Emission Analysis Research Articles

Analysis of single vehicle noise emissions in the frequency domain for two different motorizations

Environmental noise, primarily attributed to the road transportation system, poses a significant challenge in Europe, impacting the quality of life for millions. Therefore, a thorough characterization of noise emissions from road transportation sources is needed to stem this problem. This investigation aims to fill a gap in the literature regarding single-vehicle noise emissions in the frequency domain. The emphasis is on motorization (i.e., fuel type), with particular attention to Low-Frequency components, due to their potential impact on human health and ecosystems. Two probe vehicles, a diesel and a Liquefied Petroleum Gas-powered, were employed to collect data for noise emission curves in the frequency domain (from 63 to 8000 Hz) and compare them with those furnished in the CNOSSOS-EU, Harmonoise, and REMEL models. Moreover, data in terms of exhaust noise emissions (at the tailpipe) were also gathered and analyzed in the frequency domain.The analysis highlighted motorization's influence on noise emissions, revealing differences in frequency component contributions to the overall sound power level at different speeds. Low-frequency components were found to be predominant for both vehicles, especially at lower speeds, where the engine noise contribution dominates. This finds its endorsement in the frequency analysis on the noise emission curves provided in the examined models. The evaluation of the exhaust noise emissions revealed resonance phenomena at 63 Hz and showcased the dominance of low-frequency components in the exhaust spectrum (despite the penalization introduced by the A-weighting procedure), opening avenues for understanding and lowering noise emissions during vehicle idling and low-speed operations.

Detection and analysis of ship emissions using single-particle mass spectrometry: A land-based field study in the port of rostock, Germany

The regulation of ship emissions has become more restrictive due to their significant impact on global air quality, particularly in coastal regions. According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations, current restrictions mainly limit the sulfur content of the fuel mass to 0.5 % and 0.1 % respectively. In compliance with these regulations, exhaust SO2 cleaning systems (scrubbers) and new low-sulfur fuels are increasingly used. For comprehensive monitoring of ship emissions, advanced measurement techniques are demanded. Our study reports on the results of a land-based field campaign conducted in the port of Rostock, Germany. The chosen location strategically positions the measurement setup to capture all incoming and outgoing ships passing within a distance of up to 2 km. Potential ship exhaust plumes are indicated by rapid changes in particle number and size distribution monitored by an optical particle sizer (OPS) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Additionally, single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) was used to qualitatively characterize ambient single-particles (0.2–2.5 μm) by their chemical signatures. In a one-week time span, the exhaust plumes of 73 ships were identified. The high sensitivity of SPMS to transition metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in individual particles make it possible to distinguish between different marine fuels.

Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimation Using Extended Input–Output Tables for Thailand’s Biomass Pellet Industry

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from Thailand’s biomass pellet production were comprehensively assessed, with a specific focus on wood and corn pellets. Employing the extended input and output tables, the anticipated economic and environmental effects of the rising demand for biomass pellets within the Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation region, which is projected to see an increase exceeding 33% by the year 2050, were investigated. The estimations of CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions, which were conducted utilizing an open Leontief model based on the 2015 National Input–Output Tables, covered each stage of the production process. The results show that emissions from the production of corn pellets are expected to rise steadily, from 52.91 MtCO2e in 2022 to 75.77 MtCO2e by 2030, whereas emissions from wood pellet production are set to increase more substantially, from 210.30 to 301.18 MtCO2e within the same timeframe. Data derived from surveys and interviews with corn farmers and wood pellet manufacturers informed the lifecycle data for the biomass pellet supply chain from cradle to gate. The findings suggest that Thailand’s power sector could benefit significantly from the biomass potential in the northern part of Thailand, which boasts an estimated energy content of corncob at 39 ktoe (0.0016 TJ). Market demand scenarios were explored in two forms: one where it was assumed that all biomass pellets are to be exported to Japan and South Korea, expecting a combined demand of approximately 560,262 tons by 2030, and another positing that 10% of production will be reserved for the domestic market, with a forecasted annual increase of 10% from 2020 to 2050. This paper highlights the need to prioritize low-emission renewable energy sources, expand technologies with lower lifecycle emissions, optimize the biomass supply chain to enhance efficiency, and introduce sustainable energy practices. The detailed GHG emissions analysis provides critical insights for policy formulation, underscoring the importance of sustainable transitions in the context of increasing biomass demand.

