Emery Paper Research Articles

Cleanroom-free fabrication of flexible capacitive pressure sensors using paintable silver electrodes on stationery paper and random microstructured polydimethylsiloxane dielectric layer

Abstract In this work, we propose a facile, low-cost, and cleanroom-free approach for fabricating flexible capacitive pressure sensors based on paintable Ag electrodes on stationery paper substrates (Ag–paper electrodes) and a random microstructured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) dielectric layer transferred from emery paper. COMSOL Multiphysics simulations and experimental investigations suggest that the pressure sensor with random microstructured PDMS dielectric layer performs better than the sensor with ordered micropyramidal dielectric layer. The developed Ag–paper electrode and random microstructured PDMS dielectric layer-based pressure sensors are workable in a wide pressure range (up to 630 kPa) and exhibit a high sensitivity of 0.132 kPa−1 up to 1 kPa, low hysteresis (6.6%) with loading–unloading of ∼500 kPa pressure, high stability during a ∼5250 cyclic test, and the ability to sense a low pressure of ∼27 Pa. The developed sensor also successfully transduces arterial pulse wave forms when it is properly attached to the wrist. Using the proposed process, a flexible capacitive pressure sensor matrix of 4 × 4 array is also successfully developed for single- and multiple-point pressure mapping with minimal cross-talk. The proposed sensor process is simple and inexpensive to implement, and offers spatial pressure mapping for e-skin applications.

Effect of Strain Hardening on Wear Resistance Property of 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel

The main purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of strain hardening on wear properties of 316 austenitic stainless steel (ASS). Cold deformation was performed by using a universal tensile machine for 20% CW and 40% CW followed by heat treatment to relieve internal stresses. A secondary cold working process was performed for the heat-treated samples followed by a secondary heat treatment. Wear test measurements and microscopic examinations were preformed for all samples. It was observed that by increasing the strain hardening percentage the hard brittle martensite phase increases. Also, by increasing both the SiC grit of the emery papers (which was used in the wear test) and the time of the wear test, the weight lost per unit area was decreased. The wear resistance was increased by using single and double 20% strain hardening but by exceeding the cold working to more than 40% the wear resistance decreased.

Joining of Copper and Aluminum Alloy A6061 Plates at Edges by High-Speed Sliding with Compression

By using the joined or welded materials of dissimilar metals, the characteristics and performance of products and parts can be improved. The combination of copper and aluminum is difficult to weld. In this study, the impact joining of copper C1100 and aluminum alloy A6061-T6 plates at the edges was investigated to explore the appropriate joining conditions. The plates are joined with newly created surfaces generated by the high-speed compressive deformation with sliding motion. The shape near the interface was a tapered trapezoid with a flat top. The joining length in the plate thickness direction was shorter than the plate thickness, and notches were observed near both plate surfaces. The length became slightly longer by setting a larger top width of the C1100 plate than that of A6061-T6. The joint efficiency increased by approximately 10%. Applying the emery paper finish to the surface of the plate eliminated the non-joining result in multiple experiments. The finishing direction is effective only in the longitudinal direction of the plate. In the tensile test on the dumbbell-type specimen with reduced thickness to eliminate notches, most results showed a fracture at the C1100 portion. The estimated temperature rise of the C1100 is more than about 250 K during the impact deformation. Hence, the strength of the A6061-T6 becomes lower than that of C1100 during the process, and the softened layer of aluminum comes out under pressure, resulting in good joining performance.

High-Performance Paper-Based Thermoelectric Generator from Cu2SnS3 Nanocubes and Bulk-Traced Bismuth.

