Emic Perspective Research Articles

Structural Process and Impacts of Mentoring Module in Ballet Certificate Program: A Case Study on CBTS Program, Royal Academy of Dance, Malaysia

This case study aims to give an overview of the structural process of dance mentoring module and investigate its impact in Malaysian dance education, exemplifying CBTS program, known as Certificate in Ballet Teaching Study. For this study, the researchers have employed Eric Parloe’s mentoring model as a theoretical tool to re-interpret the process of CBTS mentoring module. Focusing on insider’s approach, also known as the emic perspective, the researchers used qualitative methods, such as interviews, auto-ethnography, and archive analysis. To discuss the necessity of the mentoring module, the researchers have examined the structure and process of CBTS 404 Mentoring Module first. After that, this study scrutinized student-teachers’ purpose and experience while they were enrolling in the CBTS program and analyzed the influence of the mentoring module based on the perspective and experience of the currently certified mentors. Lastly, the researchers have explored the impacts of the mentoring module based on previous experience of the student-teachers and mentors. Based on these analyses, the researchers have argued that the mentoring module, CBTS404, plays an actual role in teaching how to apply acquired theoretical knowledge to practical teaching environments.

Semi-Domesticated Crops Have Unique Functional Roles in Agroecosystems: Perennial Beans (Phaseolus dumosus and P. coccineus) and Landscape Ethnoecology in the Colombian Andes

Semi-domesticated plants are good resources for agroecology, because they can survive without human intervention and can be managed together with non-domesticated plants. To explore the ecological know-how underlying farmer management of semi-domesticates at the landscape level, we compared how Yanacona Indigenous People in the southwestern Colombian Andes manage two semi-domesticated species of Phaseolus beans, both locally named cacha (Phaseolus coccineus and P. dumosus ), and a full domesticate (the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris ). We investigated what functional traits of Phaseolus beans farmers identify and how farmers link these traits with the ability of beans to develop in different cultural-ecological niches within the landscape. In 60 semi-structured interviews conducted with Yanacona farmers, we found that (i) farmers compare functional traits of the different bean species, including perenniality, phenology, resistance to pests and diseases, and ability to compete with surrounding vegetation; (ii) farmers recognize and use the variation generated by hybridization between the two cacha species; (iii) farmers take advantage of the traits of cacha to grow them under a wide array of niches at the landscape scale, including low-intervention spaces, such as hedges and swidden plots in fallow, and have detailed knowledge of cacha beans' interactions with trees; and (iv) cacha traits contribute to the resilience of agroecosystems through the management practices and social relationships with which they are associated. Emic and etic perspectives must be combined to gain full understanding of the roles of functional traits of cultivated plants.

Economy Hall: The Hidden History of a Free Black Brotherhood

Economy Hall: The Hidden History of a Free Black Brotherhood

Racial disparity in breast cancer survivorship: Results of a qualitative research study to identify themes from a series national healthcare provider live virtual forums.

12091 Background: Significant disparity exists in the diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship outcomes among Black breast cancer (BC) survivors. Unmet physical and emotional needs in BC survivors are well documented, but there is mounting evidence that Black BC survivors have more significant survivorship issues and a greater burden of illness than White counterparts. Barriers to rehabilitation and recovery care exist for all BC survivors; however, they are magnified in Black BC survivors due to systemic racism, healthcare provider bias and discrimination, lack of culturally relevant care models, and socio-economic barriers. There is limited literature on lived personal and professional experiences of racial disparity in BC survivorship. Methods: The purpose of this qualitative research was to document patient, clinician and researchers’ perceptions surrounding contributing factors, lived experiences, and potential solutions to racial disparity in BC survivorship against the contextual background of reported inequities. A narrative approach was utilized to identify themes from a series of four virtual healthcare provider forums that explored lived personal and professional experiences, issues and potential solutions surrounding racial disparity in BC survivorship from October 2020-September 2021. The forums included perspectives of patients, healthcare providers, researchers, and stakeholders in the BC field. The total live and online views for all four forums was 2,093. An independent thematic analysis was performed by the investigators, all of whom have emic perspectives with respect to race and/or breast cancer. Results: Three main themes were independently identified by study investigators: 1. societal and cultural contributing factors contributing to racial disparity in BC survivorship, 2. contribution of healthcare providers and systems to racial disparity in BC survivorship and 3. models of care and research considerations that would reduce racial disparity. These themes were widely echoed by forum participants throughout the series. With respect to solutions, widespread implementation of navigation models and the Prospective Model of Rehabilitation for Women with Breast Cancer that address physical and psychosocial treatment side effects would reduce disparity. The importance of the inclusion of voices of Black BC survivors in community-based participatory research aimed at reducing survivorship disparity is critical. Conclusions: The findings provide compelling documentation of lived personal and professional experiences of racial disparity in BC survivorship. These issues have been described in the literature for nearly two decades. Potential solutions exist and must be enacted immediately to ensure equitable survivorship outcomes for Black individuals following a BC diagnosis.

