Emergency Door Research Articles

Importance-Performance Analysis of Service Education Training

Background/Objectives: This study attempted to analyze the importance and performance of service education training for flight attendants at ‘A’ Airlines in Korea. Methods/Statistical Analysis: For this, data were collected from airline cabin crew to conduct paired sample T-test and the priority between items with significant differences and each selected item was explored. Also using IPA methods, items of ‘concentrate here’, ‘keep up the good work’, ‘low priority’, and ‘possible overkill’ were derived. Findings: In the result of IPA in service education training, the first quadrant ‘concentrate here’area that needed most effort was found to be ‘aviation English’. The second quadrant ‘keep up the good work’ area is an area with high importance and performance and it includes basic manners, conversation etiquette, appearance and attire, manners and etiquette, service mind, crew standards and working relations, swimming and emergency door operation,aircraft structure, evacuation drills, firefighting training, emergency patient treatment, and sales of duty-free merchandise. Third quadrant ‘low priority’ area is an area with both low importance and performance and this includes multicultural awareness, understanding of company or organization, understanding of aviation laws and flight regulations, service product knowledge, tickets and immigration regulations, in-flight service items usage, aviation Japanese, and aviation Chinese. The fourth quadrant ‘possible overkill’ area is an area with low importance but high performance. And this area includes aviation security and industrial accident prevention, alcohol and food and beverage services, and customer interaction guidance. Improvements/Applications: By analyzing education training programs conducted at ‘A’ airlines in Korea, the study tried to provide future education training program improvement and useful perspective on program development direction.

스크린도어(PSD)의 개폐율에 따른 피난소요시간 분석에 관한 연구

Platform Screen Door System (PSD)는 지하철 승객의 편의 및 안전을 위해 설치되기 시작하였고, 현재 전국 9개 운영기관이 관리하고 있는 824개 역사 중 전체의 71.8%에 해당하는 592개 역이 PSD를 운영 중에 있다. 본 연구에서는 전동차 정차 위치에 따른 PSD와 전동차 가동문 사이의 개폐율 변화를 분석하였고, 수도권 지하철을 운행 중인 기관에서 제공받은 재차인원 자료 분석 및 피난시뮬레이션을 통해 각 역사별 피난소요시간을 산정하였다. 연구결과 승객이 매우 혼잡하게 밀집되는 일부 고밀도 역사에서는 PSD 개폐율에 따라 매우 위험한 상황이 초래될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 특히 정위치에서 7 m 벗어난 곳에 정차할 경우 PSD의 고정 안전보호벽과 맞물려 열차 출입문 절반 이상이 폐쇄되는 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위해 기(旣) 설치된 PSD 고정안전보호벽을 모두 개폐 가능한 비상문으로 교체 및 개량하는 것을 제안한다. The PSD (Platform Screen Door System) has been installed to enhance the passengers' safety. A total of 592 stations operate the PSD system, which is almost 71.8% of all stations in South Korea. This study compared the opening rate between the PSD and train door, and calculated the exact amount of passengers at peak time. In addition, the evacuation time was simulated by Pathfinder 2015 with the exact input data. Some of the high density stations have extremely high dangerous points about the passengers' evacuation at some situations by the PSD door opening rate. In particular, due to the interference of a fixed door, when it stops at 7 m less than the regular position, its opening rate becomes less than half of the normal state. To solve this problem, it should be made possible to open the fixed door by changing it to an emergency door or improving the PSD module system.

Establishing school bus baseline emergency evacuation times for elementary school students

Emergency evacuation systems are critical to mass transportation vehicles such as school buses. Previous bus fire propagation tests indicate that the available time for successful evacuation is approximately 3–5min. Many school districts in the United States utilize school bus routes that exclusively transport children in kindergarten through second/third grade where the bus driver is the only adult onboard. Currently, no standards specify the maximum allowable evacuation time for school buses. Full-scale evacuation trials were performed to measure front door, rear door, and both door (simultaneous) evacuation flow rates for kindergarten through third grade students. The evacuation trials indicated that the grade level of school bus passengers, and available evacuation routes have a significant effect on flow rate (p<0.05). For evacuation trials with driver’s assistance mean flow rate through the front door was 29children/min, 21children/min for the rear emergency door, and 36children/min for evacuations using both doors simultaneously.

