Emirate Of Sharjah Research Articles

The Sharjah Baby-Friendly Campaign: A Community-Based Model for Breastfeeding Promotion, Protection, and Support.

Breastfeeding promotion, protection, and support are one of the most cost-effective public health interventions to advance maternal and child health. The World Health Organization, the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, and numerous health organizations have recommended exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, which is a key indicator of breastfeeding promotion programs worldwide. Despite the recommendations and various initiatives to promote breastfeeding, most women do not reach the exclusive breastfeeding target in both developed and developing countries. Such has been the case in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Therefore, based on the decree for breastfeeding promotion, protection, and support by the ruler of the Emirate of Sharjah, UAE, H.H. Sheikh Doctor Sultan Al Qasimi, a multisectorial, multidirectional breastfeeding campaign--the Sharjah Baby-Friendly Campaign--was launched in March 2012 by H.E. Sheikha Bodour Al Qasimi, under her patronage. It consisted of four initiatives-namely, Baby-Friendly Health Facility, Mother-Friendly Workplace, Breastfeeding-Friendly Nursery, and Mother-Baby Friendly Public Place. Once an organization met the criteria for any of these initiatives, it was awarded the designation or accreditation of that initiative. The campaign initiatives worked through capacity building of healthcare workers, provided professional support and facilitation for the accreditation process, developed breastfeeding education content and resources, and organized and conducted breastfeeding promotion seminars in health facilities and community, as well as community outreach through social media and an innovative mobile mother' room. The positive impact of the campaign on breastfeeding promotion, protection, and support is evident by the increased exclusive breastfeeding rate at 6 months and decreased bottle feeding rates at both 4 and 6 months.

Evaporation losses and dispersion of volatile organic compounds from tank farms.

The present study is an application of a Gaussian dispersion model to evaluate volatilization losses from tank farms. It reports methodology to estimate evaporation losses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from organic liquid in storage tanks. This study used fixed roof and floating roof equations for breathing and working losses. Total loss, the breathing loss, vapor pressure, molecular weight of the product, tank diameter, diurnal temperature, paint factor, tank capacity, and number of turnovers were considered and factored in the calculation. AERMOD and ALOHA softwares were used to simulate the dispersion of VOCs under normal and accidental scenarios. For the modeling purposes, meteorological data such as annual average ambient temperature, annual average atmospheric pressure, daily minimum ambient temperature, daily maximum ambient temperature, solar insulation factor, and average wind speed were included as input in the calculation and modeling activities. The study took place in Sharjah Emirate in United Arab Emirates, which borders Dubai to the south and Ajman to the north, and the three form a conurbation. The reported method was used to estimate evaporation losses for baseline and hypothetical leak scenarios. Results of this research show that liquid storage tanks in the study area emit a low concentration of VOC under the studied and assumed conditions, e.g., new tanks with high performance sealing as well as the noted earlier climatic conditions. The dispersion of those concentrations is controlled by the prevailing wind direction. The predicted VOCs concentrations were within the range of the measured VOCs values in air. The study found that the spatial distributions of the predicted concentration attenuate with time and distance. Under the reported accidental spill scenario, the Gaussian model indicates that the danger area starts within the zone of less than 10m. The danger area is subjected to flame pockets, and the VOC concentrations in this area will exceed 19,800ppm.

Buried far from home: Sasanian graves at Jebel al‐Emeilah (Sharjah, UAE)

Human skeletons were recovered in two unmarked burials blown to the surface of a dune south‐west of Jebel al‐Emeilah in the Central Region of the Sharjah Emirate (UAE). Sasanian stamp seals were found associated with one of the individuals. A bone fragment of this individual provided a direct radiocarbon date placing it in the Middle Sasanian period. With the aid of strontium isotope analysis it was possible to determine that the two individuals were immigrants to the area that is now part of the UAE.

