Emergency Procurement Research Articles

Integrated emergency medical supply planning considering multiple supply channels in healthcare coalitions

Emergency medical supplies are crucial for the successful disaster response of healthcare coalitions. In practice, a healthcare coalition can obtain emergency medical supplies from three channels, i.e., supply pre-positioning, contracted reserve and emergency procurement, which, however, are not planned integrally in the literature. To fill the research gap, this study proposes a two-stage stochastic programming model for integrated emergency medical supply planning considering multiple supply channels in healthcare coalitions. In the first stage before disasters, decisions on emergency medical supply pre-positioning and signing of two types of medical supply procurement contracts are determined. In the second stage after disasters, decisions of emergency supply procurement, contract implementation, and supply transshipment are optimized based on the first-stage decisions and the realized uncertain disaster impacts. To show the effectiveness of our model and obtain managerial insight, we develop four comparison models and conduct a case study on the healthcare coalition of West China Hospital in China. This study highlights the great benefits of supplementing the pre-positioning of emergency medical supplies with multi-type contracted reserve in healthcare coalitions and emphasizes the importance of strengthening cooperation with suppliers and encouraging all member hospitals to implement the contracted reserve.

Value of risk aversion in perishable products supply chain management

AbstractIn this paper, we study optimal procurement and inventory decisions for a supply chain with a single perishable product under demand uncertainty. To control risk, on the one hand, we use a risk-averse objective, and on the other hand, we utilize a chance constraint to satisfy demand with a high probability. We formulate the problem as a two-stage stochastic program with a chance constraint and risk-averse objective, where long-term decisions on pre-positioning products are made in the first stage, while recourse decisions on reallocation and emergency procurement are made in the second stage. To allow for different risk preferences, we incorporate conditional value-at-risk into the objective function and study its combination with the expectation or worst-case of the second-stage costs. To solve the resulting models, we develop various variants of the L-shaped method, based on dual and primal decomposition, and by leveraging the connection between the optimization of coherent risk measures and distributionally robust optimization. Through extensive numerical experiments, we demonstrate the value of risk aversion and present a comparative computational study on the performance of different algorithms.

The efficacy of e-procurement systems towards enhancing agility of relief development and protection programs; a case study of Benjamin Mkapa Foundation (BMF) Dares Salaam -HQ Office

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of E-procurement on Disaster Relief Influencing Supply Chain Performance in Relief Development and Protection Organization. Specific objectives of this study were to assess the effect of E-tendering, E-catalogues and E-sourcing on disaster relief SCP at BMF Dar es Salam. The study used quantitative research design. The study employed positivism research paradigm. Non parametric measurement was used to measure study variables. Questionnaires and documentary review were used as data collection methods. A sample of 44 staff was drawn from a targeted population of 50 staff. Data was collected using questionnaire instrument were subjected to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS v.22) for running the quantitative analysis technique. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Based on objective study found that information sharing has insignificant effect while e-procurement and staff competence have significant effect on SCP. Based on the findings, the findings revealed that electronic procurement has great effect on disaster relief supply chain performance at BMF. The results revealed that BMF has procurement system that enable emergency procurement and availability of victims needs during disaster, BMF use e-tendering to enhance bulk availability of victims needs during disaster, and BMF embraced the use of procurement system in all procurement functions. Also, BMF procurement system is well integrated with supply chain systems. Finally, use e-sourcing to enable on time availability of victims needs during disaster at BMF. Multiple regression. The study came up with following recommendations; BMF should build capacity, training and development in technology (e-procurement); and policymaker should use these findings as essential tool to promote disaster relief supply chain performance in Tanzania.

