Emergency Demand Response Research Articles

Design of Emergency Demand Response Program Using Analytic Hierarchy Process

This paper presents an innovative approach to formulate a customer-oriented demand response (DR) program in the electricity market using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). AHP could represent the mutual importance degrees of load reduction criteria from the various viewpoints of load-holders. Thus, the proposed DR program (DRP) could provide the reasonable decision-support process for load-holders, because the participation or nonparticipation is determined by the incentive payments corresponding to the specific load reduction conditions. The proposed DRP has the objective to maintain the system reliability at the emergency period, and it is designed as an incentive-based program (IBP) considering the real-time and by-directional operation. The modified IEEE 24-bus system for the case study is used to demonstrate the usefulness and applicability of the proposed approach, and the load profiles with the proposed DRP and the required incentive payments are obtained. The results show not only the enhancement to the system reliability but also the economic benefits within Pareto-improvement.

Simultanous emergency demand response programming and unit commitment programming in comparison with interruptible load contracts

Different reasons such as power system restructuring, electricity price variation in some hours of a day and growth in the fuel price, have led to more attention to demand response (DR) programmes for consumers. Two important issues in DR programmes are emergency demand response programming (EDRP) and Interruptible/Curtail able (I/C) programme that is utilised as interruptible load contracts (ILC). The EDDR is utilised to decrease the consumption in peak load or critical hours of the day. This occurs by means of customer's behaviour in response to the incentives. However, the curtailment of voluntarily loads in the critical hours considering the consumer requirements is an action that can be performed in DR. A model has been proposed for EDRP and ILC implementation in the unit commitment (UC) programme. Then, the effect of these two DR programmes have been compared in long-term UC problem with fuel constraints. The proposed methodology has been formulated as a mixed integer linear problem and implemented in GAMS environment. The proposed model is applied to a 6-bus test system and a modified IEEE 118-bus system to demonstrate its effectiveness.

Intelligent Load Management Scheme for a Residential Community in Smart Grids Network Using Fair Emergency Demand Response Programs

In the framework of liberalized deregulated electricity market, dynamic competitive environment exists between wholesale and retail dealers for energy supplying and management. Smart Grids topology in form of energy management has forced power supplying agencies to become globally competitive. Demand Response (DR) Programs in context with smart energy network have influenced prosumers and consumers towards it. In this paper Fair Emergency Demand Response Program (FEDRP) is integrated for managing the loads intelligently by using the platform of Smart Grids for Residential Setup. The paper also provides detailed modelling and analysis of respective demands of residential consumers in relation with economic load model for FEDRP. Due to increased customer’s partaking in this program the load on the utility is reduced and managed intelligently during emergency hours by providing fair and attractive incentives to residential clients, thus shifting peak load to off peak hours. The numerical and graphical results are matched for intelligent load management scenario.

An Event-Driven Demand Response Scheme for Power System Security Enhancement

Demand response has become a key feature of the future smart grid. In addition to having advanced communication and computing infrastructures, a successful demand response program must respond to the needs of a power system. In other words, the efficiency and security of a power system dictate the locations, amounts and speeds of the load reductions of a demand response program. In this paper, we propose an event-driven emergency demand response scheme to prevent a power system from experiencing voltage collapse. A technique to design such a scheme is presented. This technique is able to provide key setting parameters such as the amount of demand reductions at various locations to arm the demand response infrastructure. The validity of the proposed technique has been verified by using several test power systems.

A demand response based solution for LMP management in power markets

In recent years, most of the countries around the world have gone through the power system restructuring process. Along with this restructuring in power market there are some issues like LMP problems that need to be solved base on demand response. In this article, demand-side management (DSM) programs have been effective to address LMPs in the market and system operators experience throughout their day-to-day activities. In particularly, these programs can help independent system operator (ISO) to reduce price volatility during peak demand hours. For achieving this purpose, a multi-objective optimal power flow is proposed to study the impact of a model for a demand response program on price spikes. Actually a new framework using demand response program was presented for price spikes reduction. As a case study for the formulation, the IEEE 9-bus, load curve of Mid-Atlantic region of the New York network is used to compare local prices in the system with and without emergency demand response program (EDRP). The study results demonstrate the effectiveness of these programs in an electricity market and showing them as appropriate tools in managing the LMPs of the power market more efficiently.

