Emergence Of New Institutions Research Articles

Institutional Creation as a Local Governance Response to Syrian Refugees: The Case of Turkish Municipalities

External shocks constitute ideal moments for exploring the creation of new institutions as well as changes within existing ones. This paper treats the influx of Syrian refugees into Turkish urban centers as a critical juncture and investigates the changes in the local governance bodies as a result. Based on interviews and focus group discussions with administrative and nongovernmental actors involved in the local response to refugees, we explore the factors that contributed to the emergence of new institutions within municipalities and their institutionalization as bodies able to resist changes of municipal mayors across elections. We investigate how the newly created institutions matter for refugee policy response in looking at various host cities before and after the 2019 local elections. We argue that actual change in the way institutions operate takes place in municipalities (and their respective departments within) that have managed to institutionalize their refugee response through innovative and sustainable policy initiatives that can spill over to areas of policymaking other than refugee response, which invest in building capacity and multilevel partnerships.

Pelatihan Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Flipbook untuk Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

This service aims to socialize the development of flipbook learning media at MI Nurul Qomar. The service method used is a development method that is oriented towards product development. The results of the dedication show that: socializing the development of flipbook learning media at MI Nurul Qomar, namely an explanation of the dynamics of the mentoring process for the various activities carried out, forms of technical action or program action to solve community problems. It also explains the expected emergence of social change, for example the emergence of new institutions, changes in behavior, the emergence of local leaders, and the creation of new awareness towards social transformation, and so on. This section also discusses the theoretical findings of the dedication process from the beginning to the occurrence of social change.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC ECONOMY

Purpose. The aim of the article is to generalize the trends of the transformation of the institutional environment of the innovative development of the national economy and the features of the institutional support for the development of innovations. Methodology of research. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is: a systematic approach to the generalization of trends in the transformation of the institutional environment of innovative development; institutional approach to the substantiation of the elements of the regulatory influence of formal norms, oriented towards the development of innovations; structural and functional analysis – to determine the macroeconomic and microeconomic manifestation of post-industrial transformations on the institutional environment. Findings. It is emphasized that for the formation of an effective toolkit for innovative modernization of the national economy, it is important to take into account global factors of economic dynamics, their exogenous and endogenous manifestations. It was established that the modern vector of global transformations, which is already having an impact on the national economy, has become digital modernization, which radically changes the economic relationships of people and the fundamental role of economic resources. It is argued that digitalization generates effects that receive macroeconomic manifestation through the emergence and spread of new business strategies, changes in market conditions, and an increase in labour productivity. At the microeconomic level digitalization leads to a change in the structure and supply of goods production, their quality, logistics and sales conditions, and the interaction of manufacturers. Digital technologies contribute to the emergence of new institutions and institutes and influence existing ones by algorithmizing institutional influence and regulation, minimizing the impact of institutional traps and preventing the emergence of new ones, reducing the stability of existing routines, increasing or decreasing the effectiveness of institutions. Originality. It is substantiated that the post-industrial transformations of the economy and the institutional environment change the structural characteristics, but not the essential purpose of institutions and institutes in innovative development. The processes of digitalization and network interactions contribute to the standardization and algorithmization of institutes, the introduction of "digital institutes"; increase the efficiency of established institutes and institutions; create new dysfunctions due to the opportunistic behaviour of economic subjects; form an institutional "vacuum" due to the proliferation of digital technologies that have not yet become embedded in the institutional environment. In view of the task of innovative modernization of the public economy, in order to exclude the negative impact it is necessary to modernize the institutional environment itself to change the direction of the functional influence of regulatory norms and introduce organizational innovations that can improve the institutional structure. Practical value. The theoretical and methodological provisions of the study deepen the practical principles and tools of institutional regulation of innovative modernization of the national economy. Key words: modernization, innovative development, social economy, transformation, institutional regulation, institute, institution.