Flexible paper-based thermoelectric generators (PTEGs) have drawn significant interest in recent years due to their various advantages such as flexibility, adaptability, environment friendliness, low cost, and easy fabrication process. However, the reported PTEG's output performance still lags behind the performance of other flexible devices as it is not so easy to obtain a compact film on a paper-based substrate with desirable power output with the standard thermoelectric (TE) materials that have been previously utilized. In this direction, Cu2SnS3 (CTS), an earth-abundant, ternary sulfide, can be a good choice p-type semiconductor, when paired with a suitable n-type TE material. In this article, CTS nanocubes are synthesized via a simple hot injection method and a thick film device on emery paper was prepared and optimized. Furthermore, a flexible, 20-pair PTEG is fabricated with p-type CTS legs and traced and pressed n-type bismuth legs assembled using Kapton tape that produced a significantly high output power of 2.18 μW (output power density ∼0.85 nW cm-2 K-1) for a temperature gradient of ΔT = 80 K. The TE properties are also supported by finite element simulation. The bending test conducted for the PTEG suggests device stability for up to 800 cycles with <0.05% change in the internal resistance. A proof-of-concept field-based demonstration for energy harvesting from waste heat of a motorbike exhaust is shown recovering an output power of ∼42 nW for ΔT = 20 K, corroborating the experimental and theoretical results.

Influence of surface polishing on the degradation behavior of biodegradable Magnesium alloy

Mechanical polishing can significantly improve the surface integrity of Mg alloys to reduce the corrosion rate (CR) by minimizing the galvanic corrosion sites. In this study, an emery-polishing attachment on a lathe machine has been used for surface polishing of as-turned cylindrical ZM21 Mg alloy. Using Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array, three process variables with three levels were investigated and optimized for minimum surface roughness (Ra and Rz values) of Mg-alloy samples. The minimum surface roughness values of Ra; 195 nm and Rz; 1481 nm were obtained corresponding to emery paper (EP) grade; 2000, rotational speed; 250 rpm, and polishing time; 2 min. An in-vitro immersion study was conducted in simulated body fluid (SBF) for up to 28 days to investigate the degradation behavior of as-turned and as-polished Mg alloy samples. In-vitro study showed that the as-turned samples (surface roughness; Ra: 640 nm, Rz: 4640 nm) had a higher degradation rate (CR: 3.9 mm year−1 after 28 days) with a higher volume of H2 evolution rate, whereas the polished sample with the minimum surface roughness (Ra: 195 nm, Rz: 1481 nm) exhibited lower weight loss, H2 release rate, degradation rate (CR: 0.95 mm year−1 after 28 days) and minimum loss of mechanical strength. Based on the present study, polishing is recommended as a secondary operation after machining of Mg alloy to reduce the corrosion rate for biodegradable implant applications.

The Casting and Hot Forging of Low-Carbon Copper-Bearing Steel and Its Substructural Characterization

The casting of metal alloys followed by hot forging is a widely used manufacturing technology to produce a homogeneous microstructure. The combination of mechanical and thermal energy envisages the microstructural properties of metal alloys. In the present investigation, a metal alloy of composition 0.05C-1.52Cu-1.51Mn (in weight %) was cast in an induction furnace using a zirconia crucible. The melt pool was monitored using optical emission spectroscopy (OES) to maintain the desired composition. The as-cast block was then subjected to forging under a pneumatic hammer of 0.5 t capacity so that any casting defects were eliminated. The as-cast block was reheated to a temperature of 1050 °C and held at that temperature for 6 h to homogenize, followed by hammering with a 50% strain using a pneumatic hammer. The microhardness was calculated using a Vickers microhardness testing apparatus. The microstructure characterization of the processed alloy was carried out using an optical microscope, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXA), and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The sample for optical microscopy was cut using a diamond cutter grinding machine and surface polishing was carried out using emery paper. Further, mechanical polishing was performed to prepare the samples for EBSD using a TEGRAPOL polishing machine. The EBSD apparatus was operated at a 20 kV accelerating voltage, 25 mm from the gun, and with a 60 µ aperture size. HKL Technology Channel 5 Software was used for the post-processing of EBSD maps. The procedure of standard polishing for OES and TEM sample preparation was followed. Recrystallization envisages equiaxed grain formation in hot forging; hence, the strain-free grains were observed in the strained matrix. The lower distribution of recrystallized grains indicated that the driving force for recrystallization was not abundant enough to generate a fully recrystallized microstructure. The fractional distribution of the misorientation angle between 15 and 60° confirms the formation of grain boundaries (having a misorientation angle greater than 15°) and dislocations/subgrain/substructures (having a misorientation angle less than 15°). The fraction of misorientation angle distribution was higher between the angles 0.5 and 6.5°; afterwards, it decreased for higher angles. The substructure was observed in the vicinity of grain boundaries. The softening process released certain strains, but still, the dislocation was observed to be deposited mostly in the vicinity of grain boundaries and at the grain interior. The fine precipitates of the microalloying element copper were observed in the range of size in nanometers. However, the densities of these precipitates were limited and most of these precipitates were deposited at the grain interior. The microhardness of 210.8 Hv and mean subgrain size of 1.61 µ were observed the enhanced microhardness was due to the limited recrystallized grains and accumulation of dislocations/subgrain/substructures.