Late pre‐Islamic burials at Mleiha, Emirate of Sharjah (UAE)

The history of two monumental grave buildings (nos. 4 and 5), excavated in area P of the late pre‐Islamic city of Mleiha, has been studied in detail. Like all other tombs excavated up to the present day in Mleiha, their chambers had been emptied in ancient times. They were found devoid of human remains and grave‐goods. In the upper parts of the grave fills, however, skeletal remains were encountered. One of the skeletons was radiocarbon dated to AD 623–656, the time of the Islamisation of south‐east Arabia. A radiocarbon date of 384–233 BC for a wooden beam from the same tomb showed that it was built during the late pre‐Islamic period (PIR‐A). These dates and stratigraphic observations made clear that the interments were intrusive. The surrounding sediments were deposited by flooding. Directly underneath the skull of the dated skeleton, a layer of sandy loam was encountered, showing mud cracks. To understand the relationship between the burial and these deposits, micromorphological analyses of the surrounding sediments were conducted. The microstructural organisation of the sedimentary components implied that the skull was interred as part of a burial, and not deposited by natural processes.

Enforcement of Foreign Arbitration Awards in the United Arab Emirates

THE United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation established in 1971 of the seven Emirates of Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras Al Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm Al Quwain. (1) Abu Dhabi is the Federal capital of the UAE. The UAE has approximately eight percent of the world's proven oil reserves and the Emirate of Abu Dhabi commands one of the wealthiest sovereign investment funds in the world. The UAE has one of the highest incomes per capita in the world. Concerns about regional security have made the UAE a major purchaser of defense technology. By one estimate, the UAE is the fourth largest importer of arms in the world. (2) Because of the UAE's very strong financial standing regionally and internationally, it has attracted businesses from around the world to do commerce there. As a necessary part of doing commerce, all parties to the transaction are served by an agreed forum to hear and resolve disputes that may arise if they cannot resolve those disputes themselves. There is a strong need for a mechanism that is governed by rules that are known and understood and that can lead to a binding and, perhaps most importantly, enforceable result. Foreign arbitration clauses are probably the most common means of achieving these ends, and contracts between foreign defense contractors and UAE counterparties, for example, often include foreign arbitration clauses. If an arbitration clause is invalid in the UAE (and enforcement abroad is not an option), the only option is to seek enforcement in the courts in the UAE. If a party has concerns about the prospect of an existing arbitration clause being deemed unenforceable, it could (i) seek to amend the clause by mutual agreement with the other party, or (ii) file suit in the local courts. I. Brief Overview of Local Court System The UAE Constitution provides for a Federal court system, but permits each Emirate to opt out of the Federal court system and maintain an independent court system. Currently, the Emirates of Ajman, Fujairah, Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain participate in the Federal court system. The Emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah each maintain separate court systems. (3) Rules of evidence and court procedure are governed by Federal laws, which apply in all seven Emirates. The UAE is a civil law jurisdiction, and the doctrine of binding judicial precedent is not followed. (4) Court decisions are often indicative of how other courts may act in the future, but are not binding on such courts. Moreover, not all court decisions are published. There are no juries, and cases are heard by a single judge or a three-judge panel, depending on the nature of the dispute. Cases proceed on the basis of written pleadings submitted by advocates at a series of hearings conducted in Arabic. All evidence submitted to the court must be in Arabic or be translated into Arabic by a translator certified by the UAE Ministry of Justice. Laws in the UAE are made both at the Federal and individual Emirate level. The existence of different court systems means that the interpretation of UAE Federal law may vary. For example, the courts in the Emirate of Dubai may interpret UAE Federal law differently than the Federal courts or the courts in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. II. Important Elements in any Foreign Arbitration Clause When incorporating a foreign arbitration clause into a contract, there are certain essential elements that should exist in every clause. The language of the arbitration is important. One of the reasons foreign companies want to avoid the local courts in the UAE is the fact that all proceedings there must be in Arabic. Thus, any arbitration clause should include an agreement on the language by which any arbitration will be conducted. Parties are also free to select the venue of such arbitration. Generally, the parties will agree on a venue that favours neither party; i.e. neutral territory. Recognize, however, that the parties will bear the travel expenses of the arbitrator selected by the arbitral body to hear the case in that location. …

P15 Prevalence and clinicopathological correlation of carcinoid in appendectomy specimens in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE)