Looking for an emergency door

Purpose – The paper investigates the role of information asymmetries and sensegiving processes of citizens claiming for social services. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the relevance of applicants’ agency, since it has been generally neglected in the analysis of social services provision. On the contrary, the paper proposes an alternative view, considering applicants as actors who are able to develop dialectic strategies for claiming specific forms of social assistance. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on a qualitative research, conducted following an inductive approach. The data have been collected in three different Italian municipalities, where the researcher has been the opportunity to perform a period of observation of the interviews between the social workers of the local social services department and the citizens applying for social assistance. Findings – The findings of the research point out that informational asymmetries play an ambivalent role in the definition of applicant’s strategies, since they represent an ambivalent and dynamic factor, rather than a mere source of disadvantage for the user. From this viewpoint, the citizens’ possibilities to access to social assistance are shaped by both institutional and dialectic factors: on the one hand, access to social assistance relies on specific criteria of eligibility (institutionally defined), but on the other hand the access is the outcome of situated sensegiving processes, performed by both the applicants and the gatekeepers of social services during their encounters. Research limitations/implications – The research is based on the analysis of a small number of cases, within a context that is characterized by a high level of organizational and professional discretion in the regulation of the provision of social assistance. Practical implications – The findings of the research urge policy maker to re-consider applicants as strategic actors and opens the space for the development of new options of regulation of the delivery of social services. Social implications – The paper suggests to consider the applicants for social services as people who, although in a condition of need, are capable to identify specific forms of assistance. From this point of view, informational asymmetries are not be considered as a stigmatic issue, but as a space which calls for further and less superficial investigation. Originality/value – The paper challenges some of the most taken-for-granted theoretical assumptions in the analysis of the regulation of the access to social assistance. First, it proposes a dynamic interpretation of the notion of informational asymmetries, considering them as a space for action, rather than a binding factor; second, it emphasizes the relevance of user’s agency in the access to welfare services, that is generally neglected since most analyses focus on professional discretion disregarding the hypothesis of the user as a strategic actor.

Analysis of the Health Status of Housing in Forest-mountain Villages and its Affecting Factors in the Eastern Region of Bandpey in Babol County

Purpose: One component of human rights is suitable housing. Certainly after the air, food and clothing, suitable housing is among the most basic necessities for living with honor and human dignity and it is one the most important standards for a desirable living and a perquisite to achieve social justice. Methodology: This study is applied - developmental and the methodology is descriptive - analytic. it aims to assess the health status of rural housing and the factors influencing it. The population of this research is the forest – mountainous villages in eastern region of Bandpey in Babol County. Among the 235 forest - mountain villages, 36 villages was chosen as the sample of the study based on systematic random sampling method. The data was collected through questionnaires, semi-deep interview and from health center. The data was analyzed by the use of Excel and the SPSS statistical software. Finding: The results indicate that the major health challenges of the rural houses are mice and other harmful animals, not having a fire fighting capsule, the electrical and fire hazards and the unsanitary disposal of household waste are the most important home health variables that need special attention. The safety of roof and floor and the foundation of the building and the stairs guard, walls and windows are the second priority. The home lighting, kitchen, toilet, bathroom and garden area as well as the lack of an emergency door is the next priority. The economic factors (income), occupation, education and the property status have direct and significant relationship with housing health and also the family size factors, distance from the city, distance from the road and the age have inverse and significant relationship with housing health. Research limitation: Data collection and lack of research resources about the topic of this research are the main challenges of this study. Practical implications: Institutional cooperation between the agencies involved in improving housing quality, enhancing economic power of rural household, increasing participation and awareness of rural villagers including practical implementation of practical programs of health promotion for rural housing. Original/value: This article investigated the health status of housing in forest-mountain villages which are in specific conditions, have been considered. This study can be helpful for national and local authorities, housing agencies, healthcare organizations and other institutions involved in rural health issues in general and housing health in particular.