Occupational Exposure of Footwear Roughing Dust during Footwear Manufacturing Process

Footwear roughing dust (FRD) is generated from roughing operations involved in footwear manufacturing. The dust is created by the friction of emery paper against the grain surface of finished leather. FRD coming from finished leather is likely to contain chromium, which is widely used for leather processing. Generally, chromium is found in two forms in the leather industry, namely Cr (III) and Cr (VI), of which the latter has an evident and adverse effect on human health. This study aims to identify the major effects of FRD on workers’ health and to find out the correlation with the factors influencing those adverse health effects. In this study, a survey among 30 roughing operators from eight footwear factories in Bangladesh was conducted. The major health effects of FRD are eye irritation, skin itching, chest pain, coughing, and fatigue. This study constructed three hypotheses to investigate whether human health is affected by FRD with working experience, the age of workers, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). The results showed that working experience and use of PPE have distinct influences on the health effects caused by FRD, whereas workers’ age has no impact on their health effects. Finally, some recommendations are formulated to prevent or mitigate workers’ adverse health effects in order to ensure a better working environment in the footwear industry.

Trefftz functions methods in analysis of the effect of enhanced heated surface on FC-72 flow boiling in minichannels

This paper focuses on time-dependent flow boiling heat transfer. The main element of the research stand was the test section with 11 rectangular minichannels of 1 mm depth. The FC-72 was heated by a thin foil during upward flow. The temperature of the outer surface of the foil was measured by infrared thermography. Two types of foil surface were tested: smooth and enhanced with recesses produced using emery paper. The main objective was to verify whether the enhanced surface helps to obtain a better heat transfer efficiency compared to the smooth surface. The 2D mathematical model of heat transfer was proposed, while methods with Trefftz functions were applied to solve the time-dependent problem of heat transfer. The Robin condition was used to determine heat transfer coefficients at the interface between the foil and the fluid. Experimental data on temperature and pressure and their validation were presented and discussed. Results based on the heat transfer coefficients were provided. They covered the calculation procedure, the determination of the mean relative error and results validation with using the 1D approach. The heat transfer coefficients as a consequence of application of the Trefftz method and the hybrid Picard-Trefftz method in the calculation procedure with comparison analysis of the results were shown. Furthermore, comparisons aimed at obtaining the results characteristic for smooth and enhanced surfaces were also conducted. In the experiment with an enhanced heated surface, the values of the heat transfer coefficient appeared to be higher. Boiling curves were illustrated and discussed.

Study on the fretting wear behaviour of AZ91/BLA MMCs and the implications that BLA has on that behaviour

The core objective of this research is to develop an eco-friendly and cost-efficient engineering material termed “green composites.” These composites utilize waste bamboo leaf ash as a reinforcing element. Incorporating bamboo leaf ash into these composites offers several advantages due to its affordability, wide availability, and the presence of essential chemical compounds such as SiO2, CaO, TiO2, Al2O3, and others. Consequently, this investigation also examines the impact of bamboo leaf ash enriched with silica (referred to as BLA) on the fretting wear behaviour of Mg/BLA green composites. To create these composites, a bottom pouring stir casting setup was employed, with varying concentrations of BLA (1 wt% and 2 wt%) and reinforcement particles sized between 50 and 75 µm. The resulting cast products underwent machining in accordance with established testing standards and were subsequently polished using emery paper. These prepared samples were then subjected to testing in a fretting wear setup, utilizing a ball-on-flat contact configuration. The worn surfaces were thoroughly examined under a microscope, and data on the coefficient of friction were collected from the machine interface. The inclusion of BLA in the green composite enhanced the load-bearing capacity of the composite. Additionally, elements like CaO present in BLA acted as self-lubricating materials, resulting in a 21% reduction in the coefficient of friction and a 22% reduction in wear loss compared to the base alloy. The analysis of worn surfaces suggested that adhesive wear followed by oxidative and abrasive wear, were the predominant wear mechanisms in these green composites. Such environmentally-friendly materials with improved wear resistance properties have potential applications in situations prone to fretting wear.

