Emergency Evacuation Plan Research Articles

Rescue guiders layout study based on a two-layer optimization framework

In an emergency evacuation, the free evacuation of pedestrians can make the entire evacuation process slow and dangerous. To limit the free behavior of pedestrians and reduce the interaction between pedestrians, a reasonable layout of the guider can improve the efficiency and safety of evacuation. How to set the number, location, and exit allocation of guiders requires further investigation. In the current study, we transform the evacuation into a multi-objective optimization problem. A two-layer optimization framework is developed. In the upper level, the improved NSGA-II multi-objective algorithm is introduced to generate the favorable guider layout, and a chromosome fragment deletion operator is added to improve the optimization efficiency. In the lower layer, the agent movement simulation model is used to simulate the evacuation dynamic of crowd under the favorable guider layout. The variables of this multi-objective solution model in the upper layer are the number and location of the guiders. The evacuation time and agent movement cost are calculated by the lower layer simulation as the objective values of the solution sample, and guide the iterative search process to obtain more reasonable optimization results. The developed model is verified and then applied to a fictional scenario. The number, initial position and exit allocation of guiders are obtained by optimizing the iterative process. The results show that the near optimal solution can be applied in various visibility conditions, and the evacuation efficiency is much higher than that of unguided evacuation. This optimization framework can provide theoretical and methodological support for emergency evacuation planning.

A novel multi-source information fusion method for emergency spatial resilience assessment based on Dempster-Shafer theory

In the midst of today's intricate and ever-changing natural and social landscape, this study is committed to proposing a novel multi-source information fusion method for assessing the spatial resilience of urban emergency evacuation and rescue. Its overarching aim is to uncover latent challenges and contribute to the enhancement of a city's capacity to respond to emergencies. To achieve this, we have devised a comprehensive assessment indicator system, capable of not only quantifying a city's spatial resilience but also offering indispensable guidance for urban emergency evacuation and rescue spatial planning. Furthermore, we have introduced an innovative evaluation methodology framework. This framework includes the establishment of the basic probability assignment (BPA) model, a pioneering method for generating BPA for observed values, and the novel application of hierarchical weighting and fusion techniques. By extending the Dempster-Shafer theory, we have not only enhanced the method's ability to express and integrate uncertain information but also significantly improved the precision of the evaluation. Ultimately, we conducted a quantitative assessment using Shenzhen, China, as a case study, identifying existing issues and proposing highly-targeted improvement strategies. These research findings not only provide robust support for the augmentation of urban emergency capabilities in Shenzhen but also offer pioneering insights for the quantitative assessment and advancement of emergency spatial resilience in cities across the globe.

Developing an airport resilience assessment model for climate change

Climate change is affecting the stability of all types of transportation systems, including air transport. Ensuring the disaster preparedness capability of an airport has become a crucial issue. Prior studies on assessing airport resilience and risk analysis have failed to consider the impact of the disaster at various stages and the interdependence between the factors or criteria. This study proposes airport resilience model that considers the various stages of disaster response. First, we collect criteria affecting airport resilience through literature review and experts' survey to develop a novel evaluation framework. Second, this study applies the modified DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) which was modified by introducing the concept of heterogeneous impact analysis and combined with the concept of centrality weighting. Then, the modified DEMATEL is further combined with the Dombi Weighted Aggregator method to explore the interdependence relationships among the criteria and effectively integrate expert opinions. Finally, modified VIKOR (VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) analysis is applied to assess the resilience performance of Taiwan's major international airports and provide suggestions for improvement. The results indicate that pre-disaster preparation, with a weight of 0.338 among four stages, is the most crucial stage for enhancing airport resilience. This can be achieved through the implementation of effective emergency response procedures and evacuation plans in the event of a disaster. Additionally, this study suggests various improvement strategies based on the assessment results to enhance disaster resistance and resilience.

