Growth Pattern Research Articles

Comparative evaluation of facial divine proportions in males and females with average growth pattern

Facial beauty of an individual depends on proportion and its relationship to various facial parts which varies in each individual. The values of measured proportion in beautiful faces are likely to approximate divine proportion and may show variation with ethinicity, sex, growth pattern. Hence, aim of the study was to evaluate and compare vertical and horizontal parameters of facial divine proportions in male and female subjects with average growth pattern. 30 subjects (18-30 yrs age) with average growth pattern (based on cephalometric measurements FMA, Yaxis, GoGn-SN and facial axis angle) were divided into two groups as Group I (Male subjects, n=15) ; Group II (female subjects, n=15). Standardized frontal facial photographs of all the subjects were obtained. Nine vertical and four horizontal parameters were measured on all the facial photographs using IC Measure software and were used to evaluate horizontal and vertical facial proportions and then compared to divine proportions considering 1.618 as 100%. Horizontal and Vertical facial proportion in males were higher than females. Group I showed that three of seven vertical facial proportions were close to divine proportion (1.618) whereas only one vertical facial proportion in Group II were close to divine proportions. Horizontal facial proportions in both the groups deviated more from divine proportion (1.618).There was difference between males and females for the vertical and horizontal facial proportions with values being larger in males. This should be considered as an accessory guideline in planning orthodontic or orthognathic treatment.

Inflorescence development in female cannabis plants is mediated by photoperiod and gibberellin

Abstract In cannabis seedlings, the initiation of solitary flowers is photoperiod-independent. However, when cannabis reaches the adult stage, short-day photoperiod (SD) triggers branching of the shoot apex and a reduction in internode length, leading to development of a condensed inflorescence. We demonstrate that SD affects cannabis plants in two distinct phases: the first includes rapid elongation of the internodes and main stem, and occurring from day 5 to day 10 of plant cultivation under SD; in the second phase, elongation of newly developed internodes ceases, and a condensed inflorescence is formed. Exposure of plants to alternating photoperiods revealed that inflorescence onset requires at least three consecutive days of SD, and SD is consistently required throughout inflorescence maturation to support its typical condensed architecture. This photoperiod-dependent morphogenesis was associated with a decrease in gibberellin (GA4) and auxin levels in the shoot apex. Reverting the plants to a long-day photoperiod (LD) increased GA4 and auxin levels, leading to inflorescence disassembly, internode elongation and subsequent resumption of LD growth patterns. Similar developmental patterns were observed under SD following the application of exogenous GA (and not auxin), which also impeded inflorescence development. Nevertheless, additional studies will help to further evaluate auxin’s role in these developmental changes. We propose a crucial role for GA in sexual reproduction and inflorescence development in female cannabis by mediating photoperiod signaling in the inflorescence tissues.

Growth Simulation of Lyophyllum decastes and Coprinus comatus and Their Influencing Factors in a Forested Catchment

Wild edible mushrooms are an important food source globally and have a crucial role in forest ecosystems. However, there is limited research on the growth characteristics and the contribution of agronomic traits to biomass, and the environmental factors affecting mushroom growth are limited. This study was conducted in the Qilian Mountains, China, and focused on investigating the growth patterns and agronomic traits of Lyophyllum decastes and Coprinus comatus. The results revealed that the growth of these mushrooms followed a logical growth curve. By calculating the model parameters, we obtained the maximum daily growth of height (PH), pileus diameter (PD), and cluster perimeter (CP) of L. decastes on the 5th, 7th, and 7th days, respectively, with values of 0.55 cm d−1, 0.54 cm d−1, and 4.54 cm d−1, respectively. However, the maximum daily growth of PH, pileus length (PL), and PD of the C. comatus appeared on the 3rd day, 2nd day, and 2nd day of the observation, respectively. This study identified near-surface relative humidity, air relative humidity, and rainfall as the primary factors influencing mushroom growth, as indicated by Pearson’s correlation analysis, redundancy analysis (RDA), and multiple linear and stepwise regression. Additionally, land surface temperature and air temperature were also identified as important factors affecting mushroom growth. By utilizing random forest and stepwise regression analysis, this study identified PH and stipe diameter (SD) as the most crucial agronomic traits affecting mushroom biomass. Overall, this study offers insights for industrial mushroom cultivation and basic fungal research.

A novel histopathological feature of spatial tumor-stroma distribution predicts lung squamous cell carcinoma prognosis.

