Emergency Response System Research Articles

EMS location-allocation problem under uncertainties

Emergencies, especially those considered routine (i.e., occurring on a daily basis), pose great threats to health, life, and property. Immediate response and treatment can greatly mitigate these threats. This research is conducted to optimize the locations of ambulance stations, deployment of ambulances, and dispatch of vehicles under demand and traffic uncertainty, which are the main factors that influence emergency response time. The research problem is formulated as a dynamic scenario-based two-stage stochastic programming model, aiming to minimize the total cost while responding to as much demand as possible. The Sample Average Approximation is proposed to approximate the original problem using a limited number of scenarios, and a two-phase Benders Decomposition solution scheme is proposed to accelerate computation, especially when solving a large-sized problem. Numerical experiments using real-world emergency data are conducted to validate the performance of the solution method. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. We additionally conduct a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the influences of crucial parameters, including the response time standard, facility capacity, service capacity, and facility heterogeneity. The managerial insights derived from sensitivity analysis will provide valuable guidance for the design of an emergency response system in practice.

UAV-Mounted Cloudlet Systems for Emergency Response in Industrial Areas

The advancements in Internet of Things (IoT) and embedded systems, 5G networks and next-generation wireless systems, and embedded and distributed artificial intelligence are empowering Industry 4.0. In this new industrial era, smart autonomous and connected systems will improve efficiency, reduce cost and pollution, and increase productivity and safety in industrial 4.0 based applications. Nevertheless, the new generation technologies mentioned above have not been explored to improve safety in multiplant and industrial zones. In this article, we shed light on the design of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)-assisted systems for emergence response in multiplant and industrial zones. We discuss the important contributions of UAV-mounted cloudlet systems to support SAR missions by providing computation, communication, and storage resources to first responders, surveillance of the affected area, real-time monitoring of SAR members and victims, and caching nodes to improve content delivery among SAR teams. Besides, we design an envisioned UAV-cloudlet reference system for emergency response in industrial areas. Moreover, we highlight the current challenges that are being addressed in the literature aimed at making possible the efficient use of the designed UAV-mounted cloudlet systems for emergency response. Finally, we point out some future research directions that require further investigation.

Joint Optimization for Pedestrian, Information and Energy Flows in Emergency Response Systems With Energy Harvesting and Energy Sharing

The rapid progress in informatisation and electrification in transportation has gradually transferred public transport junctions such as metro stations into the nexus of pedestrian flows, information flows, computation flows and energy flows. These smart environments that are efficient in handling large volume passenger flows in routine circumstances can become even more vulnerable during emergency situations and amplify the losses in lives and property owing to power outage triggered service degradation and destructive crowed behaviours. On the bright side, the increasingly abundant resources contained in smart environments have enlarged the optimisation space of an evacuation process, yet little research has concentrated on the joint optimal resource allocation between transportation infrastructures and pedestrians. Hence, in the paper, we propose a queueing network based resource allocation model to comprehensively optimise various types of resources during emergency evacuations. Experiments are conducted in a simulated metro station environment with realistic settings. The simulation results show that the proposed model can considerably improve the evacuation efficiency as well as the robustness of the emergency response system during emergency situations.

Congestive Heart Failure Management at Home Use of Personal Emergency Response Systems (PERS).

Congestive Heart Failure Management at Home Use of Personal Emergency Response Systems (PERS).

The use of environmental decision support systems for modeling of atmospheric pollution following the chemical accidents

We studied the possibility of the combined application of screening models to assess the characteristics of sources in accidents at storage facilities for hazardous substances with complex models of atmospheric transport as part of modern decision support systems to calculate air pollution in a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. The evaporation time following an emergency spill, estimated by screening models, is used to set the emission intensity and calculate the atmospheric transport by the RODOS nuclear emergency response system. For the accident in Chernihiv on March 23, 2022, it was estimated that the maximum permissible concentration of ammonia 0.2 mg/m3 was exceeded at distances up to 75 km from the source. The dependence of the calculated maximum concentrations on time is close to asymptote cmax ~ t-4.5 up to 15 h after emission, which is consistent with the asymptote σ ~ t3/2 for the time dependence of the sizes of puffs following turbulent dispersion of instantaneous releases.

