a highly efficient and rapid room temperature (RT) entropy‐stabilized approach in air is proposed, involving the concurrent incorporation of multi‐metal cations for the synthesis of high‐quality all‐inorganic ESHP NCs with near‐unity quantum yield and excellent colloidal stability. Remarkably, even after 8 months of aging in air, the ESHP NCs exhibited superior emission characteristics with a single‐exponential decay and maintained the initial NC monodispersity. Density functional theory calculations further demonstrated that the outstanding performance of ESHP NCs originated from the diminished crystal defects and a more robust octahedral structure. Significantly, this RT entropy‐driven synthesis can be extended to metal halide semiconductor NCs with diverse composition systems. The findings inspire new perspectives for entropy‐stabilized, high‐performance metal halide perovskite NCs toward versatile applications.

Combustion and emission characteristics of ammonia/methane partially premixed flame under ultrasonic excitation

ABSTRACT Ammonia (NH3) is emerging as a promising alternative fuel due to its high energy density and non-carbon mature. However, its large-scale industrial application is limited by its low reactivity and high nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions during combustion. This paper investigated the effect of ultrasonic excitation on the combustion and emission characteristics of ammonia-methane-air partially premixed flame in a laboratory-scale burner. The flame temperature distribution was reconstructed using deflection tomography, and the flue gas composition was measured using a multicomponent gas analyzer. Numerical simulations were also conducted under the same experimental conditions. The experimental results showed that applying various ultrasonic frequencies resulted in a stable flame. The ultrasonic excitation resulted in changes in flame brightness and color, as well as a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) emission. Compared to the case without ultrasonic excitation, the maximum flame temperature increased by 17.85%, and NO emission decreased by 19.04% when excited with 20.2 kHz ultrasonic. The simulation results indicated that ultrasonic excitation enhanced the formation of free radicals. Single-point and rate of production (ROP) analysis further revealed that ultrasonic excitation enhanced the dehydrogenation of NHi and the polymerization between NH2 and NH. Additionally, ultrasonic excitation accelerated the direct reactions between NH and N with NO, leading to the formation of N2.

Emission Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Key Industries: A Case Study in the Central Plains of China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the precursors of ozone and fine particulate matter, are one of the atmospheric pollutants harmful to human health. The emission characteristics of VOCs in Anyang, a typical industrial city in the Central Plains of China, are unclear. To determine the emission level and composition of local VOCs, this study conducted on-site sampling of 20 factories in eight key industries. A total of 105 VOC species in seven categories were observed. The concentration of total VOCs emitted from the eight industries in order from large to small was as follows: packaging and printing > pharmaceutical > paint manufacturing > industrial coating > chemical industry > metal smelting > furniture manufacturing > textile printing and dyeing. In addition to industrial coating, the total VOCs and their corresponding ozone formation potential of organized emissions in seven industries (1.44–87.64, 1.52–181.61 mg/m3) were higher than those of unorganized emissions (0.38–24.17, 0.38–125.55 mg/m3). The VOC emissions were concentrated in the central, south-central, and south-eastern parts of the city, mainly from the factories in the packaging and printing, pharmaceutical, paint, and coating industries. The furniture manufacturing (4.55 × 10−3) and pharmaceutical (1.66 × 10−3) industries in organized emissions were at high risk of carcinogenesis, while the pharmaceutical industry in unorganized emissions (3.61 × 10−4) was at moderate risk of carcinogenesis. Naphthalene was the main high-risk compound. In terms of non-carcinogenic risk, the packaging and printing industry in organized emissions (228.51) and the metal smelting industry in unorganized emissions (16.16) had the highest risk, and the main high-risk compound was ethyl acetate.

Size Distribution, Chemical Composition and Influencing Factors of Vehicle Tire Wear Particles Based on a Novel Test Cycle.

Tire wear particles (TWPs) are considered the one of most significant non-exhaust particle emission sources from vehicles. However, there is a lack of research on the emission characteristics of TWPs based on typical driving information. In this work, we used a high-dynamic outside wheel test platform to conduct tire wear tests on multiple types of tires based on a novel test cycle and comprehensively analyzed the differences in their emission characteristics while considering various factors, such as front/rear tire and tire type. We conducted a chemical composition analysis of TWPs. There are certain differences in the mass size distributions of TWPs from different types of tires. The emissions of PM2.5 and PM10 from the front TWPs are greater than those from the rear tire. This study provides basic data for urban atmospheric particle inventory research and a scientific basis for the development of emission standards and control strategies for TWPs.

