Modern Emergency Research Articles

Classification features of return losses of troop personnel: the problem of stress-associated mental disorders in modern military conflicts and emergencies

This study investigates the classification features of return losses of the personnel of the troops, specifically focusing on psychiatric profile losses and stress-associated mental disorders in the context of modern military conflicts and emergencies of various natures. The term return losses refers to individuals who have regained their combat and work capacity after a temporary loss during military conflicts and are deemed physically fit to resume their functional duties. Additionally, temporarily lost combat and working capacity refers to individuals unable to perform their functional duties for a short period, typically ranging from several minutes to 24 hours. This category includes individuals with stress-associated mental disorders. The research finds that at least 20% of victims in modern military conflicts and emergencies exhibit signs of mental maladaptation within the first day of battle or during the elimination of the medical and sanitary consequences. To address the classification of personnel losses in psychiatric and stress-related cases, as well as the inconsistency in existing terminology, a proposed classification system based on the ability to return to service is presented. Furthermore, new principles have been established to determine the return losses of military personnel, facilitating the provision of adequate and timely assistance for individuals affected by stress-associated mental disorders. The article also outlines medical and psychological correction measures at various levels and elements of first aid for combat stress-induced maladaptive phenomena. Additionally, the study recommends future research on developing a methodology to assess the size and structure of contingents consisting of individuals who temporarily lose their combat and working capacity due to modern enemy weapons during combat operations, as well as in diverse emergency situations.

Racism and State Formation in the Age of Absolutism

Abstract This essay explores four questions through a critical dialogue with Black Marxist, Decolonial, and Political Marxist accounts of racism. First, is it possible to speak of racism before the advent of colonisation in the Americas? Second, what were the determinants for the production of these earlier modalities of racism? Third, who were the key actors responsible for the production of such racism? And fourth, what were the linkages between these developments and racisms that would unfold with the capitalist colonisation of the Americas? I contend that the historical formation of racism as a material force lies in the formation and dissolution of absolutist states in Western Europe between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. By demonstrating how elite political cultures of Western European societies were suffused with the logic of racialisation prior to the colonisation of the Americas, the essay helps render transparent hitherto occluded connections between histories focusing on the internal racialisation of Europe and the racialisation of the European exterior. And in doing so, it establishes the constitutive part racism played in the emergence of capitalist modernity.

Экспрессионные микрочипы: возможности применения в клинической онкологии

INTRODUCTION: Molecular oncology is currently undergoing a fairly rapid development due to the emergence of new technologies and modernization of already known methods. These technologies allow not only to update and clarify the understanding of the molecular genetic nature of tumors, but also to develop new directions for the therapy and the course of cancer diseases. The prerequisite for this scientific direction was the decoding of the human genome, as a result of which most human genes have been identified and mapped by now. Microarray technology has been since the late 1980s and has been rapidly developing since then. In a short time, biological microarrays have evolved into an independent field of analysis, including both the study of fundamental problems of molecular biology and molecular evolution, and practical applications in medicine, pharmacology, forensic expertise. AIM: To demonstrate the potential of the microarray expression assay method in clinical oncology, to describe the history of elaboration, evolution, the principle of the method and possibilities of application of expression microarrays at the current stage of clinical oncology development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out at Ryazan State Medical University. The review included sources found in PubMed, Google Scholar, and eLibrary using the query ‘expression microarrays’ and ‘molecular genetic technologies in oncology’. A total, of 126,455 results were found for the query ‘expression microarrays’ in PubMed and Google Scholar. Thirty-five articles were selected, after a relativity analysis of the sources. A total, of 613 results were found in the eLibrary system for the query ‘molecular genetic technology in oncology’, and 15 articles were selected. Thus, 49 articles were included in the final version. CONCLUSION: The advent of microarray technology marked a new stage in molecular genetic analysis. This method allows simultaneous analysis of hundreds of transcription products and even the entire transcriptome, which together with the data on functions of tumor proteins already opens wide horizons for the use of this technology in clinic. Accumulated data allow to see a wide perspective in this method in terms of analysis of expression profile, metastatic potential of tumors, differential diagnosis between different types of malignant neoplasia, and thus individualize the treatment approach for each individual patient. In our opinion, expression profile analysis is an area promising for further, even more detailed study and discussion within the framework of clinical oncology.