SYSTEMIC PROBLEMS OF INSTITUTIONS FOR ASSESSING THE QUALIFICATION OF MEDICAL SPECIALISTS

Violation of the interconnected system of institutions for assessing the qualifications of medical specialists can be associated with two main circumstances. The first circumstance is the emergence of new institutions with duplicate tasks and organizational forms, and the second is the withdrawal from the system of an institution that performs the necessary system function. Two relatively new institutions, namely the independent assessment of qualifications (IAQ) and certification for the title of «Moscow Doctor», are considered from the point of view of these circumstances. The paper reveals that there is a convergence of the rules of the Institute of accreditation with the Institution of IAQ of qualifications, which can result in significant duplication of their activities. Therefore, it is necessary to resolve the issue of its possible unification with the Institution of accreditation while the IAQ is at the experimental stage and has not been put into practice. A certain similarity of the principles of activity can be traced in such institutions as certification for the qualification category and certification for the title of «Moscow doctor». Both of these institutions identify and rank the qualifications of specialists exceeding the basic level. The fundamental innovation of certification for the status of «Moscow Doctor» is that this institution actually introduces a qualification category that is higher than the current highest category. At the same time, this institution shows the importance of the institution of certification for a category whose existence is being questioned.

К вопросу о формах и тенденциях правового регулирования прямой демократии в контексте общероссийского голосования

The article is devoted to the consideration of the institutions of direct democracy in Russian legislation. Particular attention is paid to the institute of all-Russian voting. An assessment of the role of the all-Russian vote in the context of the norms governing the forms of direct democracy is given. The prospects of the institute of all-Russian voting are analyzed from the point of view of integration into legislation. The legislation of the Russian Federation, dedicated to direct democracy, is characterized by stability in terms of the existing forms and the mechanism for the exercise by the people of their sovereign power, at the same time they are detailed, the emergence of new institutions. A new mechanism of legal regulation has been created for the all-Russian vote held in 2020 on amendments to the Constitution. The article notes the ambiguity of the legal assessment of the all-Russian vote, draws conclusions about the tendencies of regulation and forms of direct democracy in Russia.

Kharkiv Art Institutions in the period from the 1990s to 2020s.

. Kharkiv is one of the largest art centers in Ukraine. It has always had its own peculiarities. Traditions of avant-garde, constructivism, later underground, the phenomenon of Kharkiv photography, a strong school of design, etc., have determined the development of artistic thought and artistic environment of the city over the past century. After the collapse of the Soviet system, Kharkiv witnessed the transformation of the art system: the development of a new type of art infrastructure, the emergence of a number of art associations and gallery spaces. Over the following decades, new generations of artists appeared on the stage, various initiatives emerged, and the needs of the art community changed, prompting the emergence of new institutions. Their activity and influence on the professional environment are an important part of the history of contemporary art in Kharkiv. The article considers the features of the first private galleries that emerged in the early 1990s, which conditionally can be divided into commercial and non-commercial ones. This convention was caused by the state of the newly emerging art market. The study also investigates which institutions had an impact on the artistic environment in the following decades, and especially those institutions that remained active for a long time with consistent project activity (Municipal Gallery, YermilovCenter, etc.). The contribution of a number of online information platforms, which, by covering art events, help art to be more visible in the context of modern urban culture is also analyzed. Thus, the present article is an attempt to illustrate the dynamics of artistic life in Kharkiv over the past three decades through the prism of art institutions. After all, they did not exist separately, were not a parallel phenomenon, but served as a bridge that united the artist and his works with the audience. In addition, it is important to outline the challenges that exist today and to understand what can be an obstacle in the way of active development of both the institutional and modern artistic environment of Kharkiv.

NON-FORMAL DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF ADULT EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

The author identifies four key trends in the development of non-formal adult education in Ukraine. The first trend is the division of non-formal adult education into two areas: general cultural and professional. The first direction means the development of the need for education, the formation of the ability to learn independently, to know themselves and their capabilities, to meet intellectual and aesthetic needs. The second direction is related to the development of corporate education and in-house training. The second trend is characterized by the emergence of new institutions of non-formal adult education. These are public organizations and unions, women's organizations, interest clubs, cooperative professional associations, cor-porate universities and academies, etc. The third trend is related to the expansion of the content, forms and methods of non-formal adult education. The author gives a classification of forms of organization of non-formal education: didactic, socio-pedagogical, professionally-oriented, language-linguistic, cultural-artistic. The fourth trend has developed over the past few years. This is the transition of non-formal adult education to an online format. In the domestic market, the number of providers offering mass open online courses is growing. Among them are the Ukrainian online platforms Prometheus and VUM (Open University Maidan)

