Emergence Of Social Enterprises Research Articles

Taking stock of the trajectories of South Korea’s government-certified social enterprises: perspectives on a fluid semi-public sector model

PurposeThis study aims to assess the alignment of South Korea’s government-certified social enterprises (GCSEs) with prevailing social enterprise (SE) models, notably the entrepreneurial nonprofit, social cooperative and social business models delineated in the “Emergence of Social Enterprises in Europe” (Defourny and Nyssens, 2012, 2017a, 2017b) and the “principle of interest” frameworks (Defourny et al., 2021). Thereby, it seeks to situate these enterprises within recognized frameworks and elucidate their hybrid identities.Design/methodology/approachAnalyzing panel data from 2016 to 2020 for 259 GCSEs, this study uses tslearn for k-means clustering with dynamic time warping to assess their developmental trajectories and alignment with established SE models, which echoes the approach of Defourny et al. (2021). We probe the “fluid” identities of semi-public sector SEs, integrating Gordon’s (2013) notion that they tend to blend various SE traditions as opposed to existing in isolation.FindingsResults indicate that GCSEs do align with prevalent SE frameworks. Furthermore, they represent a spectrum of SE models, suggesting the versatility of the public sector in fostering diverse types of SEs.Originality/valueThe concept of a semi-public sector SE model has been relatively uncharted, even though it holds significance for research on SE typologies and public sector entrepreneurship literature. This study bridges this gap by presenting empirical evidence of semi-public SEs and delineating the potential paths these enterprises might take as they amalgamate various SE traditions.

Digitalization of Social Enterprise as a Novel Strategy for Countries with High Income Inequality

The recent emergence of social enterprises has been recognized and adopted globally as a strategy for economic, social, and environmental problems (Yunus et al. 2021). Appreciating this trend, the aim of this paper is to advocate the digitalization of social enterprises as a novel strategy for countries with high-income inequality. Social enterprises have exhibited their determination to survive during global crises, however, the success factors have not been examined in the literature (Farhoud et al. 2021; Ratten 2020). Current research published in this area indicates that digital businesses provide better access to products and services for customers and it has been reported that digital businesses have risen over the years (Ansong & Boateng 2019). Digital businesses have gained acceptance as providing convenience, lower costs, and better timely services that suit lifestyles of consumers. The rise of digital businesses witnessed rapid adoption of technology and progressed at unprecedented rates. However, there is a significant gap in the academic discussion of the digitalization of social enterprises. The digitalization of social enterprise is novel and, thus, under-researched (Aisaiti et al. 2019). This research paper explores opportunities and challenges for advocating the digitalization of social enterprises as a novel strategy for alleviating economic, social, and environmental issues. The conceptual research conducted in this study explores digital social enterprises as a unique and emerging strategy for countries dealing with high-income inequality issues. Keywords: Digitalization, Social Enterprises, High Income Inequality, Resource-based View, Opportunities, Challenges.

Analysis of scientific production on Social Empowerment and Sustainable Development in the Social Sciences

Sustainable Development is a process where the active participation of its members is essential to promote the proper management of their resources through the recognition of their territory, generating a balanced economic exchange. The emergence of social enterprises for the achievement of these objectives in the different territories, responds to social needs, mainly to reduce the gaps of social and economic inequality, therefore, generating development strategies in the processes of Social Empowerment in these communities is necessary for their development. The objective of this article is to analyze the scientific production of Social Empowerment and Sustainable Development, therefore, the proposed methodology responds to the statistical and mathematical analysis of production of the study variables.