WELL building for developing countries: critical design criteria for residential buildings in Malaysia

Purpose This study aims to investigate the interrelationship between critical design criteria (CDC) that affect health, well-being and productivity (i.e. WELL) for residential buildings in developing countries, using Malaysia as a case study. To achieve the aim, the objectives are to identify CDC that affect WELL collectively; determine CDC that affect health, well-being, and productivity simultaneously; and analyze the interrelationship between the CDC. Design/methodology/approach Data from the semi-structured interviews and a systematic review of the existing literature were gathered for survey development. Next, survey data was collected from 114 professionals living in multistory buildings. Finally, normalized mean analysis, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), agreement analysis and Spearman correlation analysis were used to analyze the collected data. Findings Out of the 51 potential design criteria, 16 are critically affecting WELL collectively. Furthermore, six are critically affecting WELL collectively as well as health, well-being and productivity simultaneously: property price, water flow and supply, water treatment, pest management, management services and waste management. Finally, “water treatment” is highly correlated to “water management” and “water flow and supply.” In addition, “waste management” and “management services,” as well as “fire safety” and “emergency evacuation plans,” are highly correlated. Originality/value This study's originality includes investigating the CDC of residential buildings for the first time, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, in a developing country. As a result, this study uncovers holistic design criteria for policymakers to establish holistic building assessment tools for residential buildings.

Evacuation scenario optimization in buildings with human anthropometric characteristics

Emergency evacuations are critical situations that threaten people's lives and safety, necessitating robust planning and prevention strategies. Anthropometric data, which are numerical expressions of human body measurements, play a vital role in architectural design by helping determine safe evacuation routes. This data is crucial for understanding the physical characteristics and mobility of building occupants, allowing for optimized evacuation routes that accommodate the needs of various groups, such as the elderly, children, and individuals with physical disabilities. The Social Forces Model (SFM) is an important tool used to understand the behavior and movement of crowds, modeling these aspects mathematically by considering social interactions and environmental factors. This study develops a system to enhance emergency evacuation scenarios in buildings using anthropometric data and SFM. This system analyzes the evacuation process and identifies optimal routes, contributing significantly to ensuring safety and minimizing damage during disasters. The research shows that using anthropometric data and SFM in architectural design is essential for effective emergency evacuation planning and management. Simulations that incorporate the diverse physical characteristics of people demonstrate notable improvements in evacuation times compared to those using fixed values, with up to 10.20 % improvement in single-exit scenarios and up to 13.45 % in two-exit scenarios. Furthermore, evacuation routes are optimized using SFM, and histograms are employed to identify the most preferred routes during panic situations. This data-driven approach informs the design of building and floor layouts, as well as the materials and decorations used, ensuring that evacuation routes remain clear and accessible. Removing obstacles and facilitating easy passage during emergencies significantly enhances the effectiveness of evacuations. Overall, the integration of anthropometric data and SFM in building design is shown to create faster and safer evacuation processes, ultimately improving emergency response and safety.

How does evacuation risk change over time? Influences on evacuation strategies during accidental toxic gas releases

Evacuation may be the most necessary and effective method of saving human lives in an emergency where toxic gases are released. Therefore, there is a need for a rational assessment of the risk of evacuees from the affected area at different times. In this paper, a modeling framework is developed to assess and control the risk of the emergency evacuation process under toxic gas release. Data from geographic information systems, big data on the spatial aggregation of population activities, and multi-agent-based modeling are combined to formulate and simulate evacuation event scenarios under toxic gas release. The characteristics of evacuation message dissemination at different times were explored, while the risk of people evacuating at different times was assessed in terms of two dimensions: health and fear emotion. In this case study, the proposed modeling framework was used to assess the potential risks faced by people when following the original evacuation plan in the event of an accidental release of toxic gas. The results of the assessment show that the factors affecting the risk of the evacuation process include the geometric parameters of the sub-evacuation area (SEA; location of the SEA, delineation pattern of SEA, degree of crowding, complexity of the SEA environment, population density, and age structure of the population) and the rate of information communication. Therefore, a control strategy is proposed based on geometric optimization and emergency communication optimization. The results of evacuation risk control show that the latter has a wider range of applicability, while the former has a weaker impact on evacuation risk in densely populated areas. The study results can provide information for public emergency authorities to develop effective emergency evacuation plans.