Rapid Untargeted Puff‐by‐Puff Analysis of (Electronic) Cigarette Emissions by Concentric Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionisation Mass Spectrometry

Despite the soaring popularity of e‐cigarettes among teenagers and young adults, our understanding of the full extent of their health hazards have remained limited. This is due to the vast complexities of e‐cigarette aerosols and the difficulty in their full characterisation. Conventional mass spectrometry methods of e‐cigarette analysis, though pioneering in driving political and medical discourse, have been limited in their capabilities to uncover all compounds in its emissions due to prominent limitations in experimental setup. To overcome this major hurdle, we have developed a setup for puff‐by‐puff analysis of electronic and conventional cigarette emissions by concentric dielectric barrier discharge ionisation mass spectrometry. In this pilot study, the simple setup of in‐line dilution and high‐resolution mass spectrometry analysis allowed us to directly uncover 225 compounds in e‐cigarette puffs across a wide spectrum of chemical characteristics in two sequential 5‐minute runs. These include acids, carbonyls, aromatic cyclics, heterocyclics, unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, alkaloids, sulfur‐containing compounds, oxides, and nitriles. As a result, our setup provided a significant improvement in rapid compound identification, and demonstrated a much broader chemical landscape in e‐cigarette emissions than previously reported.

High quality factor, monodisperse micron-sized random lasers based on porous PLGA spheres

Miniature random lasers with high quality factor are crucial for applications in barcoding, bioimaging, and on-chip technologies. However, achieving monodisperse and size-tunable biocompatible random lasers has been a significant challenge. In this study, we employed poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA), a biocompatible material approved for medical use, as the base material for random lasers. By integrating a dye-doped PLGA solution with a microfluidic system, we successfully fabricated monodisperse and miniature dye-doped PLGA spheres with tunable sizes ranging from 25 to 52 µm. Upon optical pulse excitation, these spheres exhibited strong random lasing emission at 610–640 nm with a threshold of approximately 22 µJ·mm−2. The lasing modes demonstrated a spectral linewidth of 0.2 nm, corresponding to a quality factor of 3100. Fourier transform analysis of the lasing emission revealed fundamental cavity lengths, providing insights into the properties of the random lasers.

Analysis of agricultural emissions and economic growth in Europe in search of ecological balance

Abstract This study analyses the relationship between economic growth, measured by gross value added in agriculture, and greenhouse gas emissions from the sector in 30 European countries during the period 2012–2021. The aim is to assess whether the increase in agricultural production leads to a corresponding increase in harmful emissions. Regression analysis is applied to establish linear statistical dependencies between variables, cluster analysis to group countries, and analysis of trends in the dynamics of indicators. The results show significant differences between countries, with no universal relationship between economic growth and emissions. A “decoupling” between growth and emissions is observed in some countries, demonstrating the potential for “green growth.” Regional and structural differences, as well as the level of technological development, stand out as key factors determining the relationship between economic growth and emissions, highlighting the need for an individualised approach in formulating policies for the sustainable development of the agricultural sector.

Analysis of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions in 3D Printing: Implications for Indoor Air Quality

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in the context of 3D printing, a rapidly advancing technology that is transforming manufacturing processes. As the adoption of 3D printing grows, concerns regarding its potential impact on indoor air quality have emerged. This research addresses these concerns by investigating the risks associated with VOC emissions and proposing effective mitigation strategies. Using a robust methodology, filament and resin-based 3D printers were employed alongside VOC sampling equipment (Tenax tubes and personal pumps) to assess emissions. A detailed analysis of 49 VOCs revealed variable concentrations across different printing materials, with ethyl acetate being the dominant compound in resin printing and decanal in filament printing. While individual VOC levels were below 1% of occupational exposure limits, total VOC concentrations frequently exceeded the recommended indoor threshold of 200 µg/m3, particularly in resin-based processes. This raises concerns about the combined effects of multiple VOCs, some of which are known carcinogens. These findings underscore the need for further investigation into the cumulative health impacts of prolonged exposure to multiple VOCs. The study also emphasises the importance of accounting for both facility-specific conditions and material emissions to fully understand the environmental and health consequences of 3D printing. Preventative measures, such as enclosing 3D printers and equipping them with extraction systems, are recommended to safeguard user health.

