Emergence Of New Infectious Diseases Research Articles

SNSMiner_VAC: Analyzing vaccination based on social network service data for safety surveillance

COVID-19 has created a major issue around the world, posing a serious threat to socioeconomic and human health, and there is still fear of new infectious diseases like this. In Korea, in response to COVID-19, the COVID-19 vaccine approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety was sequentially administered to each group, raising national interest in the safety, side effects, and effectiveness of the vaccine, and securing the basis for related policies. Many attempts have been made for this. We are interested in a methodology to establish a scientific basis for how to respond to issues regarding vaccine stability due to the emergence of new infectious diseases. In this study, we use comments posted on Naver, the largest social platform in Korea, to obtain consumer sentiment information about vaccines and understand the change in Korean public sentiment in the first half of 2021 for each vaccine based on the analysis pipeline (SNSMiner_VAC). We investigated the Korean public’s response to the COVID-19 vaccination on social media from November 30, 2021, to January 31, 2022. We collected comments related to the COVID-19 vaccination using the Korean words for “COVID-19 vaccination” as keywords. Of the 329,559 comments, 240,322 were analyzed after preprocessing. We developed three lexicons (stopwords, sentiment words, and custom words related to COVID-19) for Korean natural language processing. Furthermore, we extracted five clusters — including symptoms, side effects, vaccine hesitancy, pro-vaccination, and infectious disease control policy — through network analysis. The sentiment analysis revealed that negative public opinion was prominent even after the commencement of the phased recovery of daily life. From these results, we were able to automatically collect data-based information on patients’ symptoms and side effects for the new vaccine and prepare and analyze the basis for collecting public opinions about vaccination. We hope that the pipeline proposed in this study can be used as a tool to create a data source for effective management policies for vaccines being developed against the emergence of new infectious diseases.

Mechanisms of host adaptation by bacterial pathogens.

The emergence of new infectious diseases poses a major threat to humans, animals, and broader ecosystems. Defining factors that govern the ability of pathogens to adapt to new host species is therefore a crucial research imperative. Pathogenic bacteria are of particular concern, given dwindling treatment options amid the continued expansion of antimicrobial resistance. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in the understanding of bacterial host species adaptation, with an emphasis on pathogens of humans and related mammals. We focus particularly on molecular mechanisms underlying key steps of bacterial host adaptation including colonization, nutrient acquisition, and immune evasion, as well as suggest key areas for future investigation. By developing a greater understanding of the mechanisms of host adaptation in pathogenic bacteria, we may uncover new strategies to target these microbes for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in humans, animals, and the broader environment.

Significance of Ongoing Training and Professional Development in Optimizing Healthcare-associated Infection Prevention and Control.

The employees who work in infection prevention and control (IPC) are very important in the field of health-care because they are committed to protecting patients, staff, and visitors from the risk of acquiring infections while in the hospital. The complexity of infection control in hospitals is alwaysgrowing in tandem with the rapid developments that are being made in medical technology andpractices. IPC personnel are required to maintain vigilance and continually improve their monitoringof the entire health-care process due to the ongoing development of IPC guidelines and regulations, the fluctuating infection risks, and the emergence of new infectious diseases. As a result, individuals involved in the prevention and control of infections in health-care settings absolutely need to participate in continual training and professional development. This reviewemphasizes the need of relevant professionals to engage in ongoing training and professional development to maintain their skills in the area of healthcare-associated infection control and prevention. Personnel working in IPC may more effectively react to newly discovered health risks andmake certain that hospital infection (HI) management gets the appropriate attention if they have atimely and in-depth awareness of best practices. They are better able to maintain their composure, react correctly, and deliver the most effective infection control and prevention techniques for the health-care system, all while increasing awareness about the significance of effective HI management.

Immune Potentiation of PLGA Controlled-Release Vaccines for Improved Immunological Outcomes.

With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the continued emergence of new infectious diseases, there is a need to improve and expand current vaccine technology. Controlled-release subunit vaccines provide several benefits over current vaccines on the market, including the use of less antigen and fewer boost doses. Previously, our group reported molecules that alter NF-κB signaling improved the vaccine's performance and improved adjuvant-related tolerability. In this report, we test how these immune potentiators will influence responses when included as part of a controlled-release poly(lactic-co-glycolic) vaccine formulation. Murine in vivo studies revealed that SN50 and honokiol improved antibody levels at early vaccine time points. Microparticles with SN50 produced strong antibody levels over a longer period compared to microparticles without SN50. The same particles also increased T-cell activity. All of the immune potentiators tested further promoted Th2 humoral responses already exhibited by the control CpG OVA microparticle formulation. Overall, under controlled-release conditions, immune potentiators enhance the existing effects of controlled-release formulations, making it a potentially beneficial additive for controlled-release vaccine formulations.