Background: Carcinoid tumors are rare but considered to be one of the commonest tumors in the appendix. Their incidence has been shown to vary in different studies. Aims, setting & design: This seminal study was carried out to determine the incidence and clinico-pathological profile of appendiceal carcinoids in a cohort of patients undergoing emergency appendicectomies for clinically suspected acute appendicitis in Emirate of Sharjah. Material and methods: The study included the retrospective data of 964 patients operated for clinically suspected appendicitis, the resected specimens of whom were received in the Pathology laboratory of Al-Qasmi hospital Sharjah from January 2010 to December 2010. Results: Out of the 964 patients 9 (0.93%) were found to have appendiceal carcinoids. The mean age was 28.7 years with a male to female ratio of 2 :1. Eight tumors were located near the tip of appendix with mean diameter of 3.3 mm. All tumors were found to be positive for chromogranin A, synaptophysin and neuron-specific enolase on immunohistochemistry (IHC). None of the patients had recurrence or any reportable complications in the short follow up period (12–26 months). Conclusions: Our study found higher incidence of appendiceal carcinoids in patients undergoing emergency appendectomy for acute appendicitis in Emirate of Sharjah compared to two previous studies from the same geographical region. Moreover, tumors were found more commonly in young males in contrary to previous studies and all the tumors were positive for common neuroendocrine markers.

P.20.8 ENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF POSTSURGICAL BILE DUCT INJURES

Background: Carcinoid tumors are rare but considered to be one of the commonest tumors in the appendix. Their incidence has been shown to vary in different studies. Aims, setting & design: This seminal study was carried out to determine the incidence and clinico-pathological profile of appendiceal carcinoids in a cohort of patients undergoing emergency appendicectomies for clinically suspected acute appendicitis in Emirate of Sharjah. Material and methods: The study included the retrospective data of 964 patients operated for clinically suspected appendicitis, the resected specimens of whom were received in the Pathology laboratory of Al-Qasmi hospital Sharjah from January 2010 to December 2010. Results: Out of the 964 patients 9 (0.93%) were found to have appendiceal carcinoids. The mean age was 28.7 years with a male to female ratio of 2 :1. Eight tumors were located near the tip of appendix with mean diameter of 3.3 mm. All tumors were found to be positive for chromogranin A, synaptophysin and neuron-specific enolase on immunohistochemistry (IHC). None of the patients had recurrence or any reportable complications in the short follow up period (12–26 months). Conclusions: Our study found higher incidence of appendiceal carcinoids in patients undergoing emergency appendectomy for acute appendicitis in Emirate of Sharjah compared to two previous studies from the same geographical region. Moreover, tumors were found more commonly in young males in contrary to previous studies and all the tumors were positive for common neuroendocrine markers.

Identification of archaeological potsherds excavated at Mleiha using XRF

The site of Mleiha in the emirate of Sharjah, excavated by the French archaeological mission since 1986, offers a stratigraphical ceramics sequence which became the chronological reference for the Late Pre-Islamic period (3rd c. BC–3rd. c. AD) in the Oman peninsula. If most of the wares are conveniently distributed in chronology, their origin and place of production are rarely precisely defined. In the present study 26 potsherds collected at Mleiha, were analyzed using an X-ray fluorescence microscope. The objectives of the study were multi-fold. First, the elemental composition had to be identified with reasonable accuracy. Second, the potsherds were compared statistically using the Chi-test. Finally, possible similarities were defined according to elemental composition. Sizes of the potsherds ranged from a few square centimetres to tens of square centimetres. A matrix containing the elemental concentrations for each fragment was used to answer a number of specific questions pertaining to the grouping of various potsherds according to possible geographical origin or provenance. Analysis confirms the homogeneity of the group called Late Mleiha ware, and the variability of other groups as Grey and Black wares. It brings new insights, as the relation of some samples with Indian productions.