Effect of Biofuel Use on Ship Engine

This research examines the effect of biofuel use on ship engine performance, with a focus on performance, efficiency and environmental impact. Experimental studies were conducted using four-stroke marine diesel engines operated with various blends of biofuels and conventional fuels. The measured parameters include engine power, specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, and exhaust emissions. The results showed that the use of biofuels at certain concentrations can produce performance comparable to conventional fuels, with some significant differences. Engine power decreased slightly (2-5%) at high biofuel blends, but thermal efficiency increased up to 3% at optimal blends. Specific fuel consumption increased by about 5-8% compared to conventional fuel. Exhaust emissions analysis showed a significant reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate emissions, with up to 30% and 40% reductions respectively. However, there was a slight increase in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions by 5-10%. The study also identified several technical challenges in the use of biofuels, including the potential degradation of certain engine components and the need for fuel system modifications.

Utilization of sterculia foetida oil as a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production: optimization, performance, and emission analysis

This study examines the feasibility of employing Sterculia foetida oil as a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production, offering an eco-friendly substitute for conventional diesel fuel without requiring engine alterations. The method employs a two-step catalytic process, first with acid esterification to reduce the free fatty acid (FFA) concentration, followed by alkaline esterification for biodiesel synthesis. Essential process parameters—such as reaction time, temperature, catalyst concentration, and molar ratio—are carefully optimized to improve biodiesel yield. Under optimal conditions, the process achieves an impressive conversion rate of 95.2 %, demonstrating the considerable potential of Sterculia foetida oil for biodiesel production. Furthermore, blends of Sterculia foetida biodiesel (SFB) and diesel demonstrate a notable decrease in harmful emissions, especially a 2.3 % reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), a 4.1 % reduction in hydrocarbons (HC), and a 1.9 % decrease in smoke emissions compared to pure diesel. This study highlights the innovative use of non-edible oil as feedstock, a customized optimization method, and a highly effective catalytic process, all while emphasizing environmental sustainability and reduced emissions.

Global Dynamics of Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Cross-Correlation Analysis of Income and CO2 Emissions

The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis posits an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. However, there is no consensus regarding the EKC hypothesis among countries and regions of different income groups. This study revisits the EKC hypothesis by employing cross-correlation analysis to explore the income–CO2 emissions relationship across 158 countries and 44 regions from 1990 to 2020. The empirical method utilizes a dynamic cross-correlation coefficient (CCC) approach, allowing for the assessment of lead-lag dynamics between income and CO2 emissions over time. By categorizing nations into the World Bank’s income classifications, we found a heterogeneous EKC pattern highlighting distinct environmental–economic dynamics across different income groups. The findings indicate that high-income countries show a decoupling of economic growth from CO2 emissions; whereas, low-income countries still exhibit a positive correlation between both variables. This underscores the necessity for tailored policy interventions that promote carbon neutrality, while considering each country’s unique development stage. Our research contributes to the ongoing issue of sustainable economic development by providing empirical evidence of the different pathways nations follow in balancing growth with environmental preservation.

Development of 1 ×1 km gridded emission inventory for air quality assessment and mitigation strategies from open biomass burning in Karnataka, India

In this work, we have developed a high-resolution (1 ×1 km grid) emission inventory of greenhouse gases and air pollutants from open biomass burning (OBB) in Karnataka for 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2022. Secondary and field datasets were used to validate the emission inventories. The GIS-based statistical model and activity data were used to estimate greenhouse and air pollutant gas emissions from OBB (Forest, grassland, and crop fires). The uncertainty analysis of the emissions were done using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) model and Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP) tool was used for projecting the emissions to 2050 based on the annual average growth rate. According to our results, the total OBB burned areas (%) in Karnataka during the aforementioned years were 24.43, 15.69, 15.95, 11.41, 26.73, and 5.78. The results showed that total annual average OBB emissions in Karnataka for 2000–2022 in Gg were SO2 (6.67), NOx (9.48), NH3(9.80), CO (670.12), OC (59.78), BC (5.09), CO2 (11071 .11), CH4(33.68), PM10(84.29), PM2.5(81.08), NMVOC (74.13), and NO2 (4.80) respectively. The districts of Kalburgi, Raichur, Bagalkot, Uttara Kannada, and Shivamogga have the highest emissions from OBB in Karnataka from 2000 to 2022. The emission uncertainty results showed ±26.92, ±28.17, and ±30.27 % for the crop, grassland, and forest fires, respectively. Under the business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios, the CH4 emissions from forest, grassland, and crop fires are projected at 8823, 2.64, and 5262 metric tonnes by 2030 and 58046, 10, and 30700 metric tonnes by 2050, respectively. The developed high-resolution inventories are the most up-to-date surface emission datasets with hotspots in Karnataka from OBB emission. National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) and India’s Net-Zero Emission target by 2070, our high-resolution emission inventories and mitigation strategies may be helpful for air quality monitoring, health benefits analysis, and policy-making studies in Karnataka, India.