Wi-Fi 6 aerial relay node in 5G network for emergency operations

Reliable and ubiquitous communications, offering high data rates, low latency and supporting large numbers of connected devices, are critical requirements for modern emergency rescue missions. Multiple teams of First Responders, operating at remote areas, on rough terrain or under harsh conditions (e.g. wildfires, earthquakes, flooding etc.) need seamless connectivity to send/receive mission data and organize their operations. This paper, based on the communication platform of RESPOND-A project for supporting First Responders’ missions, proposes a communication relay architecture for extending the 5G network, covering network gaps or underserved areas, while still supporting the mission requirements. Preliminary field measurements were also taken for providing a proof-of-concept and evaluating the systems’ performance.

Limb salvage in traumatic hemipelvectomy: case series with surgical management and review of the literature

BackgroundTraumatic hemipelvectomies are rare and serious injuries. The surgical management was described in several case studies, with primary amputation often performed to save the patient's life.MethodsWe report of two survivors with complete traumatic hemipelvectomy resulting in ischemia and paralyzed lower extremity. Due to modern emergency medicine and reconstructive surgery, limb salvage could be attained. Long-term outcome with quality of life was assessed one year after the initial accident.Results and conclusionsThe patients were able to mobilize themselves and live an independent life. The extremities remained without function and sensation. Urinary continence and sexual function were present and the colostomy could be relocated in both patients. Both patients support limb salvage, even having difficulties and follow-up treatments. Concomitant cases are required to consolidate the findings.Level of evidenceIV.

Hebrew Gomel: Space, Genre, Modernity

Abstract: This article explores the understudied role of Gomel as an important center of literary production during the emergence of Hebrew modernism at the turn of the twentieth century. Prominent writers such as Gershon Shofman, Yosef Haim Brenner, and Uri Nissan Gnessin fostered personal and literary dialogues in and with the city. By combining various methodological approaches—New Historicism, literary cartography, and regional history—we analyze the unique spatial dynamics that sparked Gomel's transformation into a laboratory of Hebrew modernism. While grounding our readings of Shofman, Brenner, and Gnessin in the spatial turn in literary theory, we argue that these three canonical Hebrew writers created literary texts that captured the urban experience of this eastern European Jewish metropolis. We trace the evolution of Hebrew texts written in Gomel from a synchronic perspective and construct a detailed description of the town's literary-cum-cultural history. At the same time, we focus on Gomel's broader historical and geographical status within the Pale of Settlement and demonstrate how each of the three writers used a different literary genre—the urban miniature, the novel, and the novella—to create a unique representation of Gomel's urban space. Furthermore, by focusing on the chronotope of Gomel, our readings of Shofman, Brenner, and Gnessin underscore that these texts are grounded in Gomel's urban fabric through particular forms of local belonging, rather than an abstract notion of "uprooted" existence.

Traditional Farming and Its Lexicons as Indigenous Knowledge: The Context of Cervantes, Ilocos Sur

The Philippines has long been an agricultural country that uses indigenous farming knowledge before the advent of modern technology. Unfortunately, reviewed studies revealed that many approaches and indigenous rice farming knowledge around the world remain undocumented. In such context, this study was implemented to document the traditional rice farming practices and traditions and their lexicons in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur. Through unstructured interviews and observations, the study identified 13 rice farming practices and nine (9) traditions (three rituals and six pammati or superstitious beliefs) of the farmers. The identified farming practices and traditions emerged from the pre-planting to post-harvest activities of the farmers. Hence, the traditional farming remains strong and is flourishing despite the emergence of modernization in agriculture.

Suicide attempts among children and adolescents admitted to a Polish Emergency Department: Analysis of epidemiology, circumstances and methods of 154 cases.

Suicide attempts among pediatric patients are currently one of the most critical issues in modern psychiatry and emergency medicine, and constitute a serious public health problem that affects people of almost every age group. It is often emphasized that attempted suicide is a cry for help, and according to international studies, the pandemic year of 2020 massively impacted the frequency of suicide attempts among children. However, such studies have yet to appear in Poland. To characterize the frequency, circumstances and methods of suicide attempts among children and adolescents, and investigate their relationship with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The study retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 154 children admitted to the Emergency Department due to suicide attempts between January 2020 and June 2021. No statistical relationship was found between the direct impact of the pandemic and suicide attempts among children and adolescents. However, age and gender influenced the methods used and the frequency of suicide attempts. Females are more likely to attempt suicide than males, and patients as young as 8 tried to take their own lives. Due to the increasing frequency of suicide attempts in children and adolescents, people at particular risk of such behaviors should be identified and provided with effective care. Unfortunately, although the vast majority of pediatric patients who attempted suicide had psychiatric consultations in the past, it did not prevent them from actively trying to end their lives. Furthermore, even children of a very young age are at risk of suicide events.