Institutional arrangements and collective action: evidence from forest management in Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT This study examines the emergence and development of collective action and institutional arrangements in forest communities in Zimbabwe. The research adopted a qualitative approach using 87 key informant interviews and 1054 questionnaires administered to randomly selected households from deforestation hotspots in five districts. Based on a theoretical concept that collective action depends on resource system characteristics, actor networks, institutional arrangements and the external environment, the study explored patterns in the emergence of collective action. The study further explored actor networks to illustrate applicability of Social Network Analysis (SNA) as a proxy of collective action and institutional arrangements. Results suggest that actor networks reflect the existing strength and intensity of collective action and institutional arrangements. Forest tenure has a bearing on the intensity of collective action. Forest resources under state management, though more productive in terms of goods and services than those under communal management, have a low capacity for collective action and the emergence of new institutions. Results suggest that a high diversity of actors relates to a high intensity of collective action and an emergence of new institutional arrangements. These findings have a bearing on policy and forest management strategies for forest resources under community and state proprietorship.

CORPORATIVISM IN THE 1920s-1930s IN POLITICS AND ECONOMY IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

Based on the analysis of the main aspects of the development of corporatism, economic and political theory, the application of economic practice in order to use it in the development of the country's economy is studied. It is worth noting that to date there is little research on this issue, and isolated studies do not fully reflect the impact of corporatism on the history of Italy, Spain, Portugal and the world.
 In 2021, it was 130 years since corporatism appeared. It is time to consider the main stages of its formation as one of the greatest economic doctrines of the XX century, its impact on modern economics. In the modern period of development of the world economy, rich in new factors of instability, the intellectual heritage of corporatism allows researchers to apply its characteristics to understand the crisis in the economy. The article argues that corporatism can be the engine of the modern economy, as it creates a balance between the working class and entrepreneurs. The article presents assessments of the study of corporatism by authors and scholars with different views. Implemented corporatist ideas led to the emergence of new institutions in accordance with the coordination of interests, which coordinated the actions of economic agents, facilitated the resolution of conflicts, regulated internal corporate relations, provided monopoly conditions for professional activity. The formed model of corporatism did not assume the autonomy of corporations. It led only to some temporary strengthening of the state in economic and socio-political life. The state retained control, control over corporations, turning them into bureaucratic structures. The experience of creating "corporate" states in a number of European countries was far from real corporate ideas. Authoritarian regimes were not ready to create truly corporate structures. The inefficiency of the created corporations was that the new government did not dare to carry out radical changes, such as the establishment of effective state control over them.

Инновационная модернизация российской экономики как основа для реализации национальных интересов

The article focuses on the problem of modernizing the national economy, which has acquired special significance in Russia in the context of globalization of the world space. The concept of modernization is sufficiently multifaceted, it presupposes both the transformation of existing social structures and the emergence of new institutions and forms of interaction between them. The heterogeneity and multilevel structure of modernization processes determine the complexity of their regulation. The processes of social changes characterized by different speed, scale and target predetermined the need for their multifactor analysis. The terminology and scope of application of the conceptual apparatus of innovative modernization is clarified, differences in research approaches to the principles of constructing trajectories of the modernization process with an emphasis on the integration of the potential of individual structural elements are noted. The study of structural disproportion in the levels of technological development in the branches of domestic industry made it possible to substantiate the need for the transition to the technological paradigms V and VI. There have been formulated the parameters and mechanisms for reforming technological structures that contribute to the accumulation of intra-industry and intersectoral potential within high-tech and science-intensive industries. When the industrial sector of the economy plays a dominant role, the transition to the innovative development model is becoming the most important condition for overcoming the crisis. The expediency of the formation of creative institutions designed to stimulate innovative behavior, the generation of new areas of entrepreneurial activity is noted. The conclusion is made about the need to optimize intersectoral financial flows that contribute to the formation of growth points of the Russian economy.