Are the Covid-19 Pandemic and Public Procurement ‘Strange Bedfellows’? An African Perspective

The purpose of this article is to provide insights into how the Covid-19 pandemic has affected public procurement operations, and the role of public procurement during the pandemic. The article synthesises relevant literature on Covid-19 and public procurement in the African context. A review of literature from 2020 to 2022 was done to enrich the findings of the current article, which shows that the Covid-19 pandemic affected public procurement in the form of delays, malpractice, budget reallocations and supply disruptions. Furthermore, during the Covid-19 pandemic it was recommended that public procurement practices be more strategic through collaboration, and respond more quickly in obtaining vaccines and health supplies, which were critical in the prevention and treatment of related illnesses. The article provides several practical implications in terms of ensuring good governance, implementing regulatory frameworks for emergency procurement, improving collaboration among members of comparable regional organisations, and implementing Covid-19 preventative measures. Finally, because the current study’s scope is limited in terms of the selection of published articles and other relevant literature that give insights about the African continent during this period, future studies could be conducted to include literature from outside the African continent in order to broaden the scope of this current study.

Quantity Flexibility Contract Model for Emergency Procurement Considering Supply Disruption

Quantity Flexibility Contract Model for Emergency Procurement Considering Supply Disruption

Changes in government procurement: COVID-19 as an opportunity for corruption

PurposeExplore the factors making emergency procurement more prone to corruption by advancing explanations for when rules and transparency are relaxed allowing corrupt practices to emerge. Describe institutional factors, such as corruption syndrome (Johnston, 2005, 2015) and legal system, and their impact on procurement rules changes.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative event study using publicly available data offer a timeline and explanation of government procurement control mechanisms and transparency roles in emergencies by comparing two countries. Argentina and Canada had very similar and advanced food procurement systems prior to COVID-19, but they took different stances when the pandemic broke out.FindingsLegal systems and corruption syndrome are linked, where Civil Law is related to Elite Cartels (Argentina) and Common Law with Influence Markets (Canada). The study contributes to understand the role of transparency to minimize the opportunity for direct purchases (electronic trails of decisions, justifications and approvals). Judicial system's actions favor corrupt practices and are aligned with elites despite the civil society outcry.Research limitations/implicationsResearch on corrupt practices has limited access to primary data due to fear of reprisals. Informal conversations revealing glimpses of corruption were used to identify publicly available documents. Numbers play a role in emergencies and performativity theory literature is enriched by providing an example of different interpretation of information when frameworks differ between civil society and courts.Originality/valueA comparative analysis that evidences the role of pre-existing institutional and social conditions shows when emergency situations will be used as an excuse to relax procurement control and transparency mechanisms which in turn facilitate corrupt practices.

EVALUATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROCUREMENT OF GOODS/SERVICES IN THE EMERGENCY OF CORONA VIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) AT SLEMAN HOSPITAL

Background: Sleman Hospital is a referral hospital for Covid-19 patients. The covid-19 pandemic appeared in the current budget year, the budget for handling COVID-19 is not yet in the 2020 Budget Determination Document (DPA). The duties as Commitment Making Officer (PPK) and procurement officer at Sleman Hospital are additional tasks outside of the main duties and functions. . The implementation of the COVID-19 procurement activities at the Sleman Hospital adjusts the translation of the existing funds as determined through the Director's Decree.Objective: To evaluate the implementation of the procurement of goods/services in an emergency period to fulfill the service needs of COVID-19 patients at the Sleman Hospital.Method ; This study uses a qualitative method. Evaluating the implementation of procurement of goods/services during the COVID-19 emergency period in the period April-December 2020. The research subjects are Commitment Making Officers (PPK), Budget User Authorities (KPA), Procurement Officers, Technical Implementation Officers (PPTK), and Goods Users .Results and Discussion: Sleman Hospital in carrying out goods/services procurement activities during the COVID-19 emergency through 3 stages, namely planning, implementation and completion of work. The implementation of the procurement of goods/services is carried out by the Commitment Making Officer (PPK) and the Procurement Officer. Procurement implementation uses the direct appointment procurement method. direct procurement, e-purchasing through LKPP e-catalog and fast tender/auction. Contract signing is carried out at the stage of execution of work. The use of general procurement procedures is carried out prioritizing the principle of procurement of goods/services in an emergency, namely the speed and accuracy of emergency handling. Goods/services procurement activities that use pure APBD funding sources have good achievements, namely above 70%.Conclusion: The implementation of procurement activities for goods/services at RSUD Sleman is guided by special emergency procurement regulations and general procurement regulations regarding government procurement of goods/services sourced from pure APBD funds.