System of Monitoring and Response to Public Health Emergencies of Sanitary-Epidemiological Character in the CIS Countries

The most important component of strengthening the potential for responding to biological threats both at the national and interstate levels is the formation of a unified system for monitoring and responding to emergencies (ES) of sanitary-epidemiological nature in the CIS territory.The aim of the work was to review the systems for monitoring and responding to emergencies of sanitary-epidemiological character in the CIS countries by the example of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic, to characterize the main areas of international cooperation on countering biological threats and coordinating international response measures in the CIS countries.Materials and methods. Information and analytical materials provided by organizations responsible for epidemiological surveillance and control in the CIS countries, Internet sources, and publications were used for the study.Results and discussion. The organization and functioning of the systems for monitoring and responding to emergencies in the CIS countries is a state function. It includes, as a rule, the national, regional (sub-national) and territorial (local) levels, which have horizontal and vertical connections. The legal framework is made up of documents of the legislative level. Interdepartmental interaction in response to emergencies is carried out both at the republican level and in administrative territories; the basis for interaction is the integrated planning of preventive and anti-epidemic measures and the functioning of the relevant organizational structures on an ongoing basis. Since 2015, with the support of the Government of the Russian Federation, programs have been implemented aimed at assisting partner countries in the implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005) in order to increase national response capacity and form a unified sanitaryepidemiological emergency response system in the CIS countries. The main areas of collaboration are strengthening the material and technical base and human resources of specialized institutions and scientific cooperation. As a result of the program implementation, a unified system for monitoring and prompt response to emergencies in the field of public health of sanitary-epidemiological nature has essentially been formed in the CIS countries to date, uniting more than 15 specialized institutions from 8 CIS countries.

Capacity assessment of the Gambiaás emergency preparedness and response system

Introduction: West Africa continues to experience recurrent epidemics of infectious diseases and other public health emergencies. The consequences of their disasters have been worsening of health, increased morbidity and mortality, livelihoods and property posing a threat to global health security. Assessment of levels of preparedness and response enables countries identify the gaps in the system and what needs to be done to fill these gaps and address bottlenecks in the system. Objective: We evaluated The Gambia's mechanisms for preparedness and response to epidemics and health emergencies in the ECOWAS region.

RESEARCH ON EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM OF DANGEROUS GOODS TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES

Abstract. Due to the flammable, explosive, corrosive, radioactive and other characteristics of dangerous goods, if a traffic accident or leakage accident occurs during transportation, it will seriously endanger public safety and the safety of people's lives and property. It is of great significance for urban safety and stability to establish a risk early warning mechanism, ensure the safe transportation of dangerous goods, and formulate emergency rescue measures. In view of the problems that may occur during the transportation of dangerous goods, such as weak supervision, low efficiency in obtaining accident information, and difficulty in emergency treatment, this paper constructed a comprehensive perception and collaborative integration of urban emergency response system by integrating vehicle target intelligent monitoring platform and decision support platform. Under the support of target detection and tracking technology, PyQt5 is used to build an intelligent vehicle target monitoring platform based on satellite video data, which realizes the real-time tracking, monitoring and early warning functions for dangerous goods transport vehicles, and can quickly complete the location of emergencies and the statistics of environmental road information after an accident. With the support of database technology and ArcGIS Engine embedded component library, a decision support platform integrating statistics and spatial analysis is constructed. GIS technology is used to realize the spatial analysis of emergency points and basic information management functions. At the same time, the platform is based on the two basic starting points of fast response to emergency events and high scheduling efficiency, which realizes the rapid determination of the accident impact area and the planning of emergency rescue routes. Taking Chengdu as an example, the emergency response system constructed in this paper can monitor dangerous goods transport vehicles in the urban area in real time, and formulate emergency response measures in seconds. The system is conducive to reducing the damage and loss caused by emergencies and improving the informatization level of emergency related departments.

Improving China's public health emergency response based on One Health theory

With the progress of globalization and the improvement of transportation, a public health emergency can spread across country's boundary in a short period of time from its original place to other areas or regions, posing public health threatens. Public health emergencies not only affect human-animal/plant-environmental health, but also have long-term implications for social development, so the public health emergency response has gone beyond general public health and requires an integrated and comprehensive One Health approach. This paper analyzes the problems and shortcomings of China's current public health emergency response system in a view of One Health and put forward the recommendations based on One Health concept on integrality, collaboration, development and sustainability of public health emergency response. These recommendations can be used as reference to further optimize the response system of public health emergencies in China.