‘Among predators’: the place of humans, Iberian lynx and other wild carnivores

Using an ethnoecological approach we studied perceptions, empirical classifications and practices towards wild predators in Portuguese protected areas. Results from 131 semi-structured interviews allowed the analysis of classification, criteria used by key actors and the understanding of an emic perspective on the differentiation of the natural world. Further analysis and data from observation reveal local ecological knowledge associated with characteristics of carnivores. Oral memories about coexistence of humans with wolf and lynx in the late 20th century in Baixo Alentejo are described. Humans are recognized as one of the predators in a complex and apparent dualistic view of domestic and wild realms associated with past control practices. In its reintroduction area the threatened Iberian lynx raised much interest locally and after being classified as an “outsider” it became the centre of touristification. This case study characterizes a European rural scenario “among predators” where nature conservation is facing challenges and Anthropology has an opportunity of interdisciplinary application.

Growing up Gravettian: Bioarchaeological perspectives on adolescence in the European Mid-Upper Paleolithic

Adolescence is a stage of development unique to the human life course, during which key social, physical, and cognitive milestones are reached. Nonetheless, both the experience of adolescence and the role(s) of adolescents in the past have received little scholarly attention. Here we combine a broad interpretative framework for adolescence among prehistoric hunter-gatherers with direct bioarchaeological (burial) data to examine the lives of teenagers in the European Mid-Upper Paleolithic or Gravettian (∼35–25,000 years ago). Comparisons of the burial practices of individuals of different age classes (infant, child, adolescent, adult), as well as between adolescents who died at different ages, reveal some patterns related to adolescence in these communities, including 1) fewer distinctions based on sex among adolescents compared to adults; 2) differences between the sexes in age-at-death within our ‘adolescent’ age class—with females disproportionally dying later—potentially indicating high risks associated with first pregnancy; 3) distinctions in grave goods and diet among adolescents of different ages-at-death which we tentatively interpret as providing an emic perspective on the beginning of adolescence as defined by Pleistocene hunter-gatherers. Nonetheless, our analysis supports long-standing models of a distinct, continent-wide European Mid-Upper Paleolithic funerary tradition, with the burial data expressing social cohesion, rather than social distinctions, between age classes.

The Content and Sources of Breastfeeding Knowledge for New Mothers in the Netherlands