Optimization Model for the Energy Supply Chain Management Problem of Supplier Selection in Emergency Procurement

In energy supply chain management (ESCM), the supply chain members try to make long-term contracts for supplying energy stably and reducing the cost. Currently, optimizing ESCM is a complex problem with two social issues: environmental regulations and uncertainties. First, environmental regulations have been tightened in countries around the world, leading to eco-friendly management. As a result, it has become imperative for the energy buyer to consider not only the total operating cost but also carbon emissions. Second, the uncertainties, such as pandemics and wars, have had a serious impact on handling ESCM. Since the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the supply chain, the supply chain members adopted emergency procurement for sustainable operations. In this study, we developed an optimization model using mixed-integer linear programming to solve ESCM with supplier selection problems in emergency procurement. The model considers a single thermal power plant and multiple fossil fuel suppliers. Because of uncertainties, energy demand may suddenly change or may not be supplied on time. To better manage these uncertainties, we developed a rolling horizon method (RHM), which is a well-known method for solving deterministic problems in mathematical programming models. To test the model and the RHM, we conducted three types of numerical experiments. First, we examined replenishment strategies and schedules under uncertain demands. Second, we conducted a supplier selection experiment within a limited budget and carbon emission regulations. Finally, we conducted a sensitivity analysis of carbon emission limits. The results show that our RHM can handle ESCM under uncertain situations effectively.

Managing Emergency Procurement Using Option Contract under Supply Disruption and Demand Uncertainty

Effective and flexible procurement and production strategies are capable of alleviating and mitigating supply disruption and demand risk. Considering the price fluctuation caused by environmental change, we investigate the optimal procurement and production strategies under supply disruption and demand uncertainty based on option contract in a two‐stage supply chain consisting of a retailer who has two procurement opportunities and a supplier who has the emergency production chance. We explore the value of option contract by comparing it with the optimal decision making under no option contract. The result shows that option ordering and emergency procurement can coordinate the optimal strategies under uncertain environment, improving the economic performance of whole supply chain. When the disruption probability is high or the price of emergency procurement is lower, the higher option price can stimulate the supplier to produce more products to satisfy the retailer’s emergency order at a low price, which is beneficial to both, and the value of option ordering is greater. Otherwise, the emergency procurement is worth more for the core enterprise. The moderate exercise price is conducive to the long‐term cooperation of the supplier and the retailer.

On competition and transparency in public procurement during the COVID-19 pandemic in the European Union

Government expenditures on acquiring services, goods, and work through public procurement represent a substantial proportion of the EU’s GDP. Competitive and transparent tendering procedures are generally believed to promote achieving the primary goals of public procurement: maximising value for money and reducing corruption. However, during the crisis, procurement rules allow a temporary departure from transparency standards toward fast and more discretionary procurement procedures justified by force majeure, possibly restricting competitiveness and information availability in the whole procurement process. The presented paper examines emergency response procurement measures by EU countries in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak in the spring of 2020 and their impact on competition. Using an extensive dataset of contracts for medical supplies and PPE obtained from Tenders Electronic Daily, we document the rapid increase of direct and negotiated contracts in the first two months of the pandemic outbreak. We found that firms, in general, were more likely to participate in procurement procedures with a prior call for tenders, such as open procedure and restricted procedure. On the other hand, the significant share of contracts obtained by small and medium enterprises without competition, hence by single bid procurement, suggests that public authorities tend to use their discretion in favour of SMEs. Moreover, overall emergency procurement setting and its effects on competition vary across countries regardless of how intensely the pandemic hit, indicating an institutional context for the increased discretion effects on procurement outcome.

Retracted: Construction of Emergency Procurement System and System Improvement Based on Convolutional Neural Network.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/6139706.].