Over-the-counter medication patterns in households in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

BackgroundSelf-medication and acquisition of over-the-counter (OTC) medications are emerging community health issues. Besides being a cheap alternative for treating common illnesses, the behavior entails serious ramifications, such as medication wastage, increasing pathogen resistance, and adverse drug reactions. The present study was conducted to explore the extent of OTC medications in households in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE), including native UAE and expatriate families.MethodsThe study employed a population-based, cross-sectional, analytical study design. The study population included native and expatriate households residing in the Emirate of Sharjah, UAE. The snowball sampling technique was used, and the sample included a total of 335 households.ResultsExpatriate households acquired more OTC medications than did native households (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=1.7). The demographic determinants for expatriate households were number of family members (aOR=1.6), age of children in the family (aOR=1.8), and annual income (aOR=0.5). Expatriate households purchased more OTC medication practices than did native households (aOR=2.2). In the statistical sense, expatriate household practices were buying medication upon relatives’ advice (aOR=0.3), storage condition of medication (aOR=2.4), and disposal of expired medication (aOR=0.6). The highest percentages of OTC medications in native and expatriate households were those related to gastric and ear, nose, and throat illnesses.ConclusionThe presence of OTC medications in expatriate households was two-fold more common than in native households in Sharjah, UAE. There were significant associations for behaviors related to the reasons why OTC medications were purchased and stored within the household for both native and expatriate families.

Assessment of solar electricity production in the United Arab Emirates

In this work the possible large-scale integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems and parabolic trough concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) power system is investigated in technical, economic and environmental terms. The analysis takes into account the available solar potential for UAE and in particular for the Emirate of Sharjah. In order to identify the least-cost feasible option for each renewable energy source for power-generation (RES-E) technology, a parametric analysis is carried out by varying each RES-E candidate system capital cost. From the analysis it is evident that an alternative cost-effective technology to the installation of a 50 MWp PV system might be the utilisation of a 50 MWe parabolic trough CSP system with either a 14.5 h thermal storage system or a 24/7 operation. The advantages of the latter are the dispatchability and the increased electricity output due to the utilisation of a thermal storage system, which leads to higher amounts of annual CO2 avoided emissions. However, the electricity selling prices are higher than the current UAE electricity tariffs; therefore, for the promotion of solar RES-E technologies in the UAE, relevant financial supporting mechanisms need to be developed such as feed-in tariffs or feed-in premiums.

High Incidence of New Delhi Metallo-Beta-Lactamase-ProducingKlebsiella pneumoniaeIsolates in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

The purpose of this study was to identify carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a tertiary care hospital in Sharjah Emirate, to identify the plasmids carrying the carbapenemase genes and to reveal clonal relationships among the isolates. Two hundred and two clinically relevant isolates collected between September 2011 and October 2012 at Al-Qassimi hospital, Sharjah, were investigated for meropenem resistance. Strains with decreased susceptibility were further tested with the modified Hodge test, by EDTA and phenylboronic acid synergy and by E-test. The genes of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM), IMP, VIM, OXA-48, and KPC beta-lactamases were targeted by polymerase chain reaction and the genes were located on plasmids by Southern blotting. Clusters of the isolates were revealed by macrorestriction analysis. Seven percent of the isolates were originally found to be meropenem resistant, one isolate have lost its resistance during storage. All of the 13 resistant isolates were positive for the NDM-1 gene located on plasmids of 125 to >170 kb, while three isolates also carried the blaOXA-48-like genes. Clusters having repeatedly been isolated over the study period were identified. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carrying the blaNDM-1 gene is a fast emerging problem, emphasizing the potential role of the Middle East as a secondary reservoir for these organisms.

The Neolithic period in the Central Region of the Emirate of Sharjah (UAE)

Stratified sites at Jebel Faya in the Central Region of the Emirate of Sharjah provide evidence for successive ‘facies’ of the Neolithic period. The oldest facies — found at FAY‐NE 1 — yielded 14C dates in the late ninth millennium cal BC and is characterised by blade arrowheads which are morphologically similar to PPNB points. With 14C dates from the late eighth and early seventh millennia cal BC, a techno‐complex of large flint artefacts from FAY‐NE10 represents the second Neolithic facies in the area. A sheep tooth from FAY‐NE10, associated to the third facies — characterised by trihedral rods — provides evidence for a Neolithic economy. The respective layer contains numerous small fragments of cremated human bone. It dates to around 6000 cal BC. The fourth facies corresponds to the well‐known ‘Arabian Bifacial Tradition’ and has radiocarbon dates from just before 5000 cal BC to just after 4000 cal BC. The Final Neolithic — found at shell‐middens on the coast of the Gulf of Oman — is to date not represented in the interior.