Background: In the context of decreasing breastfeeding rates and unsuccessful breastfeeding promotion campaigns, a qualitative research project in the Northern part of the Netherlands was initiated. Objectives: As part of the overall project, the aim of this study was to explore the content and sources of breastfeeding knowledge among primiparous women. Identifying and categorizing the content and the sources of breastfeeding knowledge could guide professionals such as midwives and maternity nurses as well as others in the women’s surroundings to engage in disseminating knowledge and therefore support women in achieving their breastfeeding goals. Methods: We conducted 26 in-depth interviews from the emic perspective with 13 new mothers pre- and postpartum, up to saturation level. Transcripts were analysed applying thematic analysis. As sensitising concepts, the themes identified were divided into two categories: those gained from 'professional' sources and those obtained from 'popular' sources. Results: Five knowledge content themes were identified: (1) pros and cons of breastfeeding, (2) how breastfeeding works, (3) individual breastfeeding practice, (4) expressing milk, and (5) formula feeding. ‘Professional’ sources are perceived as more helpful than ‘popular’ sources, whereas ‘intuition’ was inductively identified as an important knowledge source. Conclusion: Limited breastfeeding practice exposure, along with the recommendations to breastfeed for six months and perceptions of breastfeeding as ‘natural’ at the same time, generates much pressure in women. Emphasizing all knowledge content in campaigns, addressing a variety of target groups in women’s social environment, and recognizing intuition as an adequate source of knowledge supported by professionals will facilitate women in making informed infant feeding decisions.

Marra Wonga: Archaeological and contemporary First Nations interpretations of one of central Queensland’s largest rock art sites

A large sandstone rock art site, Marra Wonga, near Barcaldine, central Queensland, is the focus of this paper. This 160-metre-long rock shelter is estimated to have over 15,000 petroglyphs, which are mostly animal tracks, lines, grooves and drilled holes, as well as 111 hand-related and object stencils. There is also a cluster of human-shaped foot petroglyphs on the floor of the shelter, some with six or more toes. Unique compositions on the shelter wall include seven large, engraved star-like designs with central engraved pits and large, engraved snake-like designs running across and through other petroglyphs. We describe and discuss some of the features of Marra Wonga from archaeological (etic) and ethnographic (emic) perspectives, especially in terms of the significance of a petroglyph of an anthropomorph, seven star-like designs seemingly made as part of a composition, the large snake-like designs, and six-toed human feet. Today, Marra Wonga is a teaching site used to tell important cultural stories that are connected to many other places through the imagery and Dreaming Tracks, as well as a tourist destination managed by the Yambangku Aboriginal Cultural Heritage and Tourism Development Aboriginal Corporation (YACHATDAC), with whom we partnered for this research.

Persepsi Remaja Putri Cilacap tentang Pernikahan Dini (Sebuah Perspektif Emik dan Etik)

This article aims to answer questions about how young women in Cilacap Regency perceive early marriage and marriage in general. To approach this problem, emic and etic concept references are used. The data were collected in a qualitative way through in-depth interviews with 15 participants. The data obtained were then made in the form of a manuscript to obtain a general description of the object of research. The data from the interviews were analyzed using an emic perspective which was then juxtaposed with objective data using an etic perspective. The criteria for informants in this study were young women aged 15-19 years in Cimanggu District, never married or people who were not involved in marriage, had sufficient time and ability to provide information during the research process, and knew about marriage and early marriage. This study concludes that the negative perceptions of young women in Cimanggu District, Cilacap Regency towards early marriage are (1) the quality of marriage, (2) the things that are sacrificed, (3) health risks, and (4) role responsibilities.

Cerita on Calonarang Dance Drama

Cerita on <i>Calonarang</i> Dance Drama

Physiological Validation of the Burnout Inventory for Korean

To better understand the emic perspectives of Korean organizational working society, the Korean Burnout Syndrome Inventory (KBSI) was developed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of physiological indicators with the results obtained from the KBSI through the secretion of hormones in the blood. First, all participants were divided into three groups (i.e. burnout diagnosis group, potential risk group, and general) according to the response scores on the KBSI. Second, differences in hormone levels (Cortisol, DHEA-s, and cortisol/DHEA-s) in the blood related to burnout among three groups were collected and analyzed. The cortisol concentration in the burnout diagnosis group was statistically significantly higher than those in the potential risk group and the general group. In terms of DHEA-s, the burnout diagnosis group showed the highest score but presented no significant difference statistically against the potential risk group. In the comparison of the ratio of cortisol to DHEA-s (cortisol/DHEA-s ratio), the burnout diagnosis group showed statistically significantly lower than the other groups. In sum, sufficient clinical validity has been secured to measure the status of individuals’ burnout levels through the KBSI, without additional physiological analysis to check the status of individuals’ burnout levels.