Analysis of traditional Chinese medical institutions service quantity in 2008-2013

The service of Traditional Chinese medical institutions consists Outpatient Care and Inpatient Care. The author summarizes the service situation of Traditional Chinese medical institutions in the last six years, by contrasting and analyzing the following quotas: the total number of treatment in the emergency door, the number of discharged patients, hospital admissions per 100 outpatient emergency treatment, rate of utilization of hospital beds, the average days of staying in hospital and doctors work efficiency, and then give some reasonable suggestions.

Predicting self-pollution inside school buses using a CFD and multi-zone coupled model

The in-cabin environment of a school bus is important for children's health. The pollutants from a bus's own exhaust contribute to children's overall exposure to air pollutants inside the school bus cabin. In this study, we adapted a coupled model originally developed for indoor environment to determine the relative contribution of the bus own exhaust to the in-cabin pollutant concentrations. The coupled model uses CFD (computational fluent dynamics) model to simulate outside concentration and CONTAM (a multi-zone model) for inside the school bus. The model was validated with experimental data in the literature. Using the validated model, we analyzed the effects of vehicle speed and tailpipe location on self-pollution inside the bus cabin. We confirmed that the pollution released from the tailpipe can penetrate into the bus cabin through gaps in the back emergency door. We found the pollution concentration inside school buses was the highest when buses were driven at a medium speed. In addition, locating the tailpipe on the side, behind the rear axle resulted in less self-pollution since there is less time for the suction effect to take place. The developed theoretical framework can be generalized to study other types of buses. These findings can be used in developing policy recommendations for reducing human exposure to air pollution inside buses.

승강기 관리시스템 운영 시 안전요소에 관한 비교연구

Recently, from 2008 to 2012, there are many of elevator safety patents from patent office survey. In this paper, we analyzed the elevator safety patent from 2009 to 2013, found out safety factor is safety control, emergency stop equipment and door opening equipment. Through reliability statistics, we defined the most important things for safety elevator factor is this three things, studied the reason about many patents. Finally, we propose the Kinect Scada elevator system for prevention safety accident.

AB0817-HPR Activity of telephone consultation to nursing by request in rheumatology

BackgroundThe role of the nursing consultation in rheumatology is becoming more prevalent, especially in patient monitoring, reducing the burden of care of rheumatologists in many cases where in-person consultation with...

避難口誘導灯に通過後の情報を付加することの効果

Often after opening an emergency door, an evacuee may need to turn right or left or go further straight ahead to reach the emergency exit. This study examined whether the currently-adopted emergency exit sign could be made more effective with advance information on the evacuation route. The current sign was modified by adding a left-bent or right-bent arrow to its left-facing or right-facing version respectively. In a computer-simulated evacuation task, participants were required to decide as quickly as possible which direction to turn after going through the door under the current or the modified exit sign. The modified sign was shown to be effective in leading the participants to choose the direction consistent with its directional arrow, whereas the current sign, whether left-facing or right-facing, showed no such effect. However, in a recognition memory test given immediately following the completion of the simulated evacuation task, many of those who had successfully chosen the direction suggested by the modified sign falsely selected the current left-facing sign as what they had seen.

Zniszczenia mikrobiologiczne zbiorów na tle warunków przechowywania w wybranych bibliotekach i archiwach w Polsce

The aims of this work were to assess the biodeterioration of library and archive collections as well as to identify the causes of the destructive processes. The investigation was carried out in five selected storerooms with particular attention being paid to the accumulation of moisture on wall barriers. The measurements of air relative humidity (RH) and temperature as well as the assessment of the biodeterioration of the collections were performed. The samples taken from the objects attacked by microorganisms were microbiologically tested. A direct dependency between the defects of buildings and the accumulation of moisture on wall barriers was confirmed. The source of moisture accumulation in some storerooms were rainwater penetrating the interior of the rooms through a leaky emergency door, through cracks in roof or terrace coverings or water from the overfilled manholes. The floodings resulted in the water stains on walls and ceilings, flaking of paint coatings, or sometimes colourful deposits of moulds or salts. The average values of the air RH in the examined storerooms ranged between 46.0% and 47.4%. However, it was noted that this parameter highly fluctuated up to 30% RH during a year. The average temperatures were between 19.5 and 21.0ºC, which means they were around 1.5 to 3ºC higher than temperatures recommended for library and archive collections. The temperature values were also variable and, to a large extent, dependent on the outdoor conditions. Around a quarter of collections in all examined storerooms was, to a larger or lesser degree, damaged by living organisms (fungi, insects and rodents). Some of the threats were still up-to-date, e.g. the attack of insects in one of the storerooms. However, a great number of other damage, in particular caused by microorganisms, has its beginnings in the past and the microorganisms responsible for the damage may have been inactive for a long time now. Hence, it is very difficult to find a correlation between the results of microscope examinations of deposits taken from the attacked places and the results of cultivation of microorganisms from the same spots. The collections had been stored in the examined storerooms for a relatively short period of time between 10 and 30 years. Their condition of preservation was, to a larger degree, affected by violent conditions (storing in basements, storing in attics, moving places, wars) and moisture, which had accumulated for decades before the collections were placed in the examined storerooms.