Determinants of bank selection in the United Arab Emirates

PurposeThis study aims to identify the determinants of bank selection for Islamic and conventional banks in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 246 respondents in the Emirates of Dubai and Sharjah and focused on aspects such as bank products, service quality, profit, reputation, cultural and religious factors, in addition to demographic attributes of the sample. Multiple discriminant analysis is used to identify the most important determinants of bank selection.FindingsThe study concluded that the determinants for bank selection are more distinguishable amongst Islamic bank customers. Bank reputation and expectation of profit on deposits are not determinants of bank selection; however, religious preferences are the most important considerations in selection between Islamic and conventional banks.Research limitations/implicationsUse of convenience sampling due to lack of resources may result in insufficient representation of population. Additionally, analysis of differences between the Muslim and non‐Muslim population with respect to their bank selection process may provide an avenue for future research.Practical implicationsThe study has implications for both Islamic and conventional banks that can appropriately target the customers using bank selection determinants that are valued by the customers.Originality/valueThe study adds to the existing literature on consumer preferences for Islamic and conventional banks in the context of the UAE with a relatively large and recent data set.

The environmental context of Paleolithic settlement at Jebel Faya, Emirate Sharjah, UAE

Key to the understanding of Pleistocene human dispersals and settlement dynamics is knowledge about the distribution of human habitats in space and time. To add information about the characteristics of inhabited environments along the South Arabian dispersal route, this paper presents paleo-environmental data from deposits excavated at Jebel Faya (FAY-NE1) in the Emirate of Sharjah, UAE. The sedimentary sequence at FAY-NE1 spans a period of about 125,000 years, including the last interglacial and the Holocene. Particle size and phytolith content of samples from two sediment columns were analyzed, including both archaeology bearing layers and archaeologically sterile layers. The results demonstrate that human occupation of the site is related to pluvial periods. Assemblage C, dated to about 127–123 ka, was deposited during a wet phase with an environment characterized by an increased proportion of C3 grasses. Grassland with sedges but lacking tree cover characterize ecological conditions during the youngest of the Paleolithic occupation periods, Assemblage A, dated to about 45–40 ka. Environmental conditions during periods lacking archaeological remains are characterized by the absence of vegetation cover during phases of desiccation. There is no evidence for human presence at the site between 38 and 11 ka.

The Relationship between Business Intelligence and Business Success: An Investigation in Firms in Sharjah Emirate

The aim of this study is to analyze the extent to which there is relationship between business intelligence and Business Success .Four dimensions of business intelligence as Environmental Intelligence (EI), Consumer Intelligence (CI), Market Intelligence (MI) and Organizational Intelligence (OI) are measured, using survey data from (49) managers of different firms in Sharjah Emirate, UAE, the ninth surveys were cancelled because they were incomplete. We used regression and correlation analysis to test the relationship between business intelligence and business success. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between the business intelligence and business success. Managers are in general satisfied with the business intelligence system in their organization but they are mainly unsatisfied with marketing activities done by their marketing departments, study gives insight to important of business intelligence to a success of business and it implies that marketing intelligence is critical dimension in business intelligence. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:107%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}

Prevalence of High Blood Pressure, Heart Disease, Thalassemia, Sickle-Cell Anemia, and Iron-Deficiency Anemia among the UAE Adolescent Population