Design of campus emergency response system in public health emergencies

Safety and health are essential factors of any organization to ensure smooth and effective functioning. Occupational safety and health (OSH) awareness is vital in preventing occupational injuries and illness. Various programs have been implemented by the organization to increase the knowledge and awareness of OSH in the workplace, including among institution higher learning staff in Malaysia. A study was undertaken to identify factors influencing the awareness level of OSH among the staff of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) in Penang, Malaysia. A self-administered online questionnaire was distributed to the staff through UiTM email and 193 staff were responded. The questionnaire covered 43 questions and was divided into 7 factors that influence awareness level. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and presented in descriptive statistics. The study revealed that the highest level of awareness factor was OSH policy, with a mean score of 4.90, while the lowest level was the safety and health committee, with a mean score of 3.90. The university management should increase the role of the safety and health committee to increase the safety and health programs such as safety talks, training, and campaign through posters and signage on the campus. OSH management is critical to prevent an accident at the workplace towards the development of a safety culture.

Automatic Classification of Eyewitness Messages for Disaster Events Using Linguistic Rules and ML/AI Approaches

Emergency response systems require precise and accurate information about an incident to respond accordingly. An eyewitness report is one of the sources of such information. The research community has proposed diverse techniques to identify eyewitness messages from social media platforms. In our previous work, we created grammar rules by exploiting the language structure, linguistics, and word relations to automatically extract feature words to classify eyewitness messages for different disaster types. Our previous work adopted a manual classification technique and secured the maximum F-Score of 0.81, far less than the static dictionary-based approach with an F-Score of 0.92. In this work, we enhanced our work by adding more features and fine-tuning the Linguistic Rules to identify feature words related to Twitter Eyewitness messages for Disaster events, named as LR-TED approach. We used linguistic characteristics and labeled datasets to train several machine learning and deep learning classifiers for classifying eyewitness messages and secured a maximum F-score of 0.93. The proposed LR-TED can process millions of tweets in real-time and is scalable to diverse events and unseen content. In contrast, the static dictionary-based approaches require domain experts to create dictionaries of related words for all the identified features and disaster types. Additionally, LR-TED can be evaluated on different social media platforms to identify eyewitness reports for various disaster types in the future.

The importance of improvement of radiation emergency medical preparedness and response system in Mongolia.

The objective was to identify and share the key challenges facing Mongolia regarding the ability to introduce and establish an effective system for radiation emergency medicine (REM). National arrangements for preparedness and response to radiological emergencies include legal documents andcommitments of regulatory bodies and governmental agencies were briefly mentioned. The key challenges include the establishment of an adequate system for radiation emergency medicine and related infrastructure; development of human resources including requirements for education, qualifications and regular trainings; supporting physical infrastructure, such as dosimetry and measurement devices including a cytogenetic biodosimetry laboratory. In addressing these challenges, the importance of establishment of an adequate system for radiation emergency medicine was highlighted. Utilization of support networks at international level such as IAEA and WHO/REMPAN which can assist Mongolia by provision of expert missions. It is considered as a crucial factor for successful implementation of the Mongolian project to develop its capacity in REM.

Responsible Governance in Containing the Spread of COVID-19 in a Developing State

Aim. The study aims to evaluate the government policy implementation in tackling the global pandemic and framing universal policies for responsible governance. It also measures the impact of training interventions and non-training implications in containing the spread of COVID-19 at the grassroots level.
 Methods. The samples were drawn empirically from pathological tests conducted over 23 weeks to precisely examine the success of the State Government's approach in lowering COVID-19 mortality and spread. Through trend analysis, the outcome has been predicted. The study establishes a link between acknowledged ideas and government practices, providing insight into how relevant the implementation of planned state-craft programs is.
 Results. The findings indicated that government-imposed policies account for timely pandemic containment, and even a tiny developing state lacking advanced medical facilities and technology can set an example in combating the epidemic.
 Conclusions. The temporal analysis is based on the inputs acquired from government publications and other sources, allowing us to assess policy initiatives that encompass training interventions and non-training implications as prioritized by the State Government. The paper shows that a good emergency preparedness and response system is needed to prevent huge losses in any sector. This includes the already-struggling health sector, which India needs to put first to avoid more tragedies.

A diagnostic for evaluating collaborative responses to compound emergencies

The burgeoning literature on compound disasters has advanced the understanding on the causes and drivers of multiple hazard events. Yet, so far, this literature has provided limited insights concerning how multiple hazard events, triggering compounded emergencies, challenge emergency response systems. Here we develop a diagnostic to assess specific challenges facing response systems when confronted with spatially and/or temporally compounded hazard events. The diagnostic comprises three elements. First, compound emergency scenarios are defined based on biophysical links within and between communities, and/or temporal overlap between hazardous events. Second, by drawing from recent public administration literatures, we develop a network-centric model of an emergency response system consisting of actors, venues and functions. Third, we formulate a set of diagnostic questions to specify whether and how compound emergencies challenge response systems. These advances together form a diagnostic tool for researchers as well as practitioners to identify potential weak spots in emergency response systems. The diagnostic also helps assessing what cognitive, preparatory, and planning capacities are needed to ensure more effective responses to compound emergencies.