Determination against all odds? A story from Waste4Change

Learning outcomes This case aims to help students achieve the following learning objectives: ■ to apply the Emergence of Social Enterprise in Europe (Emergence des Enterprises Sociales en Europe – EMES) Network definitional framework to the case, and in doing so, have a useful framework to define social enterprises in emerging markets; ■ to identify the factors that can play important role in making strategic decisions in social enterprises; ■ to evaluate the sustainability of a social enterprise; and ■ to address the unique funding and financial challenges faced by social enterprises. Case overview/synopsis This case study discusses the dilemmas related to business expansion faced by Waste4Change (W4C), a waste management organization based in Bekasi, Jakarta, Indonesia. W4C was founded in 2014 by a group of young men who shared the idealism of changing the world by doing the right things. This principally involved protecting the environment and educating communities while maintaining economic profitability. However, idealism can sometimes create dilemmas within decision-making as an organization attempts to prevent market logic from dictating its direction. This case examines two different types of decision: the problem of securing a waste management contract when a permit had not been granted by the local government; and the problem of selecting the appropriate funding sources to enable the organization to grow. The first decision occurred in the context of a dilemma in 2017 when W4C expanded their waste management services to several regions in Indonesia but without having succeeded in securing a permit from the local government to provide such services. Attempts to provide such services without a formal legal permit would have been considered a violation of the law, even though the clients needed them (be it residents or companies) and the nature of the service in question had a positive connotation (i.e. maintaining the cleanliness of the city through waste management).The second decision concerned W4C’s plan to go public around 10 years from now. The CEO, Mohamad Bijaksana Junerosano, also known as Sano, has been considering this option since 2020 in a bid to grow the social enterprise. W4C differed from other startups; however, in the sense that while many startups will approach a plan to go public as an exit strategy, Sano wanted to preserve the idealism that had been a cornerstone of the enterprise since its inception. In other words, for W4C, going public was not just a means to an end. Complexity academic level Undergraduate as well as graduate courses that focus on sustainability, accounting, financing and strategy. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 1: Accounting and Finance.

South Korean social enterprises and their networks: On their organizational linkages at the interstice between the third, public, and corporate sectors

AbstractSocial enterprise and government interactions have become an increasingly prominent theme in the literature on social entrepreneurship, due in part to the pressures confronting the welfare state and the rise of precarious work. This analysis is motivated by the efforts of the government of South Korea to incubate social enterprises since 2007. The constant scaling of the South Korean government's monitored social enterprise certification scheme had led to the registration of approximately 3440 social enterprises as of May 2021. This study documents the interorganizational network behaviour of these enterprises relative to the public sector, corporate sector, and civil society and the social economy. A cluster analysis approach is utilized to analyse network data obtained from a self‐administered survey of 103 government‐certified social enterprises operating in South Korea. We find that a sizeable number of government‐certified social enterprises have diversified networks, as opposed to public sector‐centric networks, although such social enterprises are in the minority. This study references social innovation cluster theory to argue that the aforementioned scheme has attained a partial degree of success in facilitating the emergence of social enterprises with diversified networks.However, the majority remain quasi‐governmental implementers of government contracts and, generally, do not engage in networking.

FACTORS PROMOTING THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL VENTURES FOR THE POST COVID-19: A CASE STUDY IN TURKEY

Purpose- The premise of the study is that the social and economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic encourage the emergence of social innovations in Turkey providing a window of opportunity and the promoting factors of these emergences are mostly pro-social factors and personal values. Based on this proposition, the primary purpose of the study is to investigate and reveal the factors that lead to the emergence of social ventures. The secondary aims are to increase the awareness of the stakeholders and academia on social entrepreneurship in which a limited number of studies have been conducted in Turkey, and thus to emphasize the topicality and the importance of the subject. Methodology- The research method was designed as a qualitative research method which includes in-depth interviews with 6 social ventures in Turkey. As primary data, information obtained from in-depth interviews with the social ventures and from interviews with Ashoka Turkey were used. The literature review constitutes the secondary data. Findings- Despite the personal characteristics are effective in being a social entrepreneur, it is seen that they are not sufficient in the emergence of a social enterprise. Extraversion, open to experience and conscientious are the three prominent personal characteristics related to personality in the research. The results of the research confirm the researcher's proposition that the prominent factors in the establishment of social enterprises are pro-social factors and personal motivations. While passionate and need for achievement from personal motivations drew attention, desire to help others and social vision from pro-social factors were determined as leading factors. Conclusion- Although the findings of the study confirm some expectations about the factors that encourage the emergence of social entrepreneurship, there has not been enough evidence to support the researcher's main proposition that the COVID-19 pandemic period has accelerated and stimulated the emergence of social enterprises by creating an opportunity. Keywords: Social entrepreneurship, social innovation, factors promoting the emergence of social ventures, post Covid-19. JEL Codes: L26, L31, M13

Exploring the Regional Determinants of the Emergence of Social Enterprises in South Korea: An Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Perspective

South Korea has experienced a rapid increase in the emergence of social enterprises that aim to address various social problems. However, little is known about the conditions that can affect the emergence of social enterprises at the regional level. This study examined the regional factors that influence the establishment of social enterprises using a panel dataset of observations on 17 metropolitan cities and provinces in South Korea from 2012 to 2019. The appearance of social enterprises in regional entrepreneurial ecosystems was found to be associated with the market, government, networks, financial resources, and human capital. We also found that the determinants of their emergence within South Korea’s social enterprise ecosystem vary based on their level of development and purpose. Based on the results, we suggested several policy implications and suggestions.