We used a mathematical approach to investigate the quantitative spatial profile of cancer cells and stromain lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues and its clinical relevance. The study enrolled 132 patients with 3-5 cm peripheral lung squamous cell carcinoma, resected at the National Cancer Center Hospital East. We utilized machine learning to segment cancer cells and stroma on cytokeratin AE1/3 immunohistochemistry images. Subsequently, a spatial form of Shannon's entropy was employed to precisely quantify the spatial distribution of cancer cells and stroma. This quantification index was defined as the spatial tumor-stroma distribution index (STSDI). The patients were classified as STSDI-low and -high groups for clinicopathological comparison. The STSDI showed no significant association with baseline clinicopathological features, including sex, age, pathological stage, and lymphovascular invasion. However, the STSDI-low group had significantly shorter recurrence-free survival (5-years RFS: 49.5% vs. 76.2%, p < 0.001) and disease-specific survival (5-years DSS: 53.6% vs. 81.5%, p < 0.001) than the STSDI-high group. In contrast, the application of Shannon's entropy without spatial consideration showed no correlation with patient outcomes. Moreover, low STSDI was an independent unfavorable predictor of tumor recurrence and disease-specific death (RFS; HR = 2.668, p < 0.005; DSS; HR = 3.057, p < 0.005), alongside the pathological stage. Further analysis showed a correlation between low STSDI and destructive growth patterns of cancer cells within tumors, potentially explaining the aggressive nature of STSDI-low tumors. In this study, we presented a novel approach for histological analysis of cancer tissues that revealed the prognostic significance of spatial tumor-stroma distribution in lung squamous cell carcinoma.

Pengaruh Manajemen Sistem Pengelolaan Sampah Terhadap Peningkatan Mutu Pelayanan Publik Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Malang

Malang City faces a significant increase in waste volume due to population growth and unsustainable consumption patterns, posing challenges in waste management and resulting in negative impacts such as environmental pollution and public health concerns.This encourages the Malang City Environmental Office to improve the quality of public services through effective and efficient waste management systems. This study aims to describe and analyze the effect of waste management system management on improving the quality of public services of the Malang City environmental agency. This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method. The results showed that the waste management system in Malang City has succeeded in improving the quality of life of the community and the reputation of the local government. This shows that effective waste management can provide significant benefits to the environment, communities, and local governments.

Correlation of palatal anatomic characteristics with dermatoglyphic heterogeneity in different growth patterns

The study aimed to explore the correlation between dermatoglyphic patterns and quantitative palatal anatomic variables in individuals with different growth patterns. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 126 healthy patients aged 17-25 years. Participants were divided into three groups based on growth patterns: average, vertical, and horizontal. Dermatoglyphic patterns were recorded using an optical fingerprint sensor, and palatal characteristics were measured using digital software. Palatal characteristics, including intercanine width, intermolar width, and palatal depth, were measured using digital software. The results were statistically analyzed. Significant differences were observed in ridge counts among the three growth patterns. The average growth pattern showed lower ridge counts compared to the vertical and horizontal growth patterns. Dermatoglyphic patterns, such as double loops and tented arches, were significantly higher in the horizontal growth pattern. Weak correlations were found between certain dermatoglyphic patterns and palatal characteristics, with simple arch patterns showing a negative correlation with inter-canine width and symmetrical whorl patterns showing a positive correlation with palatal depth. Loop patterns, spiral patterns, double loop patterns, symmetrical whorl, and simple arch patterns were significant predictors of growth patterns. This study revealed distinct dermatoglyphic patterns and ridge counts among individuals with different growth patterns. Weak correlations were observed between dermatoglyphic patterns and palatal characteristics. However, the predictive value of dermatoglyphics for skeletal malocclusion requires further investigation. Understanding the relationships between dermatoglyphic patterns and craniofacial growth can provide valuable insights into genetic and developmental factors affecting dental and orthodontic conditions.