This study examined the prevalence of high blood pressure, heart disease, and medical diagnoses in relation to blood disorders, among 6,329 adolescent students (age 15 to 18 years) who reside in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Findings indicated that the overall prevalence of high blood pressure and heart disease was 1.8% and 1.3%, respectively. Overall, the prevalence for thalassemia, sickle-cell anemia, and iron-deficiency anemia was 0.9%, 1.6%, and 5%, respectively. Bivariate analysis revealed statistically significant differences in the prevalence of high blood pressure among the local and expatriate adolescent population in the Emirate of Sharjah. Similarly, statistically significant differences in the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia were observed among the local and expatriate population in Abu Dhabi city, the western region of Abu Dhabi, and Al-Ain. Multivariate analysis revealed the following significant predictors of high blood pressure: residing in proximity to industry, nonconventional substance abuse, and age when smoking or exposure to smoking began. Ethnicity was a significant predictor of heart disease, thalassemia, sickle-cell anemia, and iron-deficiency anemia. In addition, predictors of thalassemia included gender (female) and participating in physical activity. Participants diagnosed with sickle-cell anemia and iron-deficiency anemia were more likely to experience different physical activities.

Differential detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii in fecal samples by nested PCR in the United Arab Emirates (UAE)

Amoebiasis is one of the most important infectious diseases afflicting mainly tropical and subtropical countries. This study was carried out in the Sharjah Emirate, UAE in order to accurately detect and differentiate Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and E. moshkovskii in fecal samples collected from the Sharjah municipality public health clinic by ELISA and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One hundred and twenty specimens were examined and the PCR was positive for E. histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii (collectively referred to as Entamoeba complex) in 19.2% (23 out of 120). Of those, 10% (12/120) were mono - infection with E. histolytica; 2.5% (3/120) with E. dispar; and 2.5% (3/120) E. moshkovskii. The nested PCR also detected mixed infections by both E. histolytica and E. dispar in 3.3% (4/120) and E. dispar and E. moshkovskii in 0.8% (1/120). The TechLab ELISA kit failed to detect E. histolytica in any of the E. histolytica PCR positive samples. Overall, the percentage of E. histolytica including those found in mixed infections was 13.3% (16/120). Compared to nested PCR, microscopy was found to have an overall sensitivity of 52.2% and a specificity of 75.2% for detection of Entamoeba complex. The present study indicates that E. histolytica is present in the UAE with an average incidence rate of 13.3%. However, larger studies need to be conducted in order to confirm these findings. We propose the use of PCR in both the routine diagnosis of amoebiasis and epidemiological survey in the UAE.

Neolithic cremation in south‐east Arabia: archaeological and anthropological observations at FAY‐NE10 in the Emirate of Sharjah (UAE)

Small fragments of cremated human bone, clearly representing numerous individuals, were found in a stratified Neolithic context in a small cave at Jebel Faya in the Central Region of the Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. With radiocarbon dates between 6500 and 5800 cal BC, they are among the earliest well‐documented cases of cremations in south‐west Asia. Taxonomic identification of the small burned bone fragments is based on morphological and histological analysis. The deposits are to date the oldest human remains found in south‐east Arabia and represent a phase during the Middle Neolithic for which no other types of burials have yet been documented.

Analysis of Water Evaporation and Drift Losses During Irrigation in Semi-arid Areas of Sharjah (UAE) and Riyadh (KSA)

Water evaporation and wind drift losses mainly depend on air relative humidity, air and water temperature, drop size, and wind speed. Evaporation and drift loss during water application by means of sprinkle irrigation was studied in the Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Results for both cities did not vary substantially due to high relative humidity even under high air temperature. Results indicated that evaporation losses are usually <5% under any climatological conditions in the two Gulf cities. For nighttime watering to be considered, extra-costs (e.g., electricity, manpower) should not exceed potential savings.

Marital Happiness of Married Couples in the U.A.E Society: A Sample from Sharjah

The goal of this study is to examine the marital happiness of married couples in Sharjah Emirate, UAE, and its determinants. To achieve these goals, data from Family Cohesion Survey (FCS) are used; a cluster sample (1136) was randomly drawn from all local families in the Emirate of Sharjah, U.A.E.; descriptive statistics (percentages, means, and standard deviations) and analytical statistics (multiple regression) are used to analyze the data set. The results of the regression analysis reveal that there are statistically significant relation between couple's communication, education, sex, residence, self-reported health, family size, and religiosity and marital happiness of married couples. However, the analysis result reveals that family income, working status, and age are silent predictors of marital happiness.