Emergency Door Capacity: Influence of Door Width, Population Composition and Stress Level

For the new version of the Dutch design guidelines for buildings, a threshold value for the capacity of emergency doors needs to be set. Innovative large-scale laboratory experiments have been performed to investigate the capacity of emergency doors during evacuation conditions. This paper focuses in particular on the relation between capacity and the independent variables doorway width, population composition, stress level and presence of an open door. It turned out that only the experiment with the widest doorway (275 cm) resulted in a capacity lower than the capacity from the current design guidelines (2.25 P/m/s). The average observed capacities are for all widths lowest for the lowest stress level and highest for the highest stress level. The population with a greater part of children has the highest capacity (on average 3.31 P/m/s). This is mainly due to the smaller physical size of children compared to adults and elderly, which makes it possible that more children can pass a door at the same time than adults. The lowest capacity (on average 2.02 P/m/s) is found for the experiment with 5% disabled participants. The presence of a door opened in the escape direction in an angle of 90° for a doorway of 85 cm results in a 20% capacity reduction compared to the reference experiment. The open door does not physically narrow the doorway, but it leads to interactions between participants reducing their speed and the corresponding outflow.

Stress analysis of door and window of a passenger aircraft

AbstractThe stresses around the passenger door, emergency door and window of an aircraft, Airbus A300B, are considered in this paper. By idealising these opening as rectangular holes with rounded corners in an infinite plate subjected to inplane loads and considering the presence of adjacent holes the stresses are determined using the complex variable method along with Schwarz Alternating Method. The results of the analytical solution are found to be in good agreement with those of the finite element analysis using ANSYS 5.0 software within 5%.

Fire safety design based on calculations: Uncertainty analysis and safety verification

Evacuation life safety in a one-room public assembly building has been analysed with regard to uncertainty and risk. Limit state equations have been defined, using response surface approximations of output from computer programmes. A number of uncertainty analysis procedures have been employed and compared: the analytical first-order second-moment (FOSM) method, two numerical random sampling procedures (simple random sampling and Latin hypercube sampling) and standard PRA method. Eight scenarios have been analysed in isolation as well as aggregated into an event tree, with branches denoting functioning/failing protection system (alarm, sprinkler and emergency door). Input parameter distributions have been subjectively quantified and classified with respect to category: knowledge or stochastic uncertainty. Risk assessment results comprise probability of failure p f , reliability index β and CCDF (complementary cumulative distribution function) for evacuation time-margin deficit. Of special interest is the calculation of confidence intervals for the distribution of CCDFs obtained by the two-phase Monte Carlo sampling procedure, allowing a distinction between knowledge and stochastic uncertainty. The importance analysis carried out analytically gives data of fundamental significance for an understanding of the practical design problem. Partial coefficients have been treated only by calculating values implicit or inherent in a few existing sample design configurations. Future studies, preferrably using optimization procedures, are needed to produce generally valid values.

Visual barriers to prevent ambulatory Alzheimer's patients from exiting through an emergency door.

Mobility combined with impaired mental functioning presents safety risks for Alzheimer's patients and poses an ethical dilemma for staff. This study, conducted on an Alzheimer's unit, tested seven different visual barrier conditions for reducing patient exists. Findings indicate that exiting was eliminated under two conditions. The results suggest visual agnosia, the inability to interpret what the eye sees, may be utilized as a tool in managing wandering behavior of Alzheimer's patients.