Global Infectious Diseases between January and March 2024: Periodic Analysis

In recent years, humanity has faced formidable challenges posed by infectious diseases. For example, previously controlled infectious diseases have undergone resurgences, while ongoing pathogen mutations have given rise to drug-resistant strains. These developments, coupled with changes in natural and societal factors, have contributed to the emergence of new infectious diseases. Spring is a season prone to infectious diseases, with common examples including influenza, measles, smallpox, and dengue fever. These diseases are primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets, airborne transmission, and close contact. To gain insight into the global distribution of infectious diseases we analyzed data from the Global Epidemic Information Monitoring System, which was developed by Shusi Technology, from January to March 2024.

Viruses in Baikal mollusks Benedictia baicalensis

Study of viral diversity in aquatic ecosystems continues to be relevant, including the threat of the emergence of new infectious diseases of animals and humans. The aim of this work was to study the diversity of viral communities associated with the Baikal endemic mollusks Benedictia baicalensis (Caenogastropoda, Benedictiidae) using metagenomic analysis. Our study revealed a high diversity of viruses in mollusk samples, which indicates the important role of gastropods in the bioaccumulation and circulation of bacteria and viruses in the ecosystem of Lake Baikal.

Antimicrobial Compounds from Microorganisms-Associated with Selected Desert Flora

Background: The immense genetic variety found in plants and microbes provides a plethora of opportunities for human advancement in the creation of medicine. Microorganisms have been exceptionally rich sources of drugs. Nowadays, the emergence of new infectious diseases and the resistance of some pathogenic microbes necessitates further attempts to find new antimicrobial agents in the fight against infections. Objective: The main goal of this study was to explore and evaluate the biologically active secondary metabolites from selected desert flora-associated microorganisms. Methods: This was achieved through the isolation of bacteria and fungi associated with plants selected from diverse parts of the Saudi Arabian desert. This study was directed to test the optimal microbial culture composition for the production of biologically active metabolites against pathogenic microbes. Results: The produced secondary metabolites showed profound antibiosis activities. Some of which were comparable to or more potent than some of the currently used antibiotics. Conclusion: These findings lay the foundation for further discoveries of new metabolites that are urgently needed to face the uprising microbial resistance and mutations that the whole world is continuously suffering from.

Overview of infection control in nursing research in Korea over the last 10 years: Text network analysis and topic modeling

Background: With the emergence of new infectious diseases, infection control nursing (ICN) in hospitals has become increasingly significant. Consequently, research on ICN has been actively performed. We examined the knowledge structure and trends addressed in Korean ICN research. Methods: From 5 web-based Korean academic databases (DBpia, KISS, KMbase, KoreaMed, and RISS), 2,244 studies published between 2013 and 2022 were retrieved using ICN-related search terms (eg, “nurse” or “nursing” along with “infection control,” “infection prevention,” “healthcare-associated infection,” or “standard precautions”). After deleting duplicates, the authors assessed titles and abstracts and included 250 research abstracts in this study. Using NetMiner 4.4 software (Cyram, Seoul, Korea), words from abstracts of published articles were extracted and refined, then text network analysis and topic modeling were performed. A text network was structured based on the co-occurrence matrix of key words (semantic morphemes) and was analyzed to identify the main key words. Through topic modeling using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm, latent topics in the research abstracts were extracted. The authors verified the key words comprising the topic and the result of classifying the documents by topic and named topics. Results: The number of studies, which increased following the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome in 2015, has declined over time but peaked in 2021 with the COVID-19 pandemic. The text network composed of the key words of the research abstracts was generated and visualized (Fig. 1). As a result of text network analysis, the 5 most common key words were ‘nurse,’ ‘infection control,’ ‘nursing care,’ ‘practice,’ and ‘perception’ in terms of degree and betweenness centrality. Other prominent main keywords were also identified: ‘knowledge,’ ‘compliance,’ ‘education,’ ‘intervention,’ ‘intention,’ and ‘safety.’ With the application of topic modeling to the research abstracts, 5 topics were derived and named as follows (Fig. 2): “infection control in nursing care for patient safety,” “infection control measures for healthcare personnel safety,” “burdens and obstacles for infection control among nurses,” “infection control for multidrug-resistant organisms,” and “knowledge, attitude, practice for infection control among nurses.” Conclusions: By applying text-network analysis and topic modeling, we obtained insights into Korean ICN research trends. To explore global ICN research trends, further study is necessary to analyze internationally published studies reflecting each country’s nursing work conditions.Disclosure: None