Urban-scale power decarbonization using a modified power purchase agreements framework based on Markowitz mean-variance theory

Urban power decarbonization is essential in the fight against climate change, yet current research often neglects the financial risks faced by investors and the shifting demands of consumers in liberalized electricity markets. This study addresses these gaps by proposing a modified Markowitz Mean-Variance Portfolio (MVP) theory, integrated with the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP), and a deep learning model. On this basis, an urban energy transition framework centered on Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) is proposed and developed. The framework is validated considering a case study in Kitakyushu, Japan, highlighting its potential in accelerating power sector decarbonization and achieving net-zero emissions by 2038. Additionally, the internal rate of return (IRR) remains stable between 14.5 % and 19.6 % across seven other cities. While the framework reduces long-term cash flow volatility, its effectiveness hinges on industrial electrification efficiency and regional energy self-sufficiency. The findings indicate that relying solely on renewable energy for low-carbon transitions is unrealistic. Furthermore, green hydrogen could emerge as a viable alternative to fossil fuels, potentially replacing batteries for long-term energy storage. Future research should explore cross-regional energy trade and establish legal frameworks for long-term energy transactions to bolster urban energy transition resilience across diverse geographic and economic contexts.

Metaheuristic optimizing energy recovery from plastic waste in a gasification-based system for waste conversion and management

In an era where sustainable waste management and clean energy production are paramount, this study presents an innovative integration of plastic waste gasification with solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology, optimized through metaheuristic particle swarm optimization (PSO). The research explores the conversion of polypropylene (PP) waste into syngas via gasification, which is then utilized as a fuel for SOFCs to generate electricity. The optimization process focuses on maximizing power and heating outputs while minimizing carbon dioxide emissions. The study's findings demonstrate the potential of integrating gasification and SOFC technologies to create a sustainable energy system that addresses the challenges of plastic waste. Key findings from the metaheuristic PSO multi-objective optimization reveal that optimal power production, approximately 360 kW, is achieved at temperatures exceeding 1140 K, irrespective of the steam/PP waste ratio. Heating production peaks at 1000 kW with temperatures above 1120 K and utilization factors over 0.765, while the minimum heating output is 700 kW. Emission analysis indicates a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions with increased temperatures and utilization factors, achieving a minimum of 700 kg/MWh at temperatures above 1120 K. The study's results demonstrate the effectiveness of the PSO optimization in fine-tuning the operational parameters of the integrated system, leading to improved energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact. Power production of 366.37 kW, a significant heating rate of 995.20 g/s, and emissions of 714.06 kg/MWh are the optimum performances. The research provides valuable insights into the potential of plastic waste-to-energy technologies as sustainable solutions for energy production and waste management.

Spectroscopic analysis of single and multiphase electrical discharge for clean energy conversion

Abstract In this study, we examined non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma processes operating under varying conditions using different liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon materials. The light emission from the discharges were analyzed through optical emission spectroscopy to comprehend the products generated in different parameter space. The gaseous products from each of these analyses were also collected and analyzed through gas chromatography. Analysis of the optical emission from the discharge and concentration of the gaseous products show a linear trend between emission intensity ratio Hα/C2 and gas concentration ratio H2/C2Hx. Gas temperature and electronic excitation temperature of different experimental conditions were also compared and indicates that spark discharge relates to higher electronic excitation temperature compared to glow discharge of similar medium. Higher electronic excitation temperature leads to generation of different products from spark discharge compared to glow discharge. Glow discharge generates more of the intermediate products. Whereas spark discharge, because of its higher electronic excitation temperature, leads to higher rate of dissociation and therefore generates more of the dissociated products. Glow discharge, for example generates more of OH and H from the moisture present in the carrier gas as impurity, whereas spark discharge would generate more of Hα and O particles further breaking down the OH bonds. Finally, UV-Vis analysis was performed on the liquid products of the discharge and reveals that the photo-centers and the newly generated soot nano particles absorb the UV range lights and some of the visible range light emission mostly up to ~600nm.