A Successful Social Enterprise in Hungary

Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The aim of the study is to describe the development of the social economy sector, the emergence of social enterprises and the rationale for their establishment. Materials and methods: It is through social enterprises, that the social economy can provide solutions to existing social and economic problems that the profit-oriented sector cannot always solve. We interviewed Szimbiózis Foundation, a social enterprise that has been thriving in Northern Hungary for decades as one of the building blocks of the social economy. Results: The example of the foundation is used to illustrate positive social benefits of social entrepreneurship in general. The Szimbiózis Foundation has been operating as a social enterprise for 15 years and has intentionally become one. A fundamental problem for people with disabilities is that they do not have marketable occupations and their educational attainment is mostly low. Appropriate quality training is needed to ensure that they learn the most relevant skills for their abilities. Having identified this problem, the Szimbiózis Foundation set out to provide training courses for people with disabilities. This improved the number of skilled workers with a disability. Conclusions: The identified outputs have a number of measurable effects, such as a reduction in local unemployment, cost savings to society, and the improved quality of life for people with disabilities.

How Social Entrepreneurship Can Contribute to Upscale Social Innovation Practices

In this paper, we address the research question of to what extent is it possible to discern theories of change being built into the business practices of nascent social enterprises in ways that lay foundations for the subsequent upscaling of their social innovations? We argue that social enterprises that are ‘ready-to-upscale’ are those that clearly produce a solution to an underlying problem, and where their activities are clearly derived from the underlying problem, and also those activities clearly connect forward to deliver consistent solutions. We apply a Theories of Change approach to the concept of social entrepreneurship as a means of setting a criterion for ‘ready-to-upscale’, studying six Sri Lankan micro-social enterprises in which we can trace stories of impact. This provides a means to develop a model of the ways that social entrepreneurship creates the foundations for structural changes that reduce systematic inequalities, and offers social enterprise funders a framework to better stimulate emergence of social enterprises ready-to-upscale and deliver social innovation.

Retaining the nonprofit mission: The case of social enterprise emergence in India from a traditional nonprofit

ABSTRACT Literature examining the emergence of social enterprises from traditional non-profits has noted a shift in organizational mission, from a predominantly social mission towards a dual focus on both social and commercial goals. Less is known about how such social enterprises, which transition from traditional non-profits, retain the original non-profit social mission. The present study, employing an institutional logics perspective, identifies how a social enterprise, emerging from a traditional non-profit in India, re-conceptualized its means in diverse ways towards a common social end, preserved its core guiding principles and processes, and maintained a broad organizational vision, to seamlessly retain and continue with the original social mission. The study concludes with implications for social enterprise and institutional logics research.

Social economy advancement: from voluntary to secure organizational commitments to public benefit

Purpose This paper aims to explain the development of the social economy by analyzing when, why and how the community interest company (CIC) legal structure was established in the UK. The CIC legal structure was designed for social enterprise to ensure that company assets are committed to public benefit in perpetuity. Design/methodology/approach This research paper uses archival data and semistructured interviews to analyze the historical development of the social economy, emergence of social enterprise and the establishment of the CIC legal structure. Findings The historical analysis describes why and how the idea for the CIC emerged from practitioners and explains how collaboration between practitioners, lawyers, civil servants and politicians established the CIC as a new legal structure for social enterprise. Practical implications The analysis explains how practitioners influenced policy development and demonstrates how practitioner influence can be usefully incorporated into policy development. Social implications The CIC legal structure advanced the social economy by creating an institutionally recognized brand identity for social enterprise that locks assets to public benefit in perpetuity. Originality/value The paper presents a detailed empirical account of the establishment of a new legal structure for social enterprise and applies theoretical concepts to develop an integrated account of social economy advancement.