Measures for pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 at the National University Hospital: 34th National University Perinatal Medical Center Conference.

As 2 years have passed since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we had an examination of the measures taken at the perinatal medical and child centers during this period at 42 National University Hospital. The first questionnaire survey was conducted during March 17-25, 2022 and the second questionnaire survey was conducted during April 4-30, 2022. For the treatment of pregnant women with COVID-19, a public health center-coordinated triage system had been created and implemented in each region and prefecture. The issues related to the hospital management of pregnant women with COVID-19 include the hindrances to the normal functioning of the center, the limited number of hospital beds and medical care systems as the beds were dedicated to patients with COVID-19, and the problems associated with the mode of delivery. There were no set rules regarding the management of mothers and babies at delivery and thereafter. Initially, cesarean delivery was allowed in almost all cases to reduce the risk of exposure to medical staff. Furthermore, many institutions did not permit expressed breast milk feeding and direct breastfeeding during the quarantine period. The COVID-19 pandemic has been created a shortage of healthcare delivery systems. It is expected that the emergence of new infectious diseases and pandemics will cause the same pressure on systems providing healthcare in the future.

Allocation of hospital beds on the emergence of new infectious disease: A mathematical model.

This paper is concerned to a mathematical model for the management of hospital beds when a new infection emerges in the population with the existing infections. The study of this joint dynamics presents formidable mathematical challenges due to a limited number of hospital beds. We have derived the invasion reproduction number, which investigates the potential of a newly emerged infectious disease to persist when some infectious diseases are already invaded the host population. We have shown that the proposed system exhibits transcritical, saddle-node, Hopf, and Bogdanov-Takens bifurcations under certain conditions. We have also shown that the total number of infected individuals may increase if the fraction of the total number of hospital beds is not properly allotted to the existing and a newly emerged infectious disease. The analytically obtained results are verified with the help of numerical simulations.

One Health challenges and actions: Integration of gender considerations to reduce risks at the human-animal-environmental interface

The human-animal-environment interface is where the emergence of new infectious diseases can occur as a result of many complex reasons, including its alteration due to intensive farming and agriculture, increased human encroachment into wildlife habitats, international travel networks, and urbanization. The One Health approach to zoonoses is a holistic approach that considers environmental sustainability, animal health, and human health together. Gender-specific social and domestic roles can modulate (increase or decrease) an individual's risk of exposure to various hazards, including infectious diseases and zoonoses. The two scenarios presented here, one on avian influenza and the other on leptospirosis, clearly highlight the influence of gender, demonstrating that women's roles at the human-animal-environment interface are not the same as men's.Integrating the gender aspect into cross-sectoral interventions defined according to the One Health perspective could help reduce the risks of exposure to infections for humans and animals and the possible consequent economic losses. We suggest supplementing the One Health perspective with a gender analysis to study the influence of social norms, activities and risk behavior on exposure to infections, chemical pollution and the consequences of climate change.

УПРАВЛІННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНОЮ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЮ АГРАРНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ В УМОВАХ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ БІЗНЕСУ

The exacerbation of social problems in society occurs as a result of the significant impact on it of such factors of the external environment as climate change, scarcity of resources, the emergence of new infectious diseases, social distancing, digitalization, etc. Under such circumstances, the responsibility of business increases not only for the results, but also for the consequences of its functioning. The activities of agricultural sector enterprises are directly related to the use of natural resources and affect the environment. Therefore, the implementation of socially responsible agrarian business and the development of appropriate tools for its management acquire special attention. During the research, the approaches to defining the concept of "social responsibility" were analyzed. The trends of corporate social responsibility in accordance with the goals of sustainable development were investigated and the factors stimulating enterprises to implement social responsibility were analyzed. The authors identified five main levels of implementation and development of social responsibility of the subjects of the agricultural sector: nano-level - the level of an individual, micro-level - enterprises and their stakeholders, meso-level - territorial communities and corporate associations, macro-level - the state and civil society as a whole, metalevel – international organizations and transnational corporations. A social responsibility management model for agricultural sector enterprises has been developed. As a result, a mechanism for managing the social responsibility of an agricultural enterprise based on the principles of openness and partnership, mutuality, environmental friendliness, social orientation, economy and sustainable development was proposed. This mechanism involves the use of defined tools and the implementation of key management functions to achieve results under the influence of social climate factors and subjects of higher levels of social responsibility.