La modernización del hospital y la educación médica. El caso de España en perspectiva histórica

IntroductionIn Spain, hospital underwent a long and tortuous transformation from a charitable establishment aimed at the poor where the therapeutic inefficiency and death reigned, into a scientific institution with the following functions: healthcare, teaching and research. This new conception of hospital, linked to the birth of the clinic (to follow the analyses by Foucault and Ackerknecht) and to the development of hospitals as spaces of medicalization, led to the consolidation of the idea that hospital was the right place to enact the ideal of a physician based on the new way of training of medical professionals. MethodsThe article identifies historical factors that, in the period ranging from the late eighteenth to the mid-twentieth century, led to the emergence of modern, rationalized hospital in Spain and to the consolidation of the new conception of hospital as a scientific institution, in which medical training was one of the main aims. ResultsThe Spanish case shows a number of specific patterns. First and foremost, the hospital reform emerged and consolidated later than in many countries in Europe and North America. ConclusionsIn Spain, the process of reform and modernization of hospitals and of medical training did not occur systematically until the 1960s. This article focuses on the precedents and on the first stages of the process in the period from the end of the eighteenth- to the early twentieth century.

The Frequency of POCUS in the Treatment of Sepsis in the Emergency Department: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) is ubiquitous in the modern emergency department (ED). POCUS can be helpful in the management of patients with sepsis in many ways including determining the cause of sepsis, assessing fluid status, guiding resuscitation, and performing procedures. However, the frequency and manner in which POCUS is incorporated into the care of septic patients in community emergency medicine remains unclear. Objective: To evaluate POCUS frequency and exam types used in the care of patients with sepsis in two community EDs in Southern California. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 5,264 ED visits with a diagnosis of sepsis at two community emergency departments between January 2014 and December 2018. Patients 18 years or older who were diagnosed with sepsis and had either lactate ≥ 4 mmol, a documented mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 65 mmHg, or a systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 90 mmHg were included. Charts were reviewed to determine if POCUS was used during the ED evaluation. Primary outcomes were frequency of POCUS use in the cohort, change in POCUS use over the study period, and the types of exams performed. Results: POCUS was used in 21% of encounters meeting inclusion criteria and was positively correlated with ED arrival year (OR = 1.09; CI 1.04, 1.15; p=0.001). The most common POCUS exam was ultrasound-guided central line placement, with the next most common exams being cardiac, followed by inferior vena cava (IVC). Only the frequency of cardiac, IVC, lung and Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) exams were found to increase significantly over the study period. Conclusions: Total POCUS use increased significantly in this cohort of septic patients over the study period due to more cardiac, IVC, lung and FAST exams being performed.

Pengaruh Globalisasi dan Modernisasi Terhadap Munculnya Risiko Individualisme di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

At present, the widespread influence of globalization is no stranger to the ears of modern society. Globalization is a worldwide process that causes the emergence of science and technology advances that affect the pattern of changing lifestyles that are becoming more modern. This also coincides with the emergence of modernization in society which then has an impact on the emergence of individualism in society. individualism is considered as an attitude of prioritizing personal needs without thinking about the needs of society at large. During a pandemic, for example, due to the application of restrictions on interactions between individuals that make individuals spend more time at home and take advantage of available technological sophistication, this is also the reason for the emergence of individualism. Also during the pandemic, the attitude of individualism that appeared in society was the emergence of the term panic buying where individuals buy daily needs on a large scale without having a sense of care for other people who also need those needs. This paper aims to find out how globalization and modernization have affected the emergence of panic buying during a pandemic. Data collection in this paper uses literature studies, where data collection uses books, journals, and other written works. The theory used is the theory of Anthony Giddens about modernity. h the covid 19 pandemic that hit various countries has affected human life in various ways. The pandemic has also led to an attitude of individualism that has diluted the original values that are deeply embedded in the Indonesian nation.