Unterschiede zwischen Rettungsdiensteinsätzen mit und ohne Patiententransport

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDie Inanspruchnahme des Rettungsdienstes in Bayern steigt seit Jahren an. Wir haben die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass Notfalleinsätze ohne Patiententransport (RoT) häufig Ausdruck einer unzureichenden Alarmierungsplanung sind. Das Ziel der Studie war es, für solche Einsätze die Unterschiede zwischen den Integrierten Leitstellen (ILS) in Bezug auf die Merkmale Transportquoten und Spannweiten nach Einsatzgrund sowie Uhrzeiten und Wochentage zu beschreiben.MethodeRetrospektive Querschnittstudie der Daten aller 26 ILS des Freistaats Bayern im Jahr 2018. Transportquoten für wesentliche Einsatzgründe bei Notfalleinsätzen ohne Notarztbeteiligung wurden in Abhängigkeit von Leitstellenbereich, Tageszeit und Wochentag vergleichend analysiert. Einsätze wurden kategorisiert als RoT oder TP (Rettungswageneinsatz mit Transport).ErgebnisseVon 510.145 Einsätzen waren 147.621 (28,9 %) RoT und 362.524 (71,1 %) TP. Für alle untersuchten Einsatzgründe zeigten sich deutliche regionale Unterschiede in der Transportquote. Die höchste Spannweite unter den ILS ergab sich für die Einsatzgründe „Brandmeldeanlage“ (16,8 Prozentpunkte), „Hausnotruf aktiver Alarm“ (16,1) sowie „Herz/Kreislauf“ (14,6). In den Morgenstunden sinkt das Einsatzaufkommen bei steigenden TP. Die wenigsten RoT fanden zwischen 8 und 10 Uhr statt. Die Analyse der Wochentage ergab kleine Unterschiede in der Häufigkeit von RoT an Montagen sowie an Wochenenden ohne planerische Relevanz.SchlussfolgerungWir haben deutliche Unterschiede in den Spannweiten festgestellt. Dies könnte auf örtlich unterschiedliche Alarmierungsplanungsvorgaben oder Dispositionsentscheidungen der ILS hindeuten. Die Leitstellen weisen hier wahrscheinlich ein erhebliches Potenzial zur Steuerung und Verbesserung der Ressourcenallokation auf.

Design and Optimization of Psychological Emergency Response System for College Students Based on IoT and Computational Intelligence

Today, when university students are the future subjects of society, psychological crises are constantly emerging. At the same time, considering the rapid socioeconomic development, competition among the best talents, cultural diversity, and the growth of temptations and events in public health, all of these put growing students through the wringer. However, when traditional sentiment data are analyzed through manual selection, it usually has some drawbacks such as small sample size, poor real-time status, high transaction costs, and high human errors. We need to use modern technology, applied technology, and computer intelligence to collect psychological data from all respondents, which is ultimately measured by sentiment data. Use the results of emotional data analysis to deal with emergencies in a timely manner. The system designed in this paper has unprecedented advantages in terms of automation, timeliness, and accuracy compared to previous participatory psychotherapy methods.

An evaluation index system for regional mobile SARS-CoV-2 virus nucleic acid testing capacity in China: a modified Delphi consensus study