Субъединичные бактерийные вакцины в ветеринарии

Periodic spontaneous emergence of more virulent strains of pathogens, environmental changes, socio-economic factors, as well as an increase in the level of contacts between different regions are the main reasons for the emergence of new infectious diseases, including zoonotic ones. The main objective of preventive measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of diseases that cause large financial losses to farms is to carry out mass vaccination of livestock against relevant infections. A reasonable choice of a vaccine preparation is an important link in solving this problem. The use of live vaccines carries the potential risk of recombination of the vaccine strain with the field strain, in addition, their use is not always allowed by the rules for importing products of animal origin. As a safe alternative, subunit vaccines, which contain only specific fragments (subunits) of the virus or bacteria capable of being recognized by the animal's immune system, are increasingly being used in animal husbandry. Despite the biotechnological difficulties in obtaining subunit vaccines, the relevance of the scientific direction and the great potential of this type of biological preparations are noted. With the advent of recombinant technologies, the creation of subunit vaccines has become more active, but the main focus is on the production of viral vaccines. This is because bacterial subunit vaccines are more difficult to develop because the bacterial genome is more complex, leading to a lengthy and laborious screening process. This article presents an analysis of literature data, scientific articles and reviews of foreign and domestic researchers, which forms a modern idea of the prospects for the use of subunit bacterial vaccines in the field of veterinary medicine. A brief description of the ongoing experiments is given and an assessment of their effectiveness based on the conclusions of the researchers is put forward. A special place is occupied by the comparative characteristics of the technology for obtaining viral and bacterial subunit vaccines, which makes it possible to put forward a position on further prospects in the development of immunoprophylactic agents.

코로나19로 인한 청소년 신체활동 변화와 정신건강 변인의 관계

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data to prepare countermeasures for the physical and mental health of adolescents in Korea by analyzing the relationship between mental health according to changes in physical activity due to COVID-19 for adolescents. To achieve the purpose of this study, 52,602 adolescents were analyzed using raw data from the 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Surveys. Looking at the results of the major studies, changes in physical activity due to COVID-19 and subjective health perception(p=.000), depression(p=.000), GAD(generalized anxiety disorder)(p=.000), and stress perception(p=.000) was found to have a statistically significant relationship. In addition, as a result of examining the effects of changes in physical activity on subjective health cognition, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and stress cognition, subjective health cognition had a positive relationship, and changes in depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and stress cognition had a negative relationship. Therefore, to summarize the results of this study, it was found that there was a change in the physical activity of adolescents due to COVID-19, and the decrease in physical activity had a negative effect on mental health. In order to respond to the re-spread of COVID-19 or the emergence of new infectious diseases in the future, it is necessary to develop sports activities and educational programs and application strategies that take into account the life patterns of adolescents.

Gambaran Faktor Predisposisi, Pemungkin dan Penguat terhadap Pemberian Imunisasi Dasar Lengkap di Kota Pariaman

Immunization has decreased worldwide, especially during the covid-19 pandemic. The decline was caused by doubts and refusal to immunize, fear of parents, and limited access to health services. Immunization is one of the basic needs for children to grow and develop and prevent the emergence of new infectious diseases in children. This study is an observational study with a descriptive approach to determine the description of maternal predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors to basic immunization in Pariaman City. The population in this study amounted to 253 mothers and a sample of 154 mothers who had children aged 12 months using a simple random sampling technique. The results showed that the mother's age was 30 years (51.7%), the mother's education was high (82.5%) and the mother did not work (70.8%). The mother's knowledge is mostly lacking (40.3%), the mother's attitude is not supportive (56.5%) and the mother's trust is less (42.9%). The affordability of health resources is not affordable (52.6%), family support is not supportive (48.1%), health worker support is lacking (5.8%) and support from community leaders is not supportive (43.5%). It is hoped that nurses can provide optimal counseling and family motivation to provide support to mothers in providing complete basic immunizations for children