Farmers' resource endowment and risk management affect agricultural practices and innovation capacity in the Northwestern uplands of Cambodia

CONTEXTThe Northwestern uplands of Cambodia underwent a massive land conversion from forest to agriculture over the last 15 years. OBJECTIVEOur study conducted in Rotonak Mondol District, Battambang Province aimed at understanding farm diversity, trajectory, performance and capacity to innovate in order to identify effective interventions in a rapidly changing pioneer front. METHODSBased on a survey of 365 randomly selected households, we identified 4 main farm types by a combination of Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis. The survey was complemented with detailed analyses of resource use, labor management, economic productivity and adoption of innovative practices on 95 households. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThe livelihood of Paddy Farms (20%) is centered on a rice-cattle combination with off-farm activities and annual upland crop farming providing cash income. The Large Farms (20%) specialize in intensive and mechanized upland crops, including orchards. The Small Farms (25%) have a diverse activity portfolio including paddy, annual upland crops, and off-farm activities. The livelihood of the Off-Farm type (35%) is largely based on low-income off-farm activities. We identified the time of arrival, initial cash and labor, relationship with local authorities, and/or social connections as key factors determining farm structures and livelihoods. This, in turn, determined farm capacities to accumulate resources during the maize boom that occurred in this region between 2006 and 2011. Based on our analysis of farm diversity, we identified interventions suitable to each farm type and opportunities for on-farm innovation through risk buffering mechanisms and strengthening of social organizations. SIGNIFICANCELike in other pioneer fronts beyond our case study in Cambodia, a reorganization of the agricultural systems is required to support the shift from essentially individualistic behaviors to more concerted actions. The emergence of new institutions, such as farmer groups and cooperatives, can build upon the specific capacity and needs of the different types of farming systems to innovate.

Determining the potential of organizational structures models of a high-tech cluster

As a rule, during the choice of the most viable organizational structure of a cluster, traditional methods of the assessment of economic efficiency are used, taking into account the influence of financial, production and technological risks. The high level of the fluctuations of social, political, economic and technological impacts of the intercountry level has a strong impact on the result of their production activities. The peculiarities of this influence include the emergence of new institutions of interaction between the subjects of a cluster, the growth of uncertainty within the system and a change in the level of specificity of the assets of its participants. The task to find new tools for the assessment of the potential of economic security of a cluster is becoming urgent. It is necessary to find such tools which would take into account the ability to adapt to technological and geopolitical challenges in the future. Within the framework of this study, the authors developed an algorithm for the assessment of the potential of alternative models of the organizational structure of a high-tech cluster. The important methodological aspect of the process of forecasting the level of adaptability of alternative cluster structures to external changes is the condition for the availability of institutional support to promising areas of technical development. The developed algorithm presupposes the further development of the methods of system analysis and the formation of Institutional Atlases for the parameters of the assessment of the opportunistic behavior risks of subjects or synergistic effects. The use of this algorithm allowed drawing some important intermediate conclusions about the unequal composition and the influence of dominant institutional factors in modeling different organizational structures of a high-tech cluster.

Absent Peacein Colombia: A Study of Transition Discourses in Former Combatants

AbstractThe Colombian State and subversive groups have made attempts to build peace by the establishment of accords since the 1980s. Recently, the signature of a peace accord by former president Santos and the FARC-EP leadership in 2016, has come along with changes in the interpretative frameworks of the conflict and the emergence of new institutions, forms of subjectivity and collective meanings around peace. Nowadays, Colombia is in the transition from being a country at war to a peaceful nation. In this transition, the discourse of victims and state representatives about peace and conflict are predominant in the literature. This article characterizes the simultaneously coexisting discourses about peace and conflict in former combatants. We conducted a discourse analysis of 19 semi-structured interviews with former members of paramilitaries and guerrillas. The results are clustered into two categories:absent peace, in which peace is seen as the lack of something that was missed and lost; andthe indefinite war, where peace can be hardly imagined due to the permanence of conflict and longevity of violence. The overlooked angle of the narratives of combatants about peace and conflict is discussed, and the findings are suggested as potential guidelines to navigate displaced and divergent accounts of peace and conflict in transition societies.