Session details: Special issue on the 2010 GreenMetrics workshop

Session details: Special issue on the 2010 GreenMetrics workshop

A demand side approach for congestion management in competitive environment

AbstractThis paper proposes an approach for transmission congestion management (CM) in a deregulated power system. Transmission congestion mitigates network efficiency and results in increasing electricity price. Congestion can be effectively eliminated through several methods either by building a new transmission line or by increasing the capacity of the original line between congested zones. This paper evaluates the using of Demand Response (DR) programs in order to managing the congestion. For this purpose, a coordination process between GENCOs and the Independent System Operator (ISO) is considered. In the proposed approach, the coordination is modeled as a two‐stage process. At first, GENCOs apply price‐based unit commitment and submit their bids to the ISO for maximizing their profits. Then, the ISO clears the market using Day‐Ahead Demand Response Program (DADRP). Now, if any transmission violation exists, the ISO will run re‐dispatching of GENCO bids using Emergency Demand Response Program (EDRP) for minimizing the CM cost as well as omitting line flow violations. Numerical studies based on IEEE 57‐bus system are performed for the evaluation of the method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Regional Approaches to Measurement and Verification of Load Management Programs

Conventional measurement and verification for non-interval metered, direct load control (DLC) programs bidding into wholesale electricity markets usually requires a PURPA-compliant load research study. This requirement contributes to high operating costs and has been a factor in recent reductions in the amount of emergency demand response available to regional transmission system operators. This paper describes a collaborative effort by PJM members to determine whether regional modeling using pooled historical data could satisfy DLC measurement and verification (M&V) requirements without sacrificing estimation accuracy. This paper also describes how PJM incorporated the regional deemed savings estimates into its Load Data Systems Manual. This paper concludes that regional approaches to M&V could yield large cost savings for DLC resource providers around the country.

Get-rich-quick scheme [innovative electricity conservation

This paper discusses how the New York-based company, ConsumerPowerline, is able to turn electricity conservation into a money-making venture. The idea behind ConsumerPowerline's business originated from a ruling in January 2000 by the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). By taking advantage of the New York Independent System Operator's Emergency Demand Response Program (EDRP), ConsumerPowerline can estimate precisely how much an organization stand to gain, based on its typical electricity usage, and how much electricity the organization can get along without for short periods. ConsumerPowerline gets reimbursed for its efforts when the organization starts to make money by not using electricity. Besides making the grid more reliable, local utilities do not have to build extra generators just to cover the highest peak loads for a few hours on the hottest days of the year.

95/04835 Pricing electric harmonics

In this paper, we develop a novel mechanism for reducing volatility of residential demand for electricity. We construct a reward-based (rebate) mechanism that provides consumers with incentives to shift their demand to off-peak time. In contrast to most other mechanisms proposed in the literature, the key feature of our mechanism is its modest requirements on user preferences, i.e., it does not require exact knowledge of user responsiveness to rewards for shifting their demand from the peak to the off-peak time. Specifically, our mechanism utilizes a probabilistic reward structure for users who shift their demand to the off-peak time, and is robust to incomplete information about user demand and/or risk preferences. We approach the problem from the public good perspective, and demonstrate that the mechanism can be implemented via lottery-like schemes. Our mechanism permits to reduce the distribution losses, and thus improve efficiency of electricity distribution. Finally, the mechanism can be readily incorporated into the emerging demand response schemes (e.g., the time-of-day pricing, and critical peak pricing schemes), and has security and privacy-preserving properties.