Conceptualization of Flooding Disaster: A Theoretical Perspective of Management

Globally, flooding is a common natural disaster affecting individuals and communities by causing substantial loss of individual properties, public infrastructure, physical environment and even threaten human lives. It is often triggered by the factors like heavy rainfall, storms, hurricanes, flash floods which brings devastating consequences for the affected peoples worldwide including displacement of people, loss of life, health issues and financial losses. During 1995-2015, it affected nearly 2.3 billion people and was responsible for 157,000 deaths globally. Therefore, it requires a strong disaster response framework to mitigating its short and long-term impacts. This response framework should be based on risk assessment, response strategies and building disaster resilience to reduce the people’s overall vulnerability to flooding disasters. The current study aims to conceptualize the flooding disaster through the social vulnerability theory, risk society theory and adaptive governance theory so that policymakers and governments can develop a deeper understanding of the complex factors that contribute to flooding disasters and prepare effective strategies to tackle the disaster effectively. This may include implementing effective preparedness and response measures such as early warning systems, emergency evacuation plans and adequate infrastructure which can help mitigate the risks and subsequent impacts of flooding on individuals and communities.

Real-time peak flow prediction based on signal matching

Real-time peak flow prediction under heavy precipitation is critically important for flood emergency evacuation planning and management. In the case of emergency evacuation, every second matters as a slightly longer lead time could save more lives and reduce the associated social, economic, and health impacts. Here, we present a model (named SIGMA) based on the principle of signal matching to facilitate real-time peak flow prediction at sub-hourly scales (e.g., minutes to seconds). The SIGMA model divides the target watershed into small zones and the heavy precipitation falling into each zone is collected into a small water tank. As the water tank moves downstream and arrives in the watershed outlet, it will discharge the collected precipitation and generate a small single-pulse streamflow signal. By combining all small signals coming from all zones within the watershed, we will be able to generate a synthesized peak flow signal. The proposed model is applied to simulate the peak flow events observed in a real-world watershed to verify its effectiveness in real-time flood prediction. The results suggest that the presented model can reasonably predict three key aspects of a peak flow event, including the peak flow rate, the arrival time of peak flow, and the duration of the peak flow event. The proposed model is demonstrated to be effective in real-time flood prediction and can be used to support flood emergency evacuation planning and management.

A situation-aware emergency evacuation (SAEE) model using multi-agent-based simulation for crisis management after earthquake warning

ABSTRACT Earthquake is a disastrous natural hazard that threatens numerous cities worldwide. The interval between the foreshock and the main event can sometimes last several minutes. Meanwhile, crowd emergency evacuation and finding shelter are vital for search and rescue managers. At the same time, many unpredicted challenges, such as the sudden increase in travel demand, shifts in public behavior, and the change in the regular transport supply, may arise due to evacuation conditions, which lead to different situations. This paper aims to introduce an approach for quick decision-making and timely evacuation response required by establishing a situation-aware system to minimize these risks and ensure the success of the evacuation plans, to support and predict current and future actions within the dynamic space of the crisis. The main contribution is innovating a Situation-Aware Emergency Evacuation (SAEE) model to enable crisis managers and evacuees to make the right decisions by providing timely and reliable information about the situation. This method is utilized in two situations: designing the emergency evacuation plan and finding the shortest/safest routes to reduce travel time for evacuees. Therefore, a hybrid approach is introduced, which involves a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and Deep Long Short-Term Memory (DLSTM) algorithm to identify, infer, and extract the existing situation at different levels (e.g. people, vehicles, and surroundings) after a foreshock using multi-agent-based simulation. The method proposed was simulated in the traffic network of District 6 of Tehran, the capital of Iran. The model results show that the evacuees’ spatial knowledge and perception, as well as awareness of the situation of other agents and their surroundings, led to a significant (40%) reduction in the complete evacuation time. This time is considered the most pivotal factor in saving human lives and their arrival in safer areas. The role of situation awareness systems and increasing human cognition and perception can significantly help in this matter.

Research on escalators used as evacuation stairs under fire scenarios

Shopping malls are crowded areas which makes the evacuation routes unable to meet personnel evacuation needs. Therefore, this paper proposes the idea of using escalators evacuation to increasing evacuation routes. In addition, the effects of escalator fire shutters on the use of escalator evacuation paths, and the efficiency of mall personnel evacuation under different conditions were simulated. The results show that the different states of fire shutters have different effects on the emergency evacuation. When the fire shutter is not lowered, it will result in 1 person not being evacuated to complete. However, when the fire shutter is lowered to 1.8 m from the ground or sprinklers are set, escalators can be used for evacuation routes are verified. And compared to the normal descent of the fire shutter (only the staircase evacuation, 2 people not evacuate completed), the evacuation of people is completed and the efficiency of evacuation is improved. This result can improve the new evacuation model for emergency evacuation plans of shopping malls with escalators.