Physiological response and carbon dioxide sequestration mechanisms during photosynthesis in Mychonastes rotundus

Carbon sequestration by microalgae is a simple and easy-to-operate process, without secondary pollution that has broad application prospects due to rapid growth, efficient photosynthesis, and high lipid content produced. In this study, the potential of Mychonastes rotundus for CO2 fixation, and its growth pattern, enzyme activity, lipid production, and cellular microstructure were investigated with changes in CO2 input. The results showed that when the inlet CO2 concentration was 20% (v/v), stable carbon sequestration ability was obtained after a 590 min reaction with an outlet CO2 concentration of 0.32%. The algal cellular structure was intact when the lowest contents of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were 7.08 and 17.79 nmol/mg, respectively, indicating the highest cell activity. In addition, 20% CO2 effectively promoted the synthesis of C18:2n6c and C20:0 in M. rotundus. When the inlet CO2 concentration was increased to 30%, the average pH dropped to 5.7, resulting in the death of M. rotundus. 1O2 was identified as the major ROS damaging microalgal cells during carbon sequestration. This study determined the optimal CO2 concentration for carbon capture by M. rotundus as a raw material for biodiesel production. The results indicate that M. rotundus is a promising microalgae for carbon fixation and CO2 capture of power plant flue gas and biodiesel production for low-cost bioenergy production.

Daily trunk radial growth patterns in relation to precipitation in orange trees in the dry-hot valley region of Southwest China

The dry-hot valley regions of Southwest China suffer droughts and high temperatures coexist environment. The efficient use of rainfall makes it possible for plants to safely cope with the environmental stress in the region. To reveal the driving mechanism of rainfall on typical tree secondary growth, orange tree (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), the commonly grown economic tree in the region was selected. Trunk diameter, sap flow, leaf humidity, meteorological conditions and soil water content were simultaneously monitored for the 2020–2022 period. Based on frequency distribution of trunk diameter changes data, trunk diameter changes were classified into positive growth (dramatic expansion, and common expansion), and negative growth (dramatic shrinkage, and common shrinkage) types. Furthermore, the relationships among the different growth patterns and rainfall or drought events were analyzed. The results showed: i) Trunk diameter maintained positive growth on rainy days, whereas both positive and negative growth occurred on rainless days. Although rainy period was not frequent, a high proportion of the total growth occurred during that time. ii) The common expansion type with a high frequency contributed to approximately 30% of the total growth, whereas the dramatic expansion type with a low frequency contributed to approximately 70% of the total growth. iii) There was a highly significant correlation between dramatic tree diameter expansion and rainfall. iv) Cumulative growth in tree diameter during rainy period was significantly driven by the duration of rainfall, the wetting time of leaf and the amount of rainfall. v) Compared with rainfall amount, the time rainfall related indexes were more closely related with tree dramatic diameter expansion. vi) While increasing soil water content and dry air mitigation due to rainfall enhanced average growth, it concurrently suppressed negative growth of tree trunk diameter after rainfall. The study confirmed that rainfall was critical for tree diameter growth in dry-hot valley regions of Southwest China. Relevant results are beneficial for improving understanding of plant precipitation utilization mechanism and could provide useful information on extreme meteorological hazards assessment in the context of climate change.

What were the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of global land use carbon emission efficiency? A case study of the 136 countries

Nations worldwide must collaborate to tackle the challenge of improving carbon emission efficiency and optimizing land use effectively. This study extends the study area from provinces and cities, regional city clusters, and countries to 136 major countries in the world, and shows the differences between countries. The paper analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of land use carbon emission efficiency (LCEE) in these 136 countries from 2000 to 2019 using the super-efficiency slacks-based measure data envelopment analysis (Super-SBM DEA) model, global malmquist index, spatial autocorrelation measurement tools and Spatial Durbin model. It can help to promote low-carbon and green development while simultaneously improving the global LCEE. The findings indicate that: (1) Over the study period, there is a trend toward a decline in the LCEE worldwide. (2) The primary cause of the worldwide LCEE’s declining trend during the study period is the reduction in technical efficiency. (3) The low-low cluster type accounts for more, while the high-high agglomeration type accounts for less and exhibits a sluggish growth pattern. On the whole, there is a phenomenon of non-aggregation and non-uniformity. It is necessary to increase the driving effect of high-high cluster radiation. (4) Economic development level, investment level, population size, public service level and environmental sustainability level all have a significant impact on LCEE, while industrial development level has no significant impact on LCEE. From a global perspective, the radiation driving role of countries with high LCEE should be increased. Improve the efficiency and technological level of land use emission in light of local conditions, and promote independent innovation in green and low-carbon technologies. This is conducive to the establishment of long-term low-carbon growth.

Synergistic impact of opioids and Δ-9-THC on altering placental gene expression and fetal growth patterns

Synergistic impact of opioids and Δ-9-THC on altering placental gene expression and fetal growth patterns

Myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma.

Myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma (MPL) is an extremely rare adipocytic tumor, recently recognized as a distinct entity in the 5th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Soft Tissue and Bone Tumors. Predominantly found in the mediastinum of young women, MPLs exhibit a combination of histological features characteristic of myxoid liposarcoma and pleomorphic (lipo)sarcoma. Their unique molecular features distinguish MPLs from other liposarcomas. Unlike myxoid liposarcomas and well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcomas, MPLs lack specific FUS/EWSR1::DDIT3 gene fusions and MDM2/CDK4 gene amplifications, respectively. MPLs are associated with complex karyotypes, further highlighting their distinct genetic profile. They demonstrate aggressive growth patterns, high recurrence rates, and a high tendency to metastasize. These factors contribute to a poor prognosis, with a median survival of approximately 22.6 months. The aim of this review article is to provide a comprehensive summary of previously documented case reports and studies related to MPLs. By shedding light on the intricate details of MPLs, researchers and clinicians can gain valuable insights that may pave the way for improvements in diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcomes in the future.

380. GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF ESOPHAGEAL PATIENT DERIVED ORGANOIDS REFLECT CLINICOPATHOLOGIC VARIABLES

Abstract Background Esophageal patient derived organoids (PDOs) are three-dimensional cell culture models derived from esophageal cancer tissue. We have previously shown that PDOs recapitulate the genetic and morphologic characteristics of the primary tumour, and that PDOs may predict patient responses to neoadjuvant regimens and potentially allow personalisation perioperative therapies. Nevertheless, up to 30% of tissue samples fail to establish organoids in vivo, although the reasons for this are unclear. This study interrogates the clinical characteristics of biopsies that establish or fail to establish PDOs. Methods Esophageal adenocarcinomas from locally advanced (LA) or metastatic (M) disease were biopsied at initial endoscopy, following surgical resection, or image-guided biopsy of metastatic disease (n=75 total). Following a standardised protocol, cells were dissociated and seeded for organoid culture. Organoids are considered ‘established’ after passage 4. Samples were discarded if there was obvious contamination (n=9) or if there were no obvious tumour cells (n=6). Clinicopathologic variables for successfully established or unsuccessfully established were compared for both LA and M disease. Statistical analysis was performed to interrogate characteristics associated with successfully establishing organoids. Results There were significant differences between successful and unsuccessful organoids. Organoids were more likely to be established from endoscopic biopsies (p=0.002). Samples pre-treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation or chemotherapy were less likely to grow (p=0.02). Samples from poorly differentiated tumours were less likely to grow compared with well and moderately differentiated tumours (p=0.05). Tumour stage, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, MSI status and HER-2 status were not associated with growth characteristics. Conclusion Growth characteristics of esophageal adenocarcinoma PDOs correlate with clinicopathologic characteristics. Samples from patients who have undergone chemotherapy or chemoradiation, and poorly differentiated tumours are less likely to establish in vitro models. Understanding the altered in vitro growth patterns is key to translating use of organoids into clinical practice.

247. INVESTIGATION ON THE RECURRENCE AND PROGNOSIS WITH MM/SM1 OESOPHAGEAL SUPERFICIAL CANCER AFTER ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION

Abstract Background The therapeutic strategy for MM/SM1 oesophageal superficial cancer (OSC) after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) still remains controversial, but there are some opinions that cut-end positive, vascular invasion positive, infiltrative growth pattern (INF) c, and poorly differentiated carcinoma are the risk factors for the recurrence of lymph-node (LN) or distal metastases. Methods This study aimed to investigate the recurrence and prognosis after ESD in patients with MM/SM1 OSC who do not have the risk factors. We performed ESD in 167 patients with OSC, and among these, we enrolled 15 patients with MM/SM1 OSC who did not have cut-end positive, vascular invasion positive, INF c, or poorly differentiated carcinoma in this study. The clinical background characteristics, endoscopic findings, additional therapy after ESD, recurrence, and prognosis of these patients were investigated. Results The median age of the patients, including 11 males and 4 females, was 69 years (range: 59–84). The mean follow-up duration was 75 months (range: 17-137). Of these, 3 patients had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 1 had cerebrovascular disease, and 1 had chronic heart failure. Regarding the lesion location, 2 patients had the lesion at Ut, 11 had at Mt, and 2 had at Lt. In 3 patients, the lesion occupied more than 3/4 of the lumen. We found 2 patients with elevated-type lesions, 10 with flat-type lesions, and 3 with depressed-type lesions. The mean long diameter of the lesions was 29 mm (range: 11-47). Regarding the lesion depth, there were 12 lesions in MM and 3 lesions in SM1. A total of 4 patients received additional radiation therapy, and the remaining 11 patients were followed up without additional therapy. The patients who received additional therapy did not have recurrences; however, 4 among the 11 patients without additional therapy manifested LN and lung metastases. Furthermore, 3 patients died because of the progression of oesophageal cancer, and another patient received chemotherapy. Conclusion In this study we showed that follow-up without additional therapy after ESD in patients with MM/SM1 OSC is unlikely to be acceptable despite not having risk factors. Therefore, we should urgently develop a treatment strategy for patients with MM/SM1 OSC after ESD.