RESEARCH OF MODERN EMERGENCY AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT FOR RESCUING PEOPLE FROM UNDER THE COLLAPSES OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

This publication highlights the relevance of the use of modern emergency rescue equipment with the help of which it is possible to more effectively rescue people from under the rubble of buildings and structures. Examples of some emergency situations during which it was possible to use modern emergency rescue equipment for more effective rescue of people from under the rubble of buildings and structures of various purposes are given. It is noted that the elimination of emergency situations and their consequences is one of the main tasks of civil protection and consists in the implementation of a complex of measures, which include emergency rescue and other urgent works, which are carried out in the event of emergency situations of man-made and natural nature and are aimed at stopping the action of dangerous factors, saving lives and preserving people's health, as well as localization of emergency zones. The term emergency rescue and other urgent works is given - these are works aimed at the search, rescue and protection of the population, the occurrence of destruction and material damage, the localization of the zone of influence of dangerous factors, the elimination of factors that make it impossible to carry out such work or threaten the lives of rescuers. Statistical data on fires in Ukraine for the period 2017-2022 are provided, as well as the annual death toll of people and children using the example of 2022. It is noted about the main types of emergency and rescue equipment used during the liquidation of emergency situations, as well as the training and qualification of units that perform such tasks. The main technical characteristics of several types of mobile devices for effective cutting of various types of building structures are analyzed. Several modifications of mobile devices, possible equipment, structure and principle of operation, as well as the functions they can perform during the liquidation of emergency situations are given It is noted that the Institute of State Administration and Scientific Research on Civil Protection conducted testing and research of modern emergency rescue equipment at the fire-testing ground. Several working points are presented regarding the practical operation of the equipment, as well as the possibilities for cutting various types of building structures. It is also determined that the relevant divisions of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine need to be equipped with such equipment. Keywords: emergency and rescue equipment, mobile apparatus, cutting, drilling under water.

Sholeh A. Quinn. Persian Historiography across Empires: The Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals.

Persianate studies is a nascent field that has revised national histories, moving from a focus on Persian as a lingua franca to instead think about the Persianate as an ethics, aesthetics, and poetics of being (adab) with transnational resonance. The concept of “the Persianate” gained salience with Marshall Hodgson’s The Venture of Islam (1975), a seminal history in which he wrote Islamic civilizations into world history and into the core curriculum of the University of Chicago. Beyond a critique of Eurocentrism in the academy, Hodgson argued for the multiplicity of Islams and their generative impact, the Persianate being one cultural system that shaped an ethos through the medium of verbal and visual production in the Persian idiom. The field has evolved to focus on an early genealogy for the longue durée history of the emergence of modernity, thus entering a dialogue with early modern studies. The “early modern” in Europe has been associated with a new centering of society, with urbanization and the spread of print literacy, mobility, and the disciplining of the body. The significance of these dynamics for Persianate societies has created a vibrant conversation across geographies. Whether moving the dialogue eastward to Isfahan and Delhi or westward to Istanbul, Persianate historiography has explored early modern sensibilities that forged social collectives and shaped the habitus of cities like Isfahan, Istanbul, and Delhi. This historiography has delved into the tension between textual and material evidence to recover new ways of seeing, desiring, reading, and writing the early modern Persianate that dynamically divulges dimensions of the social, cultural, and religious spheres of urban life.

PECULIARITIES OF THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE PHYSICAL CULTURE TEACHERS AND TRAINERS IN THE CONDITIONS OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

In the article the modern challenges faced by the higher education system in Ukraine due to the pandemic and Russian military aggression are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of implementing distance education in the conditions of modern emergency and crisis situations in the country are presented. Particular attention is devoted to the description of the advantages and disadvantages of the professional training of higher education students of the specialties 014 Secondary Education (Physical Culture) and 017 Physical Culture and Sports in the conditions of distance learning. Attention is focused on the fact that despite all the benefits of the distance learning system, future physical culture teachers and trainers do not have the opportunity to qualitatively master the rational technique of movements from various sports. Despite access to video materials with a demonstration of the reference technique for performing the exercise as a whole and its individual elements, students have limited opportunities for its high-quality consolidation and practice. When students independently study the technique of movements, the teacher does not always can correct technical errors and provide meaningful methodical recommendations, which as a result can lead to the formation of stereotypically incorrect movements of the students of the specified specialties when performing certain exercises. In this context teachers of practice-oriented disciplines are recommended to actively use modern digital technologies and other forms of digital technologies in their work, which allow correcting errors in the execution of exercise techniques and monitoring the physical activity of each student in real time. Despite a few shortcomings of the distance learning system, it remains the only alternative and safe form of obtaining higher education in Ukraine and an effective tool for realizing the constitutional right of the citizens to obtain education and professional qualifications.