A Simulation-Based Model for Evacuation Demand Estimation under Unconventional Metro Emergencies

When metro networks are shut down due to an unconventional emergency, numerous passengers will get stranded and wait to be evacuated. A clear understanding of the stranded passengers in the network is the basis for designing an efficient evacuation strategy. Previous studies focused more on disruption management and assumed a known evacuation demand. Few studies considered the distribution of stranded passengers, especially when the metro network is shut down due to unconventional emergencies. This motivates us to develop a discrete event-based simulation model to estimate the number and distribution of stranded passengers. The proposed model takes the numbers of stranded passengers at stations and trains as the state variables and develops the state evolution rule of the metro system. The numbers and destinations of stranded passengers at trains and on stations at each time step, including the transfer and non-transfer stations, are calculated to describe the state evolution of the metro system. Chongqing Rail Transit (CRT) network is taken as an example. The result shows that the stations with the most stranded passengers are located downtown. Origin-Destinations (ODs) with more stranded passengers have a relatively shorter travel distance, while ODs with fewer stranded passengers have a relatively long travel distance. The average directional disequilibrium factor of stranded passengers of ODs in the whole network is high, especially for those ODs with many stranded passengers. These findings reveal the distribution characteristics of stranded passengers and can provide significant assistance to an emergency manager who is designing an efficient emergency evacuation plan.

Fire Safety Management Strategies in Selected Markets of Lusaka City

This study investigated the effectiveness of fire safety management strategies in selected markets of Lusaka city. The study employed a descriptive research design, which involved qualitative data collection and analysis. The study used purposive sampling to select markets and participants for the study. A total of 2 markets. From each market, 10 marketeers were sampled conveniently. 2 market managers were also sampled purposefully. The study collected data using two main methods: Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and in-depth interviews. The marketeers were interviewed individually and FGD guide was further administered to get more insights. This was meant to collect opinion and insights that could not be collected during interviews. The in-depth interviews were conducted with a subset of the participants to obtain more detailed and nuanced information. The data collected from the in-depth interviews and FGD were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify patterns and themes in the data. The findings of the study indicated that effective fire safety management in markets required a combination of proactive measures and emergency preparedness. Proactive measures included regular risk assessments, proper storage of flammable materials, regular maintenance of electrical systems, and the installation of fire safety equipment such as alarms and sprinklers. Emergency preparedness strategies included the creation of emergency evacuation plans, the establishment of communication protocols, and the training of market staff on fire safety procedures. The study also found that collaboration between market management, vendors, and local fire departments is crucial to effective fire safety management in markets. The study highlights the need for ongoing education and training for vendors and market staff to maintain awareness of fire safety hazards and emergency response procedures. It also underscores the importance of regular reviews and updates of fire safety management plans to ensure they remain effective and relevant. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into effective fire safety management strategies in markets, and emphasizes the need for continued attention and investment in fire safety management to protect people, property, and businesses from the devastating effects of fires.

Simülasyon Modeli Kullanarak Bir Üniversitede Acil Durum Tahliye Planı Oluşturulması

Many countries have experienced a lot of loss of life and material losses in many incidents due to natural or technological disasters. Planned and systematic action is required to manage emergencies. For this, a successful plan must be prepared. In order for the emergency management to be successful, it is necessary to successfully evacuate people from the building in the event of a disaster. Emergency evacuation plans, evacuation drills and training should be provided. Simulations and models have often been one of the methods people use to study events. How solutions should be created for the events encountered were examined with simulations. With emergency evacuation simulations, an emergency management plan can be made close to reality. This study was carried out in a university building. In this 3-storey building, there are students, lecturers and working personnel. The best emergency evacuation plan to be applied in an emergency has been researched. It was aimed to create a plan with the shortest evacuation time by making experiments with the simulation program. Pathfinder simulation program was used in this study. In the first part, 11 scenarios related to the routing variability to the emergency exit doors were created. It is aimed to create a plan with the best evacuation time. In the second part, 5 scenarios were created about the situations where the emergency exit doors are locked and the doors are unusable for certain periods. The effects of these disruptions on the evacuation period were examined.