The Effect of Mechanical Pretreatment on the Electrochemical Characteristics of PEO Coatings Prepared on Magnesium Alloy AZ80.

The main objective of this article is to provide new information on the effects of mechanical pretreatment of AZ80 magnesium alloy ground with SiC emery papers of different grain sizes on the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process and corrosion properties of AZ80 in 0.1 M NaCl solution. Then, the roughness of the coated samples was measured by confocal microscopy. The corrosion properties of the ground and coated surfaces were determined by potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) within 1 h of exposure, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed during 168 h of exposure at laboratory temperature. Consequently, the obtained results of the PDP measurements were evaluated by the Tafel analysis and the EIS evaluation was performed by the equivalent circuit analysis through Nyquist diagrams. The morphology and structure of PEO coatings were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) through the secondary imaging technology, and the presence of certain elements in PEO coatings was analyzed by EDS analysis.

Influence of Surface Roughness on Nanocrystalline Diamond Films Deposited by Distributed Antenna Array Microwave System on TA6V Substrates

In this study, the characteristics of nanocrystalline diamond films synthesized at low surface temperature on Ti-6Al-4V (TA6V) substrates using a distributed antenna array microwave reactor aiming at biomedical applications were investigated. The surface roughness of the TA6V substrates is varied by scratching with emery paper of 1200, 2400, 4000 polishing grit. Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) coatings with morphology, purity, and microstructure comparable to those obtained on silicon substrates usually employed in the same reactor and growth conditions are successfully achieved whatever the polishing protocol. However, the latter has a significant effect on the roughness parameters and hardness of the NCD films. The use of the finest polishing grit thus permits us to enhance the hardness value, which can be related to the work-hardening phenomenon arising from the polishing process.

Optimizing Output Performances in Stationery Papers–Based Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Flexible Thermoelectric Generators

Flexible and foldable paper‐based thermoelectric generators (PTEGs) have drawn industrial attention due to the wide applications in heat energy harvesting and sensing. Herein, optimization of the output performances of flexible and hybrid inorganic–organic PTEGs fabricated on stationery paper substrates from poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and graphite as p‐type and n‐type materials, respectively, is presented. By choosing simplistic processes such as polyethyleneimine (PEI)‐treated graphite pencil traces and brush‐painted PEDOT:PSS films, robust and sustainable PTEG devices are fabricated. It is first time shown that different qualities of stationery papers can have significant impact on the output performance of PTEGs, attributed to their variance in substrate roughness. Thus, output powers of ≈1.93 and ≈0.68 nW for ΔT = 70 K are obtained for TE generators prepared from emery and office paper legs (four‐pair assembled on Kapton), respectively, suggesting emery paper to have significant better performance. Transient flexibility and fatigue of each device type are also tested where emery paper–based PTEG appears to be more robust. A detail comparison of the device performances on the different types of paper substrates are exclusively presented experimentally and thereafter computationally validated by COMSOL modeling to predictably control and enhance the output performance of reported PTEGs.

Effect of viscosity of experimental universal adhesive on bond strength to dentin prepared with Er:YAG laser

The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of universal adhesive (UA) viscosity on the bond strength of resin composite to dentin prepared with Er:YAG laser. Four experimental UAs (SI-1, SI-2, SI-3, and SI-4) were developed by adding 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt/% nanosilica to BeautyBond Xtreme (Shofu), respectively. BeautyBond Xtreme was used as a control (SI-0). The viscosities of experimental UAs were measured using a B-type viscometer. After bovine mandibular anterior teeth were ground with #600 emery paper to obtain the flattened dentin surfaces, the dentin surfaces were cut thinly by irradiating the Er:YAG laser. Specimens were prepared using the respective UA and flowable resin composite and subjected to the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) test. The data from viscosity measurement and the μTBS test were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. The mean values of viscosity significantly differed among the all experimental groups (p < 0.01). The μTBS of SI-1 and SI-2 was significantly higher than that of SI-0, SI-3, and SI-4 (p < 0.001). The μTBS of SI-0 was significantly lower than that of SI-4 (p < 0.001). The viscosities of the experimental universal adhesives significantly affected their bond strength to laser-cut dentin.