Effect of electron–electron interactions on the emission characteristics of ultracold, nanoscale photoemission-based electron sources

Effect of electron–electron interactions on the emission characteristics of ultracold, nanoscale photoemission-based electron sources

Characteristics of VOCs Emissions from Pesticide Use Sources Based on Pesticide Dosage Forms Analysis： A Case Study of Beijing

To analyze the emission characteristics of VOCs from pesticide use sources in Beijing, the distribution of commonly used pesticides and dosage forms in Beijing was obtained through on-site research, and the VOC content of pesticides in different dosage forms was examined using laboratory testing methods. The emission factors of pesticide VOCs for localized dosage forms in Beijing were established, an inventory of pesticide use source VOCs was compiled, and the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of pesticide use source VOCs were analyzed. The results indicated that ① Pesticide dosage forms were the main factors affecting the emission of VOCs from pesticides, and when accounting for VOC emissions from pesticide sources, it is necessary to know the types of pesticides and active ingredients in the target area and obtain information on pesticide dosage forms simultaneously. ② The localized emission factors for different dosage forms of pesticides were, in descending order, emulsifiable concentrate （839 g·kg-1）, soluble concentrate （715 g·kg-1）, emulsion in water （659 g·kg-1）, micro-emulsion （371 g·kg-1）, suspension concentrate （121 g·kg-1）, wettable powder （34 g·kg-1）, water dispersible granule （30 g·kg-1）, and aqueous solution （17 g·kg-1）. ③ In 2020, pesticide use and VOC emissions from pesticide use sources in Beijing were 2 990 t and 757 t. Among them, pesticide use of fungicides was the largest, accounting for 54.3% of the total, but its VOC emissions only accounted for 6.5%. Insecticides accounted for 34.8% of the pesticide use, and their VOC emissions were 84.1%. Among the different crop types, fruit trees had higher emissions of VOCs, with mixed fruits being the highest, accounting for 48.1%. ④ In terms of spatial distribution, the areas with higher emissions of VOCs were the ecological conservation development area （70.5%） and the new urban development area （24.4%）, with the Pinggu district having the highest emissions of VOCs, followed by the Miyun district and the Fangshan district, which accounted for 30.7%, 11.8%, and 8.9% of the total, respectively. Crops that contributed more to the ecological conservation development area were fruit trees, maize, potatoes, beans, etc.； crops that contributed more to the new urban development area were vegetables, wheat, and melons. In terms of time distribution, summer and spring were the peak periods for VOC emissions from pesticide use sources, accounting for 45.2% and 33.8% of the total, respectively.

Greenhouse Gas Emission Characteristics and Influencing Factors from Vegetable Fields with Different Organic Planting Years

To clarify the characteristics of greenhouse gas emissions （CO2, CH4, and N2O） and the comprehensive greenhouse effect from vegetable fields with different organic planting years, the differences in greenhouse gas emission flux, emission intensity （GHGI）, and global warming potential （GWP） and their influencing factors among vegetable fields with different organic planting years in Songhuaba, including 10 years, 6 years, 3 years, and conventional planting, were analyzed. The results showed that the CO2 emissions from organic planting treatments were higher than those from conventional planting, whereas the N2O and CH4 emissions were the opposite. Compared to those from conventional planting, the CO2 emission fluxes and cumulative emissions from organic cultivation for 10, 6, and 3 years increased by 121.28% and 40.44%, 144.61% and 51.39%, and 130.10% and 41.77% （P < 0.05）, respectively, and the N2O emission fluxes and cumulative emissions decreased by 26.08% and 186.03%, 9.6% and 3.55%, and 35.9% and 151.78%, respectively. The CH4 emission flux was shown as follows： conventional planting > organic planting for 10 years > organic planting for 6 years > organic cultivation for 3 years, and the CH4 emissions from cultivational planting and organic planting for 10 years were shown as "source," while the CH4 emissions from organic planting for 6 years and 3 years were shown as "sink." Compared with those from conventional planting, the GWP and GHGI from organic planting for 10 years and 3 years were reduced by 40.57% and 61.43%, 43.83% and 57.98% （P < 0.05）, respectively. Organic planting slightly reduced the vegetable yield but significantly reduced GWP and GHGI （P < 0.05）. Soil temperature and humidity, SOC, and inorganic nitrogen were the key factors affecting the difference in greenhouse gas emissions between treatments. Organic planting significantly reduced greenhouse gas emissions from vegetable fields, and the differences in greenhouse gas emissions among different years of organic planting were closely related to soil organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen. The research results can provide a scientific basis for carbon sequestration, emission reduction, and the green development of organic vegetable production systems.

Evaluation of Refuse-Derived and Tyre-Derived Fuels in Cement Industry: A Study on Emission Characteristics

Evaluation of Refuse-Derived and Tyre-Derived Fuels in Cement Industry: A Study on Emission Characteristics

Evaluation of refuse-derived and tyre-derived fuels in cement industry: a study on emission characteristics

Evaluation of refuse-derived and tyre-derived fuels in cement industry: a study on emission characteristics