Risk analysis of people evacuation and its path optimization during tunnel fires using virtual reality experiments

The number of urban tunnels has been increasing rapidly, accompanied by frequent tunnel fire accidents owing to the complex tunnel structure and large traffic flow. In this study, a full-size tunnel virtual reality (VR) scenario and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) construction model were established to investigate the evacuation behavior and corresponding risk of people in the early stage of vehicle fires considering four scenarios: normal circumstance, without VR agents, without emergency evacuation signs, and without fire extinguishers. Firstly, the cumulative values of CO, CO2, and temperature along the evacuation path were monitored using CFD. Secondly, the smoke toxicity was calculated using the N-GAS model, and the total risk value was computed based on the analytic hierarchy process which was defined as “smoke hazard: temperature hazard = 7:3.” Thirdly, a multiple regression model was created based on accident data. Finally, to minimize accidents, the design of the evacuation path was optimized using the established mathematical model and A* algorithm to verify the effectiveness of the risk assessment model. The results show that the effects of VR agents, emergency evacuation signs, and fire extinguishers on the evacuation behavior of people are mutual influence. This study combined time and route in the VR evacuation experiments to overcome the limitations of the existing control and VR experiments in quantifying the evacuation results. This research can be utilized to improve emergency evacuation plans and emergency response decision making. Furthermore, it can broaden the application of VR in the field of tunnel lifecycle safety management.

Assessment of exposure, coping and adaptation strategies for elements at risk to climate change-induced flooding in urban areas. The case of Jangwani Ward in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania

Urban areas are the engines of socioeconomic growth and the homes of billions of people around the globe. In a changing climate, urban areas are inexorably from vulnerability to climate hazards including flooding which deters their social, economic, and environmental sustainability. The main objective of this paper was to explore exposure to elements at risk due to climate change-induced flooding in urban areas. In addition, the paper analyses the coping and adaptation strategies practiced at the community and national levels and recommends appropriate policy measures for enhanced climate resilience in urban areas. The study adopted purposeful sampling in which n = 95 households were selected for the study. Data collection methods involved household interviews with structured questionnaires, focused group discussions, documentary reviews, transect walks, surveys, and observations. Data analysis was done with a statistical package for social sciences. The results revealed that the elements at risk of exposure to climate change-induced flooding in the study area were physical infrastructures, socio-economic activities, livelihoods, and ecosystems. The study recommends enhancing resilience of elements at risk to climate change-induced flooding at national and local levels in urban areas. This is through promoting flood policies, strategies, laws, planning and management measures; enhance non-structural actions including flood forecasting, mapping, emergency evacuation plans and land use zoning and structural measures namely dams, dikes, storm surge barriers for adaptation to urban flooding.

Simulation of fire emergency evacuation in a large-passenger-flow subway station based on the on-site measured data of Shenzhen Metro

Abstract Because of its large capacity, high efficiency and energy savings, the subway has gradually become the primary mode of transportation for citizens. A high density of passengers exists within a large-passenger-flow subway station, and the number of casualties and injuries during a fire emergency is substantial. In this paper, Pathfinder software and on-site measured data of Pingzhou station in Shenzhen (China) were utilized to simulate a fire emergency evacuation in a large-passenger-flow subway station. The Required Safe Egress Time (RSET), number of passengers and flow rates of stairs and escalators were analysed for three fire evacuation scenarios: train fire, platform fire and hall fire. The evacuation time of the train fire, which was 1173 s, was the longest, and 3621 occupants needed to evacuate when the train was fully loaded. Occupants could not complete the evacuation within 6 mins in all three fire evacuation scenarios, which does not meet the current standard requirements and codes. By changing the number of passengers and the number of stairs for evacuation, the flow rate capacity and evacuation time were explored, which have reference values for safety management and emergency evacuation plan optimization during peak hours of subway operation.

Enhancing Flood Risk Assessment and Mitigation through Numerical Modeling: A Case Study