The Tertiary Hospital's Medical Materials Supply in the Prevention of Public Health Emergencies

To ensure the supply of prevention materials in the tertiary public hospitals in prefecturelevel cities, and to make the process of allocating prevention materials more scientific and reasonable. Open the green passage, simplify the procurement process, carry out emergency procurement of related materials, ensure timely delivery of prevention materials, distribute them at different levels, and strengthen the warehouse management of prevention materials. The scheme of emergancy supplies was constantly improved, and the supply of prevention materials was completed with good quality. Using scientific and efficient management methods, the supply of prevention materials in medical institutions has been guaranteed, which has experience and reference significance for the prevention and control of similar public health emergencies in the future.

Loss Aversion Order Strategy in Emergency Procurement during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a serious impact on firms’ sourcing strategies. Since COVID-19 disrupted the supply chain, firms have had to make emergency purchases from other suppliers. In addition, emergency ordering is one of the most effective strategies to achieve sustainable operations because such a strategy can save inventory costs. We aim to address a retailer’s emergency procurement strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. We use prospect theory and the newsvendor model to uncover the retailer’s inventory decisions. In our study, we find that retailers have the choice to order items before the selling period at the normal purchase price, and, if available, they can order them before the end of the selling period at the urgent purchase price. We perform a comparison of the optimal ordering policy and margins in this case with the conventional and loss aversion models. The influence of emergency procurement on the optimal order policy and margins is investigated as well. This paper contributes in theory that we innovatively capture the uncertainty of emergency sourcing, which is a feature that has never been considered in current research.

Construction of Emergency Procurement System and System Improvement Based on Convolutional Neural Network.

At this stage, countries around the world have their own operating management model for the procurement system of emergency equipment. This article analyzes the influencing factors affecting the operation of the emergency procurement system through a convolutional neural network analysis method, and the contract management of the emergency procurement system is realized. Management and monitoring and balance of interests on supply and demand also meet the requirements of the construction and improvement of emergency procurement systems at this stage. During the construction and improvement of the emergency procurement system, through the monitoring and management of the procurement system, standardize the management of emergency procurement contracts, and implement the management of the memorandum of emergency procurement contracts to maximize the benefits of supply and demand of emergency equipment, and meet the requirements of different emergency levels in the future equipment procurement requirements.

군사의무에 대한 공법적 검토

This study analyzed the concept of national defense duty, which is the basis of the defense field, specifically the military duty and military service obligations that the people have. In particular, the Constitutional Court said that non-military obligations are included in national defense duty, and military service obligations are also considered to include non-military obligations, which was critically reviewed in this study. It is reasonable to view military service obligations as one of military duty, and it is reasonable to distinguish non-military obligations conceptually from military service obligations. The requirements of "in times of war, national crisis or other similar emergencies" stipulated in the Military Service Act and the Emergency Readiness Act, which contain military duty, were reviewed. In order to prepare for the military, it is necessary to actively review the requirements to be relaxed to bear military duty when war, etc. is imminent. In addition, there is a unique form of the War Readiness Reserve Act (Bill), which contains wartime military duty, which does not have the effect of the law yet, so this method is not valid from the perspective of the rule of law. Finally, we looked at the Defense Production Act, which has recently emerged as a major concern in the United States. In the case of unplanned material production, it is distinguished from the concept of mobilization or requisition, but it is considered possible to enact the Defense Production Act based on Article 126 of the Korean Constitution. Otherwise, the necessary goods may be produced by emergency procurement of the Defense Acquisition Program Act.

Improving Public Health and Governance in COVID-19 Response: A Strategic Public Procurement Perspective.

Good governance is the basis of dealing with major emergencies and protecting public health. It has become a major issue of the central government to construct a scientific procurement and supply system of emergency supplies. This article constructs the analytical framework of strategic procurement and expounds the realization mechanism of strategic procurement under an emergency situation to reflect China's procurement practice in COVID-19 response and improve public health and governance. Using case study, semi-structured interviews, and the Nvivo text analysis, this study found that emphasizing the strategic function of securing the public health,the top status of MSG, cross-sector procurement team, strong procurement and supply integration, comprehensive and in-depth procurement synergy mechanism are the successful experiences of China's emergency procurement. However, due to the temporary nature of the emergency procurement mechanism, strategic procurement planning, procurement management specialization, and procurement supply integration still need to be improved. The findings of this study further suggest that to improve public health and governance, it is pivotal to reconstruct the government procurement law to make it compatible with the emergency procurement and transform the government procurement system into a strategic procurement in a consistent and coherent way.