Baby Steps, Giant Strides

This is the second time we are releasing a joint editorial from journals all over the world in the call for action to address climate change. The COVID-19 pandemic has caught the world unaware despite the progress in science; majority did not take the warnings of a looming pandemic. With climate change, its impact on infectious diseases will not be any gentler as the hazards are too numerous. From increased transmission of infections, expansion of infections to other geographic areas and emergence of new infectious diseases. This would be gargantuan compared to a pandemic as this would not only involve one infectious disease but numerous and would impact every aspect of the world we know. Joining this call for action is a baby step, but no action is too small in whatever way we can to help ensure a better Earth for our younger generation. Our giant stride for this issue comes with the news that our published articles will now have digital object identifier (DOI). The Pediatric Infectious Disease Society of the Philippines Journal is proud to announce as we join the more than 10,000 organizations that assigns DOI names. The DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by an international registration agency and will provide persistent identification of our articles. This will make our published articles easy to find, cite, link, assess and reuse, thus making scholarly communications more effective. Likewise, this increases opportunities for transparency in scholarly works. Technology has changed publishing dramatically and keeping up with this from the local forefront is not easy. We believe that we will be closer to the realization of making our local publications more visible and discoverable by a wider audience with this giant stride.

Quantification of adaptive forces on SNP rs1010211 due to viral zoonotic pathogens

Widespread genotyping of human populations in environmental homeostasis has created opportunities to quantify how environmental parameters affect the genomic distribution of variants in healthy populations. This represents an ongoing natural experiment upon the human species that can only be understood through developing models of adaptation. By examining the information dynamics of optimal SNP distributions within such populations, “adaptive forces” on genomic variants can be quantified through comparisons between different populations. To this end, we are performing double-blind scans of SNPs in order to ascertain any potential smooth functional relationships between the frequencies of the variants and changes in quantified environmental parameters. At present, we have sequentially examined more than twenty thousand SNPs (on chromosome 3) of nine homeostatic native populations for potential adaptive flagging of the variants as functions of 15 environmental parameters. Our first significant flag has related rs1010211 to viral pathogens in mammalian hosts. Such pathogens present a significant risk for the emergence of new infectious diseases in humans. This genomic variant is within the gene TNIK, which is a germinal center kinase (GCK). GCKs are participants in both adaptive and innate immune regulation. However, the function of TNIK is not fully understood. We quantify the adaptive force on the C allele due to the pathogens as 0.04 GEU’s/viral species.

Antimicrobial activities of the soft-tissue ethanolic crude extracts of corbiculid clam, Corbicula fluminea and cyrenid clam, Geloina expansa

Objective: The emergence of new infectious diseases and the increased in bacterial resistance to diseases have led to the search for potential sources of antimicrobials. Bivalves have been found to possess bioactive compounds that have tremendous potential in medical science. Corbicula fluminea and Geloina expansa are bivalves that can survive in extreme environmental conditions and are surrounded by various microbes; these may have facilitated the potential production of different bioactive compounds with unique features to protect against pathogenic microorganisms. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial activity of various concentrations of the ethanolic crude extracts (ECEs) of C. fluminea and G. expansa were tested against bacteria and fungi using the standard disk diffusion technique. There were three bacteria used in the antibacterial assay, namely Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), and for antifungal assay, the fungi, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger were used. Results: The ECEs of C. fluminea showed 12.67-h activity on E. coli with an inhibition zone (IZ) range of 10–12.8 mm and for G. expansa showed an IZ range of 9.6–14.4 mm. A similar IZ range for C. fluminea (10.6–12.4 mm) and G. expansa (9.8–13.6 mm) was observed in P. aeruginosa with an efficacy time of 14 h and 17.3, respectively. S. aureus test cultures also showed activity of C. fluminea ECEs with an IZ range of 0.00–17 mm and efficacy time of 15 h, while G. expansa showed a mean of 15.6 mm. The two fungal strains tested showed activity of C. fluminea, and G. expansa ECEs, an IZ range of 8.3–12.2 mm was observed in A. niger while C. albicans showed activity with an IZ range of 9.6–12.8 mm. The ECE's concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/ml of C. fluminea and G. expansa showed a significantly higher result than positive control against P. aerigunosa. Conclusions: The study showed that C. fluminea and G. expansa are potential sources of antimicrobial compounds. Identification, extraction, and purification of such compounds are recommended for future studies.