Cultural Factors Influencing Mental Health Stigma: Perceptions of Mental Illness (POMI) in Pakistani Emerging Adults

Pakistan has a fast-growing, young, and highly religious population. Mental health literacy and care in Pakistan do not meet the population’s needs, and mental health stigma (MHS) is cited as the cause. Explanations for MHS across cultures include collectivism, and sociocultural-religious/spiritual beliefs and values surrounding mental illness and those who experience it. MHS interventions and campaigns that aim to improve help-seeking behaviors require insight into the emic perspectives of each target population. Although these perspectives have been elusive for Pakistanis, they are more available today due to growing interest in studying and improving Pakistani mental health. This cross-sectional study of 92 Pakistani emerging adults explored whether collectivism was associated with stigmatizing attitudes toward mental illness. This study also piloted the Perceptions of Mental Illness (POMI) questionnaire, a 44-item true/false survey customized to the Pakistani context, to assess how mental health knowledge, perceptions, exposure, and help-seeking preferences related to stigmatizing attitudes. Results indicated that the POMI provided unique insights into Pakistani beliefs and attitudes that relate to both stigmatizing attitudes and collectivism. With further development, the POMI may be used to guide the design of mental health awareness programs in Pakistan, ultimately helping to reduce MHS and increase help seeking when needed.

Effects of the Doctrine of Discovery: A Strive to Build Sustainable and Peaceful Communities in North East India

The article analyzes the Doctrine of Discovery, which advocates racial superiority and colonization of indigenous lands. Indigenous people of North East India continually strive for sustainable and peaceful situation. A strong relational bond between the ethnic tribes and the environment is fundamental for self-determination, sustainability, and peace. Consequently, humans bond with land stirs a readiness to sacrifice their lives for their motherland juxtaposed in the precarious context of international boundaries and past colonial annexations. The colonial-influenced literature has molded their ethnic identity. This further leads to an upsurge of emic historical and anthropological perspective writings, framing their history, interaction with the environment, the rise of ethnic consciousness and identity politics. There is a continuous struggle to free themselves from the colonial enslavement of the Doctrine of Discovery that has ultimately encroached on their land and culture.

The Balearic Islands in ‘Island Encyclopaedias’, 700 BCE–1700 CE: An historical and archaeological assessment of island knowledge production with suggestions for future research

Historical ‘island encyclopaedias’ (isolarii, islarios, ‘de insulis’) and their predecessors (Nesiotikà, peripli) were predominately written by authors of the Mediterranean region from the 7th century BCE to the 17th century CE. In this article, we first present an overview of these sources geared towards an Island Studies readership and next consider two main questions: First, how was knowledge about islands produced in the past? And second, can these historical sources motivate new questions for future research? The Balearic Islands have been selected to investigate these questions due to their long history of settlements and trade networks, which prompted their inclusion in many encyclopaedias. In addition, local archaeological and historical sources permit a comparison of emic and etic perspectives. Topics of analysis include descriptions of geography, cultural customs and resource use (including oil, wine, animals, salt, and freshwater), each selected with a view to future comparative studies.

The Interrelations of Genre in Traditional Cambodian Music and Theatre

This article examines the interrelation and adaptation of musical and extramusical song features among the Cambodian genres of phleng kar (wedding music), phleng arak (music for arak spirits), lkhaon yiikee and lkhaon bassac (sung-danced theatre genres). It aims to discuss the concept of genre classification from the emic perspective of the Cambodian practitioners showing how they talk and think about their music; and to explore the kinds of culture-specific markers employed by Khmer musicians to distinguish their genres. Through selected case studies I show the interrelation of songs sharing the same title with different tunes; songs with same title and similar tunes; and songs with a different title but similar tunes. To these case studies I then applied music transcriptions and analysed musical and extramusical parameters to consider the exchange of musical features and performance analysis to consider the ritual context. This study shows how classification and categorization of genres, even when genres overlap, reflect sociocultural aspects and are attached to a set of musical and extramusical components.