Exploring the influence of aquatic phosphate on Fe floc dynamics in water treatment

The formation of flocs is crucial in the coagulation process of water treatment. However, the nature of ligand exchange on the surface of primary nanoparticles (PNPs) during floc formation requires further investigation to enhance our understanding of the coagulation mechanism. Phosphate (P) is a ubiquitous nutrient ion in aquatic surface water, in this study, the impact of P on floc growth under different pH conditions were investigated. The results revealed that floc growth patterns depended on both P dosage and pH. The mode of ligand exchange between P and in-situ formed ferric hydroxide within a pH range of 5 to 10 was further explored, and remarkable disparities in pH changes induced by P addition were observed. At lower pH levels, OH− release occurred relatively slowly, stabilizing with continued P addition. At neutral pH, OH− release was comparatively higher with P addition, while under alkaline conditions, both the quantity of OH− and its release rate decreased. It was deduced that Fe–OH21/2+ sites function as "active sites," while Fe–OH1/2− sites act as "inert sites" on the surface of PNPs formed during flocculation. These sites are crucial in the interconnections between flocs formed during coagulation and in floc growth. Analyses of Fe PNPs by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), with and without P addition, revealed that the introduction of P inhibits or interferes with the self-crystallization of Fe PNPs through chemical coordination reactions. The results offer deeper insights into the coagulation mechanism and the transformation of Fe flocs in raw waters containing P during water treatment practices.

An Empirical Analysis of Growth Trends and Correlations among Life Funds, Pension &amp; General Annuity Funds, and ULIP Funds in the Indian Life Insurance Industry

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the growth trends and correlations among three key fund types in the Indian life insurance industry: Life Funds, Pension &amp; General Annuity Funds, and Unit-Linked Insurance Plans (ULIP) Funds. Explicitly, this study intends to answer the resulting research questions: • Which fund type has exhibited the highest AUM growth rate? • What are the key factors contributing to the growth of each fund type? • What are the implications of the findings for the Indian life insurance industry? Design/methodology/approach: The study employs a quantitative research methodology, focusing on historical data spanning from 2014 to 2023. By using statistical techniques such as Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and correlation analysis, the research identifies and evaluates the significant differences and relationships among the various fund types. ANOVA is used to determine if there are statistically significant differences in growth rates among the funds, while correlation analysis helps in understanding the strength and direction of relationships between the funds. Findings: The analysis uncovers significant disparities in the growth rates of the different fund types. Specifically, Pension &amp; General Annuity Funds demonstrate the highest growth rate among the three. Additionally, the study finds a weak positive correlation between Life Funds and ULIP Funds, indicating a slight tendency for these two fund types to grow together, although the relationship is not strong. Originality/value: This research contributes novel insights into the Indian life insurance industry by showcasing the distinct growth patterns and interrelationships among Life Funds, Pension &amp; General Annuity Funds, and ULIP Funds. The findings are valuable for stakeholders in the industry, as they can inform strategic decisions related to investment, product development, and marketing. By understanding these trends and correlations, life insurance companies can better tailor their offerings to meet market demands and optimize their growth strategies. Key words: Life insurance industry, growth trends, correlations, fund types, investment decisions, product development, marketing strategies.