Understanding Health Communication Through Google Trends and News Coverage for COVID-19: Multinational Study in Eight Countries.

BackgroundDue to the COVID-19 pandemic, health information related to COVID-19 has spread across news media worldwide. Google is among the most used internet search engines, and the Google Trends tool can reflect how the public seeks COVID-19–related health information during the pandemic.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to understand health communication through Google Trends and news coverage and to explore their relationship with prevention and control of COVID-19 at the early epidemic stage.MethodsTo achieve the study objectives, we analyzed the public’s information-seeking behaviors on Google and news media coverage on COVID-19. We collected data on COVID-19 news coverage and Google search queries from eight countries (ie, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Singapore, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand) between January 1 and April 29, 2020. We depicted the characteristics of the COVID-19 news coverage trends over time, as well as the search query trends for the topics of COVID-19–related “diseases,” “treatments and medical resources,” “symptoms and signs,” and “public measures.” The search query trends provided the relative search volume (RSV) as an indicator to represent the popularity of a specific search term in a specific geographic area over time. Also, time-lag correlation analysis was used to further explore the relationship between search terms trends and the number of new daily cases, as well as the relationship between search terms trends and news coverage.ResultsAcross all search trends in eight countries, almost all search peaks appeared between March and April 2020, and declined in April 2020. Regarding COVID-19–related “diseases,” in most countries, the RSV of the term “coronavirus” increased earlier than that of “covid-19”; however, around April 2020, the search volume of the term “covid-19” surpassed that of “coronavirus.” Regarding the topic “treatments and medical resources,” the most and least searched terms were “mask” and “ventilator,” respectively. Regarding the topic “symptoms and signs,” “fever” and “cough” were the most searched terms. The RSV for the term “lockdown” was significantly higher than that for “social distancing” under the topic “public health measures.” In addition, when combining search trends with news coverage, there were three main patterns: (1) the pattern for Singapore, (2) the pattern for the United States, and (3) the pattern for the other countries. In the time-lag correlation analysis between the RSV for the topic “treatments and medical resources” and the number of new daily cases, the RSV for all countries except Singapore was positively correlated with new daily cases, with a maximum correlation of 0.8 for the United States. In addition, in the time-lag correlation analysis between the overall RSV for the topic “diseases” and the number of daily news items, the overall RSV was positively correlated with the number of daily news items, the maximum correlation coefficient was more than 0.8, and the search behavior occurred 0 to 17 days earlier than the news coverage.ConclusionsOur findings revealed public interest in masks, disease control, and public measures, and revealed the potential value of Google Trends in the face of the emergence of new infectious diseases. Also, Google Trends combined with news media can achieve more efficient health communication. Therefore, both news media and Google Trends can contribute to the early prevention and control of epidemics.

Antibacterial, antioxidant and neuroprotective activities of crude extract from the endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. isolate OQ-Fus-2-F from Euphorbia sp. plant

Context: Human life is contested with the emergence of new infectious diseases and antibiotic-resistant pathogens, cellular deterioration due to oxidative stress, and age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Aims: To evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of crude extract from the endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. isolate OQ-Fus-2-F as a basis for medical application. Methods: Fusarium sp. isolate OQ-Fus-2-F was isolated from the stem of Euphorbia sp. plant. It was identified morphologically and based on 18S rRNA gene partial sequence. The isolated was cultivated in a malt extract glucose medium. Cell filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the crude extract was dried in vacuum. The crude extract was assessed for its antimicrobial activity through agar diffusion and micro-broth dilution assays; antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH and ABTS methods, and the anticholinergic activity was evaluated in terms of inhibition in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Results: Crude extract of Fusarium sp. isolate OQ-Fus-2-F was more potent in inhibiting the growth of B. subtilis with a MIC value of 125 µg/mL. Its antioxidant activity was highly detected in ABTS than DPPH assay with IC50 values 37.5 ± 3.5 µg/mL and 191.3 ± 17.6 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the extract inhibited the AChE activity with IC50 177.0 ± 13.7 µg/mL. Conclusions: Crude extract of Fusarium sp. isolate OQ-Fus-2-F has potential biomedical applications as it contains secondary metabolites with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activates.