The Impact of the Versailles System on International Relations

The first rules of international law emerged with the advent of the state and the division of society into antagonistic classes. Of course, the content and structure of international law vary from one epoch to another, depending on the social order that succeeded. The creation of states, the dispute over supremacy among them, the development of diplomatic relations between them, the emergence of new institutions and principles of international law led to the need for systematic research into problems in international practice that gradually formed the object of a new branch of law, international law, which has earned a well-deserved place in the independent sciences. In the seventeenth and twentieth centuries there were frequent demonstrations of the peoples for the assertion of their national being, for the realization of the aspirations of freedom and progress, for the limitation of the sphere of action of imperialism and, finally, for peace and security. Studying the doctrine of international law, we certainly deduce the existence of two distinct periods of contemporary international law. The first refers to the period between the wars and the second corresponds to the end of World War II. We emphasize the fact that contemporary international law is characterized by the orientation with the scope of assuring peace, human rights, democracy, towards peaceful cooperation between states and the freedom of peoples. Edifying to achieve such desideratum are the series of treaties concluded at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Formation and implementation of state youth employment policy at regional level in Ukraine (1991 – 2020)

Formation and implementation of state youth employment policy at regional level in Ukraine (1991 – 2020)

Cryptocurrency as Object of Regulation by Public and Private Law

The aim of this study is to establish the legal status quo of cryptocurrencies in the Russian Federation. The hypothesis presented by this study requires a profound reference to existing and proposed legislation as well as to the statements of a number of international, supranational and national regulatory bodies.
 This study uses qualitative research methods, and primarily consists of descriptive research. Doctrinal and comparative law research also lie at the very heart of this paper as they enable the author to identify, analyze and synthesize a number of foreign (incl. EU), and Russian laws. As a result, the emergence of new institutions and the modernization of existing ones, based on new technological breakthroughs, undoubtedly affect the already existing institutions that are under the influence of changes. Money, which is at the heart of finance, already loses its material forms of expression and regulating properties, alternative tools emerge in the economy that are ready to act as alternatives to this traditional institution. The alternative to money and monetary mechanisms will affect the basic instrument for regulating economic relations and the financial system of the state as a whole - a monopoly on the issue of currency. The nature of cryptocurrency, its features do not make it possible to attribute it entirely either to the means of payment, or to securities, or property. In the existing international community, cryptocurrency lacks a single focal point. Only a progressive view and modern legal regulation of cryptocurrency will create conditions for the development of legal and, most importantly, safe relations in the field of cryptocurrency.

O jogo de três toques: apontamentos histórico-sociais da estrutura do voleibol em Curitiba (1932-2015)

A partir de uma perspectiva histórico-social do voleibol na cidade de Curitiba/PR, o presente artigo tem por objetivo principal identificar e analisar os processos que levaram a estruturação de instituições e associações esportivas paralelas à Federação Paranaense de Voleibol, e como essas instituições influenciaram o desenvolvimento da modalidade, inclusive suas competições, em nível regional. Metodologicamente, pautamos o estudo numa pesquisa qualitativa, de cunho descritivo e análise documental. Como recorte temporal, delimitamos inicialmente o ano de 1932, ano em que encontramos o primeiro registro sobre o desenvolvimento da modalidade no Paraná, até o ano de 2015. A guisa de conclusões, constatamos que o surgimento de novas instituições fomentadoras do voleibol no estado do Paraná, aliadas à parcerias entre os poderes públicos e privados, tornou possível um aprimoramento de novas formas e estratégias de organização e gestão do voleibol que, por sua vez, acarretou numa qualificação e desenvolvimento da modalidade em âmbito regional.