BackgroundLarge-scale detection has great potential to bring benefits for containing the COVID-19 epidemic and supporting the government in reopening economic activities. Evaluating the true regional mobile severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus nucleic acid testing capacity is essential to improve the overall fighting performance against this epidemic and maintain economic development. However, such a tool is not available in this issue. We aimed to establish an evaluation index system for assessing the regional mobile SARS-CoV-2 virus nucleic acid testing capacity and provide suggestions for improving the capacity level.MethodsThe initial version of the evaluation index system was identified based on massive literature and expert interviews. The Delphi method questionnaire was designed and 30 experts were consulted in two rounds of questionnaire to select and revise indexes at all three levels. The Analytic Hierarchy Process method was used to calculate the weight of indexes at all three levels.ResultsThe evaluation index system for assessing the regional mobile SARS-CoV-2 virus nucleic acid testing capacity, including 5 first-level indexes, 17 second-level indexes, and 90 third-level indexes. The response rates of questionnaires delivered in the two rounds of consultation were 100 and 96.7%. Furthermore, the authority coefficient of 30 experts was 0.71. Kendall’s coordination coefficient differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The weighted values of capacity indexes were established at all levels according to the consistency test, demonstrating that ‘Personnel team construction’ (0.2046) came first amongst the five first-level indexes, followed by ‘Laboratory performance building and maintenance’ (0.2023), ‘Emergency response guarantee’ (0.1989), ‘Information management system for nucleic acid testing resources’ (0.1982) and ‘Regional mobile nucleic acid testing emergency response system construction’ (0.1959).ConclusionThe evaluation system for assessing the regional mobile SARS-CoV-2 virus nucleic acid testing capacity puts forward a specific, objective, and quantifiable evaluation criterion. The evaluation system can act as a tool for diversified subjects to find the weak links and loopholes. It also provides a measurable basis for authorities to improve nucleic acid testing capabilities.

PkM Edukasi Organisasi Tim Tanggap Darurat di Area Kerja pada Karyawan PT. Sarana Tirta Alamindo

An emergency is an unexpected difficult situation that requires immediate treatment to prevent accidents/fatalities. The work environment has the potential for emergencies such as fires and earthquakes. According to risk identification data, the work environment area must be prepared to face disasters by preparing resources. Support infrastructure facilities and human resources. Support infrastructure facilities and human resources. Prevention efforts to minimize risk are by planning a disaster emergency response system. Emergency response unit is a work unit specially formed to deal with emergency situations in the workplace. Emergency response teams work quickly to deal with all disaster events quickly, precisely, and accurately and to reduce the incidence of casualties and losses due to disaster events. Implementation of community service activities for employees of PT. Sarana Tirta Alamindo provides participants with an understanding of emergency response so that they are able to plan emergency response preparedness in the work area. The results of the emergency response socialization activity in the work area, employees understand the importance of being ready for emergency response, through training and discussion all must be familiar and able to apply in their work area emergency response conditions and the importance of support from company leaders to form an emergency response team that works and is directly responsible for handling the situation. work area emergency.

Physical education and emergency response system using deep learning: A step toward sustainable development of physical education environment

The physical education (PE) system’s key goal is to educate individuals and the large community of participating students to achieve self-fulfillment. Deep learning uses integrated expertise to help students master challenging conditions in unfamiliar contexts. It is normal to get injuries while training or playing, and as an emergency response to mitigating students’ future risks by the availability of first aid, safety steps are promptly taken. Therefore, this article suggests a “physical education and emergency response system using deep learning” (PSERS-DL) to handle such situations effectively. In real-time, the PE environment can be tracked using a global positioning system-enabled surveillance system to immediately provide the wounded student with protective measures. The acquired visuals are immediately analyzed using a deep learning model, convolutional neural network (CNN). The 27 layers proposed in the CNN model have been evaluated compared with other deep learning models. The simulation results showed that the proposed PSERS-DL can assure the emergency response with the highest accuracy of 97.61%. The experimental results showed that the proposed PSERS-DL model enhances an accuracy ratio of 95.6%, a performance ratio of 97.6%, movement detection analysis ratio of 96.3%, a learning rate of 95.2%, an efficiency ratio of 98.1%, a security ratio of 93.5%, a delay time ratio of 33.2%, and a behavior analysis ratio of 90.7% when compared to other existing approaches.

Introducing attentive neural networks into unconventional oil and gas violation analysis and emergency response system

With the prosperous development of unconventional oil and gas (UOG) began in the mid-1990 s, the proliferation of digital textual compliance reports from the UOG production life-cycle makes it imperative for experts to develop efficient ways of supporting emergency responses based on the textual based data sources. In this respect, we utilized the UOG compliance reports from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection from 2000 to 2019, then established an attentive neural-network framework to support on-site emergency responses. The advantages of attentive-based neural networks over the other mechanisms are that it not only generates powerful contextual vectors for follow-up tasks but also it allows us to observe the importance of violation factors with respect to different scenarios. The experimental results show that our model can extract valid representation from narrative texts in UOG violation compliance reports and achieve high performance in emergency response. At the same time, we obtained two intriguing practical implications: first, geographical and time characteristics are powerful indicators for supporting decision making in UOG on-site emergency responses; second, there is an urgent need for governments to implement different inspection strategies according to unique UOG sites rather than counties concerning specific geological features, which benefits from saving human labor and financial expenditures.