A Viability Study of Thermal Pre-Treatment for Recycling of Pharmaceutical Blisters

Pharmaceutical packaging is one of the most used packaging types which contains aluminum and plastics. Due to increasing amounts of waste and rising environmental concerns, recycling approaches are being investigated. Since blisters usually contain a balanced amount of plastics and metals, most of the approaches focus on recycling only one material. Therefore, more sustainable recycling approaches which recover both plastic and aluminum fractions are needed. This study investigates the thermal behavior and degradation mechanisms of plastic-rich and aluminum-rich pharmaceutical blisters using various analytical techniques. Structural characterization revealed that plastic-rich blisters have a thicker profile with plastic and aluminum layers, while aluminum-rich blisters consist of plastic layers between aluminum sheets. Thermal degradation analysis showed two main stages for both types: plastic-rich blisters (polyvinyl chloride) exhibited significant weight loss and long-chain hydrocarbon formation between 210 and 285 °C, and aluminum-rich blisters (polyamide/nylon) degraded from 240 to 270 °C. Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analyses confirmed the endothermic behavior of such a transformation. The gas emissions analysis indicated an increased formation of gasses from the thermal treatment of plastic-rich blisters, with the presence of oxygen leading to the formation of carbon dioxide, water, and carbon monoxide. Thermal treatment with 5%O2 in the carrier gas benefited plastic-rich blister treatment, reducing organic waste by up to 80% and minimizing burning risk, leveraging pyrolytic carbon for protection. This method is unsuitable for aluminum-rich blisters, requiring reduced oxygen or temperature to prevent pyrolytic carbon combustion and aluminum oxidation.

Исследование методов и современных технических решений очистки аэрозольных выбросов промышленности

The analysis and characterization of aerosol emissions into the atmosphere are given, the ways of formation of primary and secondary aerosols are considered. The process of atmospheric aging of aerosols, which has a negative impact on the environment, is considered. The functional links between aerosol emissions, their source and impact on climate and public health are presented. The possible influence of the reactions of liquid and solid aerosol particles on the properties of atmospheric air is considered. The main methods of purification of industrial aerosol emissions are considered: adsorption purification, thermal and catalytic neutralization, chemisorption and absorption purification. The ways of increasing the efficiency of adsorption processes, for example, the separation of adsorbent in the apparatus, are analyzed. The essence of the process of thermal neutralization of gas mixtures is described, it is established that thermal installations based on the direct combustion method work more efficiently when combining thermal and catalytic neutralization methods, designs of combined equipment are presented, and ways to increase the intensity of the apparatus are considered. The process of gas purification based on the absorption process is considered. It is determined that absorption plants for cleaning gases from harmful components are the most effective and efficient due to the high level of technical implementation of the process. The development and improvement of the main absorber equipment is aimed at achieving maximum cleaning efficiency with an optimal pressure drop that determines energy consumption. The analysis shows the negative impact of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on the environment. In order to correctly solve the problem, information on the sources, composition and properties of aerosols is needed to select the most effective and economically profitable cleaning method, which will help reduce the anthropogenic load on the atmosphere.

Fossil Diesel, Soybean Biodiesel and Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil: A Numerical Analysis of Emissions Using Detailed Chemical Kinetics at Diesel Engine Like Conditions

Nowadays, emissions from internal combustion engines are a relevant topic of investigation, taking into account the continuous reduction of emission limits imposed by environmental regulatory agencies around the world, obviously as the result of earnest studies that have pointed out the impact on the human health of high levels of contaminants released into the environment. Over recent years, the use of biofuels has contributed to attenuating this environmental issue; however, new problems have been raised, such as NOx emissions tend to increase as the biofuel percentage in the fuel used in engines increases. In this research, the emissions of a compression ignition internal combustion engine modeled as a variable volume reactor with homogeneous combustion were numerically investigated. To analyze the combustion process, a detailed kinetics model tailored specifically for this purpose was used. The kinetics model comprised 30,975 chemical reactions involving 691 chemical species. Mixtures of fuel surrogates were then created to represent the fuel used in the Brazilian fuel marketplace, involving (i) fossil diesel—“diesel A”, (ii) soybean diesel—“biodiesel”, and (iii) hydrotreated vegetable oil— “HVO”. Surrogate species were then selected for each of the aforementioned fuels, and blends of those surrogates were then proposed as mixture M1 (diesel A:biodiesel:HVO—90:10:0), mixture M2 (diesel A:biodiesel:HVO—85:15:0), and mixture M3 (diesel A:biodiesel:HVO—80:15:5). The species allowed in the kinetics model included all the fuel surrogates used in this research as well as the target emission species of this study: total hydrocarbons, non-methane hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, soot, and soot precursors. When compared to experimental trends of emissions available in the literature, it was observed that, for all the proposed fuel surrogates blends, the numerical approach performed in this research was able to capture qualitative trends for engine power and the target emissions in the whole ranges of engine speeds and engine loads, despite the CO and NOx emissions at specific engine speeds and loads.