Evaluation of dike-break-induced flood risk has been a worldwide concern due to its enormous economic, environmental, and societal importance. The mitigation of flood risk in detention basins is a complex decision making process that could span multiple engineering and scientific disciplines. In this paper, an integrated dike-break-induced flood modeling, analysis, and management framework is proposed. The MIKE21-based numerical approach is first adopted to model the flood routing process in detention basins. With the physical behavior of the flood well understood, physics-informed approaches are proposed to better quantify the dike-break-induced flood risks, e.g., human life, economic and environmental losses, offering valuable information for engineers and policymakers to formulate targeted contingency plans. The Zhuhu detention basin in the Poyang Lake district in China is investigated using the proposed framework. The flood movement in the detention basin is first numerically simulated using the MIKE21-based model. Based on the results, i.e., inundation area, water depth, flow velocity, and arrival time of flood peak, the detention basin is divided into several flood disaster zones. The induced flood risks are then estimated for the different zones. Customized emergency evacuation plans are also formulated for the different flood disaster zones. The study of the Zhuhu detention basin confirms that the proposed framework effectively fuses numerical modeling, physics-informed analysis, and management of flood events, providing an integrated and enhanced decision making process for flood warning and risk mitigation in flood detention basins or at other places.

Tsunami evacuation modelling via micro-simulation model

The associated tsunami risks posed to coastal regions in earthquake-prone areas highlight the importance of an effective emergency evacuation plan for these regions. Evacuation simulations have shown to be a valuable tool in assessing the effectiveness of existing evacuation plans and providing solutions for risk reduction, and improving community readiness. This paper describes the development of a micro-simulation evacuation model (MSEM) to assess the effectiveness of local tsunami evacuation processes and test the results with a velocity-based theoretical model. As an agent-based model, the MSEM considers both pedestrian and vehicle interactions and their interactions with each other. The models were used to assess the evacuation scenarios for a tsunami-prone city Napier, in New Zealand. The evacuation process was evaluated based on a local 8.4 Mw earthquake that would trigger a tsunami event, with an evacuation time of 50 min between feeling the initial shake in Napier City and the time of arrival of the tsunami wave. The study outlined within this paper assumes two scenarios: (1) effected population would evacuate by foot, and (2) affected population would evacuate by car, considered to take place during the afternoon at the traffic peak time. The results of the MSEM show factors such as evacuation method, lane and sidewalk capacities, and interactions between individuals affect the individuals' ability to safely evacuate. The MSEM model based on scenario 1 and 2 for Napier City, demonstrated around 85% of residents would reach designated safe area when all evacuating by foot, whilst, only 45% of evacuees will reach their designated safe zone if all individuals attempted to use vehicles as their means of evacuation.

Safety of Students with Disabilities in Emergency Situations

ABSTRACT All students have the right to be safe at school. Regulations mandate that schools must establish procedures to ensure the safety of all students during emergency situations. Twenty years ago, a Midwestern school district created Individualized Emergency Evacuation Plans (IEEPs) to address unique safety needs of students with disabilities. A mixed methods design program evaluation was conducted to study its effectiveness. It examined the extent to which these practices align with the needs of students with disabilities, and what changes might be implemented to improve the program. Participants were multiple levels of District personnel. Data were collected using a quantitative online survey and qualitative individual semi-structured interviews and two focus groups. Most survey participants felt that current plans meet needs of students with disabilities; however, the plans could be updated to better support student safety. Interview analyses produced three emergent themes: We will do whatever it takes; There is always room for improvement; and “It might be helpful to … .” District Q continues to implement some practices from the original framework of the Individualized Emergency Evacuation Plans. The program evaluation produced suggestions for more effectively and efficiently meeting the safety needs of students with disabilities in emergency situations.

Loss of Life Estimation using Life Safety Model for Dam Breach Flood Disaster in Malaysia

The need for an emergency disaster management related to damhas risen up in recentyears. This is dueto uncertainties in global weather predictions which also affect local Malaysian area. With unpredictable prolonged rainy weather, concerns on events that could lead to flooding has triggered the authority to review the evacuation strategies in critical locations.This paper describes an investigation on the effect of early warning system and people response delayto the rate of fatality in the event of flooding due to dam breach. The Life Safety Model is utilized as a tool for the simulation of people vehicle and building response to 2D hydraulic flow of the river originated from the dam. The study area is based on KenyirDam and its surrounding vicinity. A number of scenarios are simulatednamely cases with and without early warning system. For the case with early warning system, different triggering time is also investigated. On top of that, the effect of people responsedelay to the warning system is simulated. It was found that early warning system plays a critical role in reducing the number of fatalities due to flooding. Equally important is the time taken for the community to start evacuating whentriggered by the early warning system.From the result LSM, optimum evacuation parameters could be identified and used for the purpose of design, planning and implementation of local emergency evacuation plan in the event of dam-related flooding.