Overcoming the theoretical duality on social enterprise formation

PurposeNowadays, creation and discovery theories are the two main theoretical approaches supporting the studies on the emergence of enterprises and some scholars analyze these theories in isolation. In addition, studies that investigate the emergence of social enterprises based on these theories together are scarce. This paper aims to analyze if and how discovery and creation theories can coexist in the formation process of social enterprises.Design/methodology/approachA multi-case study based on semi-structured interviews with the founders of eight Brazilian social enterprises was conducted.FindingsFrom the results, it is identified that there is a continuous process between discoveries and creations that lead to the maturation of the initial idea and, consequently, to the formation of a social enterprise. Therefore, a continuous process model between discovery and creation of opportunities in the formation of a social enterprise (i.e. a mixed theoretical approach) is proposed, going beyond a theoretical duality between creation or discovery.Originality/valueThis study helps to overcome limitations inherent in both discovery and creation theories, proposing a mixed theoretical approach. This new theoretical approach praises the existence of new paths to understand the emergence of social enterprises, by overcoming the theoretical duality between creation or discovery of opportunities, i.e. a new understanding of an integrating process rather than a dichotomous one.

On Social Enterprises and Social Entrepreneurship: An Extension

Research on social entrepreneurship still lacks theoretical depth, as well as the analysis of the antecedents that lead to the emergence of social enterprises. Seeking to advance such discussion, this paper aims to analyze if and how the conceptual model for analysis of social entrepreneurship antecedents proposed by Jiao in 2011 is empirically supported. Thus, semi-structured interviews with ten Brazilian social entrepreneurs were conducted. From the results, the existence of a new antecedent not described in the conceptual model developed by Jiao was identified, and a framework for analysis of the antecedents that lead to the emergence of social enterprises is being proposed in this paper. The framework elaborated from cases present in an emerging economy that has several social problems also points to analytical inconsistencies in Jiao’s model. Besides allowing the theoretical advance about the initial stage of social enterprises formation, this paper also contributes presenting relations that help minimize the theoretical misunderstanding about the conceptualization of social entrepreneurship, generating a clarified definition. In addition, an agenda with directions for future research on social enterprises and social entrepreneurship is proposed.

A Critical Review on the Rise of Social Enterprise as a Foundation of Motivation and Innovation in Entrepreneurship

This paper examines the emergence of social enterprise in modern business world and argues that conventional entrepreneurship in open market system, capitalism and laissez faire is retreating and giving way to more socially anchored entrepreneurship. This paper addresses the question on the dynamic impacts of social enterprise on the trajectory of motivation, innovation and sustainability entrepreneurship in modern business world. This paper maintains that social enterprise is a growing and unstopable phenomenon and could assume the central role of entrepreneurship in future.

A conceptual framework of tourism social entrepreneurship for sustainable community development

Abstract The continuous search for responsible and sustainable practices in the tourism industry paves the way for alternative approaches to tourism development. Often, local communities are at the foreground of these innovative tourism entrepreneurship and development strategies. The emergence of social enterprises operating in tourism refocuses the agenda of engaging and developing disadvantaged and underdeveloped communities sustainably through the industry. Tourism social entrepreneurship (TSE) is suggested as a market-based strategy to address social problems whilst maximising the benefits and minimising the negative consequences that tourism may provide to host communities. To date, there is limited understanding of how TSE can be a catalyst for sustainable community development. The purpose of this paper is to address this gap in knowledge by conceptualising TSE as a more holistic strategy for sustainable community development. By critically analysing the literature, this paper situates TSE within and for community development. A conceptual framework that incorporates community development concepts, generic social entrepreneurship and TSE principles, and community capitals perspectives, is proposed. This conceptual paper contributes to the emerging literature on TSE and may assist the actors in the TSE system as they establish new community-centric social enterprises.

Individual capital and social entrepreneurship: Role of formal institutions

Drawing on capital theory and institutional theory, we hypothesize the contingent role of a country's formal institutions (financial, educational, and political) on the relationship between individual capital (financial, human and social capital) and social entrepreneurship entry. Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data, we find that all three forms of individual capital are important for social entrepreneurship entry. Moreover, we find that this relationship is contingent on the formal institutional context such that (i) philanthropy-oriented financial systems have a positive moderating effect on investment of financial capital; (ii) educational systems have a positive moderating effect on investment of human capital; and (iii) political systems have a positive moderating effect on investment of both human and financial capital. We make substantial contributions to the literature on social entrepreneurship by ascertaining the nature of contingent effects of formal institutions on the relationship between individual capital and the emergence of social enterprises.