Effect of fiber content and wear parameters on abrasive wear behaviour of abutilon indicum fiber reinforced epoxy composites and its prediction using ANFIS

Applications of natural fiber-reinforced composites are growing tremendously from the last two decades, due to their exceptional properties over synthetic fiber-reinforced composites. For many engineering applications, better mechanical and tribological properties are the major requirements of polymer composites. As a result of this, investigation of the wear properties of polymer composites is an important characteristic. For this purpose, a three-body abrasive wear analysis was carried out using a pin-on disc experimental setup as per ASTM G 99 standards. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the specific wear of the abutilon indicum fiber reinforced epoxy composite with variations of fiber content, load, speed, and time. An emery polishing paper of grade 1/0 was attached to the disc to find the wear against the abrasive particles. The box-Behnken design was used to carry out the experimental trials and the results are noted down. The highest specific wear rate was observed to be 2.9 E12 at 10 ​wt% of fiber and at 30 ​N load. Wear properties were predicted using the ANFIS technique and compared with the experimental values. Moreover, SEM analysis was also carried out on the wear samples to study morphology and revealed that the worn surface contains micro-cracks, matrix debonding, and debris.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF ABRASIVE MATERIALS PRODUCED FROM SNAIL SHELLS AND SILICA

Surface finishing operation is a very vital aspect of the manufacturing process and would not fully be achieved without abrasives such as emery paper. Some materials used in the production of abrasives like alumina (Al2O3), and Boron Carbide (B4C) are expensive thereby limiting their usage. This work is aimed at producing abrasive materials from snail shells, silica (SiO2), and epoxy resin while melamine formaldehyde acts as a hardener. The raw materials used were sieved according to ASTM E11-20 standard to obtain an average particle size of 400 µm. The composites were produced by varying different amounts of the epoxy resin as well as the other materials. The samples were analysed using physical, mechanical, and microstructural characterization techniques. An analysis of the results showed that as the content of the epoxy resin in the composite increased, the hardness values increased. The wear rate of the samples containing snail shell powders are higher than those containing only silica. The morphology of the samples obtained through microstructural tests revealed that the silica-based abrasive has better interfacial bonding which helped to confer strength. Therefore, silica can be used to produce abrasives with the required mechanical properties comparable to those of conventional abrasives.

Flexible Thermoelectric Generator from Bulk Graphite and Bismuth Traces on Emery Paper

Flexible thermoelectrics (TEs) involving simplified processeability are attractive, with limited choice of materials and low endurance, remaining as major challenges. Herein, an economic emery paper‐based thermoelectric generator (PTEG) from graphite as p‐type leg and bismuth as n‐type leg is introduced, prepared by simple bulk tracing. Tracing provides a feasible approach to modulate the TE properties, as supported by finite‐element analysis. From individual bismuth trace a power factor of 5.85 μW m−1 K−2≈100 °C (2.09 μWm−1 K−2at room temperature (RT)) and for graphite a power factor 7.7 μW m−1 K−2at ≈100 °C (≈5.1 μW m−1 K−2at RT) is obtained. A six‐pair p–n module‐integrated PTEG drives an open‐circuit voltage of 35.8 mV producing an output power of 14.6 nW whereas from a 60‐pair PTEG, voltage ≈348 mV with ≈137.5 nW output power is produced for ΔT ≈ 70 K. The scalability of the fabricated PTEGs is understood from Seebeck voltage being directly proportional to the number of p–n modules and is further tested for harvesting waste heat from electronics. This facile approach may be extended to other organic and inorganic TE materials, contributing to the research in self‐powered heat sensors, wearables, and as thermal harvesters in IoT equipment.