ESTATES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS AND PENITENTIARY ESTABLISHMENTS IN RIGHT-BANK UKRAINE (1864–1914)

Right-bank Ukraine became part of the Russian Empire after the second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1792. The integration of these territories into the new administrative, economic and cultural space caused certain difficulties. In the first half of the 19th century, the region had the highest percentage of peasant serfs and the elements and institutions of the non-existent state (including the courts) still existed and kept functioning.
 The defeat in the Crimean War of 1853–1856 imposed on the Russian Empire the need for radical reforms in all spheres of life. The wave-like periods of cooperation-confrontation between the Russian authorities and the local nobility brought about regional provisions in virtually all the reforms, launched by the peasant reform of 1861. The judicial reform and the emergence of new institutions and practices had to resolve existing problems, disputes, and punish criminals legally. The social estate (stanovy) character of the society was reflected in the establishment and activities of the volost courts, as the lower courts. The district courts were a completely novel phenomenon in the legal culture; their functioning was ensured by professional lawyers on the basis of new judicial statutes.
 The purpose of this article is to consider the court practices and functioning of penitentiary establishments in Right-Bank Ukraine (on the example of Volyn province) under implementation of the judicial reform through the prism of social and estate factors, based on the cases of the Zhytomyr District Court and the reports of the heads of local prisons.
 The methodology of the research includes the tools of social history and the so-called "new imperial history" that have helped to trace the adaptation of new legal practices to the socio-ethnic peculiarities of Right Bank Ukraine. The methods of history of everyday life and history of reading have been employed to consider the under-researched component of the penitentiary system of the Russian Empire, namely the libraries and their funds. This component should be attributed to the novelty of the suggested research findings.
 Conclusions. Estate privileges were maintained in the Russian Empire throughout the "long 19th century". Belonging to a higher social status practically made the Polish nobles equal in the rights with the imperial officials, endowed with power. During court decisions and sentencing, an ethnic criterion was not taken into consideration or had secondary significance. Many years of placing the peasants outside the legal field developed a steady arrogant attitude of the power-holders towards the representatives of this social estate. Though the peasants dominated in the social structure of the Empire population, they remained the most prevalent class. Since the early 20th century, some shifts in perception and attitudes towards peasantry were observed.

ПРОБЛЕМА ПОЛІТИЧНОГО ПРОСТОРУ В НАУКОВІЙ ПАРАДИГМІ СУЧАСНОСТІ

Розглянуто основні проблеми концептуалізації та необхідності переосмислення розуміння політичного простору в умовах сучасних трансформаційних процесів. Політичний простір показано як одну з проекцій політики на відносини, які складаються між різними суб’єктами з приводу розподілу влади. При цьому політичний простір виступає регулятором відносин груп та індивідів, областю взаємодій груп інтересів на перетині «горизонтальних» і «вертикальних» відносин. Він являє собою відкриту і нестійку систему, на функціонування якої великий вплив здійснюють зовнішні фактори.

Znaczenie organizacji pozarządowych w popularyzacji dziedzictwa kulturowego i turystyki na terenie etnoregionu kaszubskiego

Changes in social structures usually concern the emergence of new institutions, including those related to the development of tourism, and bring about changes in the existing structures. One of the major socio-economic consequences of tourism is the economic activation of an area. The purpose of this article is to indicate the role of non-governmental organizations in the promotion of cultural heritage and tourism in the Kashubian ethnoregion by presenting the structure, examples of activities and the number of recipients of non-profit organizations operating in this area. An important element of the study, due to the research issues undertaken, is also the presentation of the structure of subsidies granted to non-governmental organizations by the Poviat Eldership in Kartuzy, broken down by the amount of public funds allocated and the organization’s own contribution. The study is also complemented with an indication of the location of the Kashubian ethnoregion, including cultural heritage resources. Research conducted on the number of non-governmental organizations has shown that in the Kartuzy poviat their number has increased to 311 in 2019 since 2011. The structure of NGOs operating in the Kartuzy poviat in 2019 shows that 52 organizations operated in the sphere of ‘Culture, art, protection goods and traditions’, activities for national and ethnic minorities and the regional language, as well as ‘tourism and recreation’. In the area these institutions perform the roles of organizers of various events, including those of a folklore nature, such as concerts, rallies, handicraft exhibitions and many others. Not only is the rich cultural heritage of Kashubia promoted through this type of activity, but it also makes the development of tourism possible.