Competition among Social Enterprises: A Three-level Framework

Scholar have analyzed the emergence of social enterprises, the characteristics of social entrepreneurs, and the tensions between conflicting logics. However, we have little understanding of the dynamics at the inter-organizational level between social enterprises. Based on an in-depth, qualitative study with work integration social enterprises in the second-hand clothes industry, we uncover the dynamics of simultaneous cooperation and competition. Our analysis shows that social enterprises engage in coopetitive actions at three levels: internal upgrade, customer interface, and environment shaping. At each level, social enterprises engage in different actions of cooperation and competition. Our findings also show that cooperation and competition between social enterprises in the same industry occur simultaneously, rather than sequentially. We conclude with implications for theory and practice.

Social enterprises in Palestine: a critical analysis

PurposeThis paper aims to critically examine the concept of social enterprises in Palestine. It uses the lens of institutional theory to understand how the political and economic context of the society can influence certain types of entrepreneurial behaviors and be responsible for the emergence of social enterprises. The paper uses a critical perspective to deconstruct social enterprises in Palestine to shed light on reasons for their emergence, motives and agendas.Design/methodology/approachA case study design was used to examine the phenomenon of social enterprises. The case study method is valuable in describing the how and why issues of a phenomenon in the present time frame. Two leading social enterprises operating within the Palestinian region were identified. The two enterprises were contacted for a series of interviews (over a period of few months) with their owners and other active members.FindingsThe empirical findings suggest that social enterprise model is still in its embryonic stages in Palestine. Their social mission of community development and sustainability is not completely sincere. The social entrepreneurs were willing to compromise social mission for economic surplus. The national structure, political framework, legal environment, social, cultural and the economic conditions of Palestine have served as suitable launching pads for social enterprises with not so authentic mission of serving the society. It has encouraged entrepreneurial philosophy and behavior, which has masked hidden economic and political agendas with exterior goals of social welfare and community development.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper adopts a critical perspective and a qualitative methodology, and this raises the concern if the arguments pertaining to social enterprise raised in this paper can sustain in a developed nation with a stabilized political scenario or whether this alternative ideology is only relevant to underdeveloped countries with unstable, political conditions, such as Palestine.Practical implicationsThis paper provides relevant information for students, critical academics and policymakers.Social implicationsThe paper argues for a more concise definition for the model of social enterprises. It argues for clear legal guidelines which could monitor the formation of social enterprises in Palestine.Originality/valueThis paper provides an alternative perspective on social enterprises within a constrained and political unstable economy of Palestine.

Social enterprise in Rwanda: an overview

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the context, the concept and the main types of social enterprises in Rwanda, and to present its main institutional and contextual trajectories.Design/methodology/approachThe author carried out a literature review and interviews. Six categories were identified; each one is illustrated by one emblematic case.FindingsThe paper presents the evolution of economically oriented social organizations in Rwanda, mostly under the form of cooperatives and NGOs and with inspiration from traditional forms of mutual help. The context of emergence of social enterprise in Rwanda was shaped, among other factors, by Anglo-Saxon influence. Other factors include notably the aftermath of the 1994 genocide against Tutsi, the current governance prevailing in the country and the current entrepreneurships trends. The paper also underlines the absence of research on the subject in Rwanda. Six categories of social enterprises in Rwanda and their main features have been identified and analyzed, namely, NGOs, cooperatives, informal organizations, social entrepreneurs, public/private partnerships and companies carrying out social activities. Finally, the paper analyzes the institutional and contextual trajectories of social enterprise in Rwanda.Originality/valueThe paper explores and provides insights into the specificities and the current trends of social enterprise in Rwanda with a view to fostering further analysis for several research avenues.

社会志向型企業のネットワーク化と社会的価値形成・普及プロセス : ソーシャル・イノベーション・クラスターによる新しい秩序形成(大会報告論文:システムのリスクと安全を考える)

社会志向型企業のネットワーク化と社会的価値形成・普及プロセス : ソーシャル・イノベーション・クラスターによる新しい秩序形成(大会報告論文:システムのリスクと安全を考える)