Modern realities of corporate culture formation in the youth environment: interaction of law and ideology

Corporate culture as it exists today is a cast of the Western European matrix, in which patriotic ideology is replaced by the values of the corporation and personal result. But modern realities form a new demand of society, moral principles and traditions develop modern legal relations. The human right to patriotic behavior is largely shaped by the system of religious and moral values that influenced Russian legislation long before the emergence of modern Russia.The purpose of the article (in the form of confirmation or refutation of a scientific hypothesis) is to analyze the value system of youth, legal realities and ideological features of the formation of the Russian state around the factors of Russian identity: family, society, country, state, person, to describe the possibility of their inclusion in the corporate culture (employer) as the basic principles of corporate governance.The method of group interview, the method of content analysis was chosen as the research method. The method of group interview or classroom analysis allows each of the participants of the discussion to speak freely on a particular problem, and during the discussion in the polemic to form a unified representation of the group on the problem.The respondents were students of universities in Moscow and St. Petersburg, aged 18 to 23 years, technical and humanitarian areas of training - a total of 150 people (110 humanities and 40 technical areas of training). During the survey, they were divided into groups of 7 to 10 people and the groups were asked to form an opinion on how they understand value, the group discussed the idea of value and recorded the definition and their understanding of this value. As part of the study, young people aged 18 to 23 years were consistently considered about their values, how these values form the factors of pentabasis, contribute to the formation of relationships with companies. Then, which factors of pentabasis most influence the formation of the value field of youth and which indicators can be identified as markers of the formed value. Further, in order to determine how the company forms the pentabasis factors, taking into account values and indicators, young people write down which indicators and values are characteristic of the cross-influence of pentabasis factors on each other. Thus, after we have considered the principles of the formation of legal awareness, it becomes transparently clear that when developing the principles of corporate culture, it is necessary to transfer to the factors of Russian identity. Patriotism in corporate communications, until they form a clear system of values for Russians, will be a superstructure that will not be fully realized in any corporation, since it is built on different values, which became clear to us when studying the history of legal awareness. Consequently, after the conducted research, we have described some conclusions on the principles of the formation of the ideology of corporate culture, which are based on the factors of Russian identity.

A multi-objective fuzzy facility location problem with congestion and priority for drone-based emergency deliveries

Emergency medical service (EMS) plays an essential role in modern emergency and health systems; however, the delivery service via traditional ground vehicles faces enormous challenges, e.g., traffic congestion and poor road conditions, especially for time-critical products. Fortunately, drones provide an alternative solution for EMS due to faster speed, fewer road restrictions, and fewer workforce requirements, compared to ground vehicles. This paper develops a drone-based queuing-location model with stochastic demands and congestion for EMS, where drones perform as mobile servers with a generally distributed service time. In practice, delivery decisions are often made in the presence of imprecise information, and customer requests often have different priorities. However, to our best knowledge, limited research has addressed these issues. Thus, this paper employs fuzzy theory to cope with the vague drone endurance and demand arrival rate under a priority queuing strategy. A multi-objective optimization approach is adopted to balance the total cost, system efficiency, and equitable response time. As the resulting model is challenging to solve, we apply chance-constrained, second-order conic, fuzzy, and weighted goal programming approaches to recast the model as a crisp mixed-integer second-order conic program, which can be efficiently solved via off-the-shelf solvers. Results based on a case study show that our method can help decision-makers to better balance various objectives, make more flexible decisions with desirable fuzzy degrees, and significantly improve the service level of high priority demands for EMS.

Infinite Variety: Literary Invention, Theology, and the Disorder of Kinds, 1688–1730

Infinite Variety: Literary Invention, Theology, and the Disorder of Kinds, 1688–1730

An evolutionary case for polygyny to counter demographic collapse.