Assisting gas effect on cutting process of Formica and Emery paper using low power (1.6 Watt) laser diode

1.6 W diode laser operating at 808nm was used to cut Formica and Emery paper. The laser light was concentratedon the samples’ surfaces by using a positive lens. Comparison was made between the results of cutting quality obtained when using active and non-active assisting gasses. The results obtained revealedthe possibility of obtaining optimum cuts when selecting carefully the cutting parameters and environment.0.36 mm Emery paper was the best example for showing the effect of processing gas on cutting quality. The penetration depths for this material when employing ordinary air, O2 and CO2 were: 0.13, 0.36 and 0.16 mm with cutting kerfs of 0.23, 0.33 and 0.26 mm respectively. The use of O2 helped achieving a full penetration cutting of this material but with deformed cutting edges whereas the use of CO2 gas helped maintaining minimum material removal but on the expenses of the cutting depth

Assessment of the effect of surface roughness on electrochemical characteristics of AZ80 magnesium alloy treated by PEO

The main purpose of this article, is to provide the evaluation of the influence of selected pre-treatment method, mainly grinding by various emery papers, which were used before the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process to assess the electrochemical characteristics of AZ80 magnesium alloy in 0.1 M NaCl solution. Moreover, the exposure time of the PEO pretreatment was set on 14 min. Subsequently, the surface roughness of PEO coatings was analyzed by confocal microscope. In the next step, electrochemical characteristics of ground surfaces with prepared PEO coatings were determined by the potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) at the laboratory temperature.

Analiza laserskog i ručnog stvaranja efekata brkova i procesa struganja u pogledu industrijskog inženjerstva i održivosti za industriju pranja denima

Whisker and scrapping is a well-known dry process in the denim washing industry. Whisker is the worn-out lines and impression patterns generated by natural wearing on hips and front thigh area. On the other hand, to create a distressed look hand scrapping is applied on the front thigh, upper back knee, upper pocket side, or overall area of a denim garment. Nowadays those are common dry processes for denim wash. Those are used to increase the fashionable look of a denim garment. Whisker and scraping are the first process of the denim dry process. There are many types of whisker and scrapping process for denim garments. In the manual version generally, it is done by pattern, chalk, and emery paper. Another popular and well-established way is laser burning. Both process is well qualified to meet consumer demand. The final outlook and outcome are also the same for both processes. But here the main issue is SMV, per-hour output, Manpower, and Sustainability. For manual processes, SMV is more and Per hour output is less as a result the production is less, and extra manpower is required. For manual scrapping PP spray process is required to increase the distress look. That's why this process is not sustainable for the application of potassium permanganate (PP Spray). For laser burning, the machine output is much higher for machine operation less manpower is required. And here the laser effect enhancing chemical is applied instead of PP spray which is a sustainable process. As a result, production must be higher for a washing plant by implementing a laser burning process instead of a manual process.

Effect of surface and contact points modification on the output performance of triboelectric nanogenerator

It is common to use a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Enhancing charge generation within TENG device is a massive challenge. The current study has investigated the potential application of surface-modified aluminium foils using commercially available emery papers with different grit sizes. The Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) based on surface-modified Al substrates (SM-TENG) have shown higher triboelectric performances than plane aluminium-based TENG device. The triboelectric open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current (Isc) of the SM-TENG device were around 138.1 V and 27.78 µA, that was around 2.4 times and 2.5 times greater than plane aluminium-based TENG. This study offers an awfully straightforward and reasonable way to modify any surface. Further, we have introduced ZnS nanosheets (NSs) arrays on the surface-modified aluminium substrate by hydrothermal growth for increase in its effective contact area. The modified TENG with ZnS exhibited a Voc and Isc of ∼262 V and ∼ 56 µA, respectively, which were around 4.6 and 5 times than the plane aluminium-based TENG. The as-fabricated TENG shows a remarkable output power density of ∼1.325 W/m2 at a low load resistance of ∼2 MΩ. The mechanical sturdiness of the line patterned ZnS NSs based TENG device was also tested for ∼10,000 cycles with no noticeable performance degradation. This facile and inexpensive surface patterning process is advantageous in terms of practicality. In addition, the electrical energy produced by the TENG device was able to turn on 40 white LEDs, 56 green LEDs and 100 red LEDs individually. As a result, the suggested TENG has been evidenced reliable and applicable for powering low-power electronics devices.