Public procurement during the pandemic: experience of India and China

PurposeThe paper examines the public procurement experiences of India and China during the Covid-19 pandemic and locates them in a framework it proposes. The paper aims to enrich the knowledge of how public procurement could be strategically used in emergencies.Design/methodology/approachFor the two countries, the paper sieved through government orders and notifications promulgated during and for the pandemic, examined the prevailing laws and statutes that were invoked and comprehensively scanned online news portals to gather evidence. In addition, the author also engaged with select, relevant people in the sector who offered useful information about ground-level scenario.FindingsIt is found that as compared to China, in India (a) despite the presence of significant flexibilities, (b) there was a little divergence from standard procurement practices, perhaps explained by (c) weaker governance capacity and legitimacy, (c) more allocative (rather than structural) goals of procurement and (d) higher levels of centralization.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this paper are based entirely on secondary evidence limited to health care as a category of spend. This paper looks at two large countries and not their internal variations in procurement quality. The framework can also be enriched further by drawing additional categories to make the theoretical framework more promising.Practical implicationsThe underlying design and motivation of public procurement policies in India need significant changes to make procurement policies responsive to disasters. Also, one can learn decentralization during emergency from the otherwise centralized politics in China.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to compare pandemic procurement-related policies of the two large countries across the Himalayan border. It also attempts to develop a scale/framework on which emergency procurement in countries can be assessed.

Dual‐Source Procurement Strategies of Emergency Materials Considering Risk Attitudes

The uncertainty of emergencies makes the emergency procurement face many risks, so the risk management is particularly important of the emergency procurement. The risk attitude of decision makers will significantly affect the decision‐making of risk management. In this paper, the risk management problem with different risk attitudes of emergency procurement consisting of dual‐source suppliers and the single government is studied, and a government‐led Stackelberg game is used to analyze the risks of each link to establish an emergency procurement model under the option contract, and the optimal decision‐making is obtained. The effects of reserve period, risk avoidance coefficient, and probability of emergency on optimal decision‐making are analyzed with different risk attitude. Moreover, we investigate the coordination of the government‐led supply chain coordination under the risk aversion and risk‐neutral conditions of emergency supply chain participants. The results show that the model can control the risk while reducing the cost of government procurement and ensuring the revenue of suppliers. Finally, the influence of each parameter on the optimization decision is verified by a numerical example.

Reforming Emergency Procurement to Protect against Corrupt Decision-Making while Ensuring Swift and Unencumbered Procurement

Procuring officials are afforded greater discretion when it comes to carrying out procurement during emergencies. As such, they have more freedom to deviate from standard procurement practices. Under the current South African procurement framework, it appears to be that little is done to ensure that such discretion is not exercised in a fraudulent or corrupt manner. Such an anti-corruption objective remains important in public procurement, even during emergencies. The prevalence of corruption in procurement undertaken during the COVID-19 pandemic provides unfortunate evidence of such a need. However, emergencies also demand a swift ability to procure goods and services. In this article I discuss the potential of utilising guidelines to limit the discretion granted to procuring officials; oversight throughout emergency procurement, and centralised procurement as a means through which an anti-corruption objective can be introduced into emergency procurement. The ability of each of these suggestions to serve as an effective anti-corruption mechanism is analysed alongside their ability to ensure swift procurement without unnecessary impediment.

Retailer’s Emergency Ordering Policy When Facing an Impending Supply Disruption

Supply disruption is a common phenomenon in business activities. For the case where the supply disruption is predictable, the retailer should make an emergency procurement beforehand to decrease the inventory cost. For the scenario such that the happening time of the supply disruption obeys a certain common probability distribution but the ending time of the supply disruption is deterministic, based on minimizing the inventory cost and under two possible procurement strategies, we establish an emergency procurement optimization model. By considering the model solution in all cases, we establish a closed-form solution to the optimization model and provide an optimal emergency procurement policy to the retailer. Some numerical experiments are made to test the validity of the model and the effect of the involved parameters on the emergency procurement policy.