Sex ratio theory suggests why mating practices have become dysfunctional in the West and other regions. Spain, Japan, and over 20 other nations are on course to have their populations halved by 2100, dramatically aging their citizenry. Experts and opinion makers warn that a demographic collapse cannot be absorbed by our current social order; Elon Musk proclaims this to be "the biggest threat to human civilization." Statistics from the Nordic countries-the world's most gender-equal region-indicate that subjective perceptions of the sex ratio in modern environments drive singledom and low reproduction. Scandinavia has the world's highest occurrence of one-person households: 43-46%. In the past decade, the Norwegian fertility rate dropped from 2.0 to 1.5. Sex ratio studies suggest that women's perception of there being few acceptable partners activates a polygynous mindset, which in prosperous, monogamous societies drives promiscuity to the detriment of pair-bonding. More than 6 million years of hominin evolution under promiscuous, polygynous, and monogamous regimes shaped mate preferences that evoke different cultural and behavioral responses as environments change. The Church's imposition of lifelong monogamy contributed to the emergence of the modern world, but if this world's gender-equal societies no longer motivate reproduction, being more open to polygyny could be worth considering as a means for increasing fertility. This article makes this case by exploring hominin mating from our last common ancestor with chimpanzees-through the genus Homo's forager and agricultural periods-to modern Scandinavians. In the past millennium, mating practices have coevolved with the emergence of modernity, necessitating frequent cultural updates. An evolutionary analysis of Nordic works of literature illuminates the ways in which ideological narratives influence reproductive norms. The insights gleaned are considered in the context of people's perceived sex ratio.

Acute poisonings among children and adolescents- results of the analysis of 401 cases

IntroductionAcute poisoning is a significant concern in modern pediatrics and emergency medicine, as it is the fifth leading cause of life-threatening injuries in children under 5 years of age. The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate the overall patterns of acute poisoning among pediatric patients admitted to the Emergency Department of the Pediatric Hospital of the Medical University of Warsaw.Material and methodsThe study is a retrospective analysis of the medical records of children aged 0–18 years admitted to the emergency department due to acute poisoning from January 2020 to June 2021 (18 months).ResultsA total of 401 children aged from 1 month to 18 years old were included in the study. It was the patient’s first poisoning in the vast majority of cases. Most cases were accidental. Acute poisoning was more common among females than males. The most common route of exposure to the poisonous substance was the oral route. The overwhelming majority of patients did not require any antidote treatment. Most children reached the hospital within 1–5 hours after taking the substance and were in generally good condition. Detergents were the most common cause of accidental poisoning, while combined pharmaceuticals and narcotics were the most common causes of intentional intoxication. No deaths were recorded.ConclusionsPediatricians and emergency department staff should be familiar with the management of acute poisoning and be aware of the changing patterns of intoxication depending on age and gender.

Emergency Medicine Physician Attitudes in the Treatment of Heart Failure (EMPATH)

Half of emergency department (ED) to hospital admission for acute heart failure may be unnecessary. Methods for ED risk stratification has improved in recent years, but their implementation has been questioned under the presumption that most acute heart failure (AHF) patients have higher risks of short-term adverse events than physicians will tolerate. There is a lack of modern data on emergency physician risk attitudes in heart failure despite this presumption, so our objective was to assess modern emergency physician risk attitudes and how they compare historical assumptions and modern risk stratification tools.&#x0D; Emergency physicians representing 9 emergency departments across Indiana were surveyed. Participants were board certified in emergency medicine and participation was voluntary. Each physician was asked to identify risk thresholds of outpatient treatment as opposed to admission for both 30-day mortality and 30-day adverse events in patients with AHF. For these risk thresholds, a range of choices was offered from 0-&lt;15%. Bayesian analysis was performed, and results were compared to risk thresholds of both literature suggest values and lowest risk score values.&#x0D; The response rate to the survey was 97.3% (73/75) physicians. The mean emergency physician risk tolerance for 30 day death and 30-day major adverse events were 3.8% (95% CI: 3.3%-4.4%) and 4.3% (3.8%-5.0%) respectively. Risk tolerance distribution is multimodal, with physician subpopulations who tolerate as high as 5-15% risk rates for outpatient disposition. Subgroups of risk tolerance differed only by race demographics.&#x0D; Current emergency medicine physicians are more risk tolerant than previously thought with risk tolerances not even reaching the average of prior values. Compared to historical literature, current risk tolerance more closely aligns with modern risk stratification tool values that were not available when past studies were performed. For reasons not fully understood there appears to be three distinct groups of risk tolerances among emergency physicians.