Prospects for Long-Distance Cascaded Liquid—Gaseous Hydrogen Delivery: An Economic and Environmental Assessment

As an important energy source to achieve carbon neutrality, green hydrogen has always faced the problems of high use cost and unsatisfactory environmental benefits due to its remote production areas. Therefore, a liquid-gaseous cascade green hydrogen delivery scheme is proposed in this article. In this scheme, green hydrogen is liquefied into high-density and low-pressure liquid hydrogen to enable the transport of large quantities of green hydrogen over long distances. After long-distance transport, the liquid hydrogen is stored and then gasified at transfer stations and converted into high-pressure hydrogen for distribution to the nearby hydrogen facilities in cities. In addition, this study conducted a detailed model evaluation of the scheme around the actual case of hydrogen energy demand in Chengdu City in China and compared it with conventional hydrogen delivery methods. The results show that the unit hydrogen cost of the liquid-gaseous cascade green hydrogen delivery scheme is only 51.58 CNY/kgH2, and the dynamic payback periods of long- and short-distance transportation stages are 13.61 years and 7.02 years, respectively. In terms of carbon emissions, this scheme only generates indirect carbon emissions of 2.98 kgCO2/kgH2 without using utility electricity. In sum, both the economic and carbon emission analyses demonstrate the advantages of the liquid-gaseous cascade green hydrogen delivery scheme. With further reductions in electricity prices and liquefication costs, this scheme has the potential to provide an economically/environmentally superior solution for future large-scale green hydrogen applications.

Comprehensive analysis of particle emissions from miniature turbojet engine

Emission of particulate matter from jet engines contribute to deterioration of air quality in the vicinty of the airports and to formation of contrails in higher layers of the atmosphere. This article presents the results of the measurements of particle emissions from a miniature jet engine GTM-120 fueled conventional aviation fuel Jet A-1. Analysis of particle size distribution, number, mass and volume emission indexes has been made, as well as the analysis of the emission intenisty and mass emission rate. Obtained results were related to LTO cycle phases. The results shows, that the particle number concentration was the lowest for low engine loads, with characteristic diameter of 69.8 nm and the particles concentration of 7.7 x 106 particles/cm3. For thrust increase, the characteristic diameter is smaller, and the particles distribution is no longer single-mode. The highest particles concentration for cm3 is for 100% thrust and is equal to 1.55 x 107 particles, with characteristic diameter of 34 nm.

Granular insights into occupant behaviours and CO2 emissions in the UK

Addressing global climate change necessitates a deep understanding of the sources of CO2 emissions, particularly at the individual level. While existing research has explored in depth the behavioural awareness of individual/household carbon emissions and its overall impacts, there remain significant research gaps in the understanding of how behavioural adjustments, influenced by individual factors, can be made to achieve carbon emission reductions under the current market mechanisms. This study aims to fill this gap by providing a detailed analysis of the carbon emissions associated with various activities of residents. Utilising the UK Time Use Survey, we applied path analysis and t-statistics to dissect how distinct occupant behaviours and their characteristics impact CO2 emissions. Our findings reveal age is a predominant driving factor in employment, studying, and media consumption, while gender significantly impacts household and care-related activities, and income levels influence emissions from hobbies and transportation. These insights highlight the importance of developing carbon reduction strategies that are developed on an individual behavioural basis to reach behavioural adjustments. Our analysis provides quartile results for different behaviours, aiding policymakers in devising carbon reduction strategies tailored to occupants' emissions profiles. Meanwhile, using scenario analysis, the policy has a carbon reduction potential ranging from 29.59% to 75.36%. Overall, our study offers empirical data and granular insights that can inform targeted interventions and policy formulations aimed at promoting carbon neutrality by focusing on the specific behaviours of individual occupants.