The Multi-Etnik Community Integration Model in Bali: Pholosphical Base and Proto Multiculturalism in Balinese Society

Ethnic conflicts that occurred in various regions in Indonesia did not occur in Bali Province. There is a set of values that are used as the basis for building unity in diversity. These values are crossed and cut, so they can be used as shared values and unifying values. This research aims at describing the integration of multicultural society’s shared place of worship and the integration of multicultural society in traditional organizations in Bali Province. This study used a qualitative approach, which described the integration model of Balinese multicultural society based on etic and emic perspectives. The research instruments used were interview guidelines, observation guidelines, and documentation study guidelines. The integration model of multicultural communities in Bali is developed on religious activities through the construction of a shared place of worship in one area, with temples and musholla. In the social life, A multi-ethnic community established common traditional organizations such as Pecalang and Subak which protect all people. The establishment of multicultural society integration in Bali is due to the shared values that are believed by the multi-ethnic community and the existence of traditional cross-cutting organizations. The shared values are used as guidelines for living together in religious, social and cultural activities.

The effect of religiosity on life satisfaction: A meta-analysis

This article intends to synthesise the results of various studies related to the influence of religiosity on life satisfaction, with the aim of mapping how religiosity variables influence people’s life satisfaction in multiple countries. Additionally, this study seeks to identify the development of research issues regarding religiosity and life satisfaction. For this reason, a meta-analysis approach was applied to synthesise 21 articles quantitatively, and the systematic literature review (SLR) approach was used to narrate the development of issues concerning religiosity and life satisfaction in 40 articles. In general, this study succeeds in demonstrating that the influence of the religiosity variable on life satisfaction in various study samples is linear and has a positive effect.Contribution: The dimensions of religiosity and life satisfaction are still very limited to the characteristics of disciplines attached to researchers. This resulted in the dimension being repeatedly used (redundancy) in various studies, resulting in the second dimension of the issue (i.e., religiosity and life satisfaction) being less developed. Therefore, it contributes to the issues as a foundation of new directions, i.e., emic perspectives, in understanding the relationship between religiosity and life satisfaction.

Identifying ELF: an interdisciplinary perspective on social categories in lingua franca research

Abstract Researchers have a number of methodological tools and theoretical frameworks at their disposal when examining how English language identities are constructed in lingua franca encounters, including a conversation analytic understanding of an “emic social reality”; according to this perspective, a speaker’s identity falls within the interests of a researcher if, and only when, it is made relevant through social interaction. This paper builds on this tradition by studying how language identities can be understood from multiple analytic perspectives, including from an emic perspective. Drawing from a corpus of chat room data, the study examines how the social categories used by interactants to engage in identity work, such as categories that are inherently deficit in orientation (e.g., foreign language learner), may not precisely align with the preferred categories used in the lingua franca literature, such as categories that are more positive in nature (e.g., expert language user). These observations are used to explore some of the general methodological issues that exist when situating an analysis of identity within the study of lingua franca interactions.

It may be urgent, but is it important? A look at how employees evaluate their emails

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a study designed to identify the cues employees use to identify an email as important and/or urgent. Taking an emic perspective, a qualitative research methodology is used to analyze interview responses from knowledge workers. Our findings support the notion that employees use strategies similar to those encapsulated in Mitchell et al.’s (1997) operationalization of stakeholder salience when evaluating an email's importance and/or urgency. Results from this study can be used to design email policies to support knowledge worker performance.

Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman and Ancient Jewish Worlds

Abstract In Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World, Radcliffe Edmonds provides us with a new etic framework for understanding ancient magic, but one steeped in the emic perspectives of the actual practitioners and clients as preserved in the literary, epigraphic, and archaeological evidence. In this paper I examine Edmonds’s findings in relation to the ancient Jewish magical and mystical traditions found mainly in Sefer HaRazim, “The Book of the Mysteries,” a late-antique ritual handbook written in Hebrew.