Evaluated the effects of nature α-olefins (limonene, β-caryophyllene and camphene) as additives on the cold flow properties of diesel fuel

Pour Point Depressants (PPDs) are currently deemed the most efficacious methodology to enhance the low-temperature fluidity of diesel fuel. However, the majority of these PPDs present complications such as high costs, intricate synthesis procedures, and exhibit potential biotoxicity. To address these challenges, natural α-olefins (β-caryophyllene, limonene and camphene) with 1-hexadecene in varying ratios (5, 10, 15, 20, 25:1) were successfully polymerized at ordinary temperature as poly-α-olefine pour point depressant (PAO PPD), and designated as 1-hexadecane-β-caryophyllene (C16-SZX), 1-hexadecane-limonene (C16-NMX), 1-hexadecane-camphene (C16-KX). An in-depth examination was conducted on the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and solid point (SP) of both untreated and PPD-added diesel. Subsequently, the finding clearly demonstrates that the CFPP and SP were separately reduced 10 and 32 °C in diesel treated with a molar ratio of 10:1 of C16-KX at the dosage of 2000 ppm. Meanwhile, a comprehensive study was undertaken to investigate the influence of natural α-olefins on the reduction of low-temperature fluidity in diesel fuel. The inhibitory impacts of natural molecular formations on wax crystals were meticulously scrutinized, particularly their roles in modifying the growth patterns of these crystals. Eventually, a novel mechanism by which poly-α-olefine alters the crystalline behavior of wax crystals is proposed.

Multi-scale mechanobiological growth simulations can differentiate between individuals with different femoral growth patterns

Multi-scale mechanobiological growth simulations can differentiate between individuals with different femoral growth patterns

Insights into the swelling force in commercial LiFePO4 prismatic cell

Lithium-ion batteries undergo reversible and irreversible swelling force during cycling. The mechanical behavior and swelling force of lithium-ion batteries are important in practical applications. In this study, the variation and the aging mechanism of swelling force, and the growth pattern under different cycling conditions have been studied with commercial cells. The findings reveal distinct dynamic stress peaks corresponding to the state of charge (SOC) increase, indicative of notable lattice expansions in both cathode and anode. This expansion intensifies over cycles, with the most significant escalation observed at 30 % SOC, gradually assuming a pivotal role in battery expansion dynamics. Post-mortem analysis, coupled with stress-strain evaluations, attributes this phenomenon primarily to moduli variations across SOC during the aging process. Moreover, the trajectory of swelling force amplification varies across aging paths, with high-temperature cycling demonstrating accelerated growth. This accelerated growth stems from the broadened expansion of battery components beyond solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation induced by high-temperature aging.

Microbial Protein Synthesis by Cellulolytic Bacterial Isolates from Feces of Indonesian Endemic Herbivores

Cellulolytic bacterial play an important role in the synthesis of microbial protein in the small intestine as high-quality protein. This research aimed to observe the growth patterns of cellulolytic bacterial isolates from the feces of endemic herbivorous animals in Indonesia, and to evaluate the effect of the addition of cellulolytic bacterial isolates on the synthesis of microbial proteins in vitro. The study used a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications. The treatments included T0 = Concentrate mix 40%: elephant grass 30%: palm leaves 30% (control), T1 = T0 + 105 CFU mL-1 cellulolytic bacterial isolate, T2 = T0 + 106 CFU mL-1 cellulolytic bacterial isolate, and T3 = T0 + 107 CFU mL-1 cellulolytic bacterial isolate. Variables measured were the growth pattern of bacterial isolates, bacterial population at the optimal growth point, and microbial protein synthesis. The results showed growth pattern of cellulolytic bacterial isolates from Muntjac, Deer and Anoa feces have similar pattern, and was different from the growth pattern of bacterial isolates from bison feces. The optimal growth point of cellulolytic bacterial isolates from the feces of Muntjac, Deer, and Anoa at the 8th hour of incubation with bacterial populations of 1.3 x 109 CFU mL-1, 1.7 x 109 CFU mL-1, and 1.4 x 109 CFU mL-1. The growth pattern and optimal point of cellulolytic bacterial isolates from the feces of Bison at the 12th hour after incubation with bacterial populations of 1,1 x 1010 CFU mL-1. The addition of cellulolytic bacterial isolates did not affect microbial protein synthesis.

DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES

The development of cities is a complex and multifaceted subject that intertwines urban planning, geography, economics, and architecture. Cities are shaped by a variety of factors, including their historical contexts, geographical settings, economic activities, and cultural influences. This research paper delves into the evolution of cities by examining their growth patterns, shapes, and structures throughout history. From the ancient cities that emerged around 3500 BCE to the contemporary urban environments of today, the study highlights the interplay between natural features, human activities, and technological advancements in shaping urban landscapes. Modern city planning principles are also explored through the research paper, emphasizing sustainability, smart technologies, and inclusivity in the face of growing urbanization and globalization. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how cities have developed over time and the factors that continue to influence their form and function in the 21st century. Key Words: city form, urban planning, shape, pattern.