Flower Bud Growth Research Articles

Evaluation of growth indices and quantitative traits of safflower under organic farming and conventional agriculture

Application of organic fertilizers in sustainable agriculture systems improves yield sustainability of field crop production. The current research has been formed to investigate the effects of various levels of vermicompost (zero, 3, 6 and 9 t ha−1) in combination with foliar spraying of potassium humate (0, 1, 2 and 3 mL L−1) on spring safflower, in Iran during 2012–2013. In addition, inorganic fertilization has been considered as conventional agriculture (CA). In the current experiment, growth indices, seed yield, yield components and flower yield were evaluated. The results showed that the maximum leaf area index, total dry weight and crop growth rate have been determined at 9 t ha−1 vermicompost and 3 mL L−1 K-humate while the maximum netto assimilation rate has existed in CA at the emergence of flower buds. Likewise, the results indicated that vermicompost leads to a significant increase in seed yield, flower yield and yield components except 1000 seed weight. Flower yield, head number per plant and seed number per head were affected by K-humate concentrations and increased significantly from 1 to 3 mL L−1. It should be mentioned that 9 t ha−1 vermicompost and 3 mL L−1 K-humate produced the highest seed and flower yield.

Seasonal changes of physiological parameters in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) buds

Studies concerning chilling requirements of sweet cherry are of great importance to improve phenological models on the base of plant physiological processes. Mainly the release of dormancy is still a black box in phenological modelling. From an economical point of view, sweet cherries are one of the most interesting fruits, but information about the relationship between dormancy, growth and development of flower buds under the climatic conditions of the North Eastern Germany are scarce. The presented 2 year results are to our knowledge the first under natural conditions in fruit tree orchards with a high temporal resolution during the dormant stage (October) until cluster development (April). We investigated changes in sweet cherry buds of ‘Summit’ with respect to fresh and dry weight, water content, C- and N/15N content, abscisic acid (ABA), an ABA-isomer, sugars, carotenoids, and free amino acids (asparagine, aspartic acid, isoleucine) in 2011/2012 and 2012/2013.The transition from dormant stage to the beginning of growth was first obvious by markedly changes of the water content. The phase from green tip to tight cluster, with a length of only 4 days, was the period of the most physiological activity in single buds, because of the highest daily accumulation rates of fresh/dry weight, C, N. We assume a concentration dependant regulation of the member of the aspartate family (asparagine, aspartic acid, isoleucine) during dormancy, growth and development in sweet cherry buds. The ABA content showed 2011/12 a clear bimodal pattern which was at lower level similar in 2012/13, but not so strong incisive. In both years, the first peak was probably related to the end of endodormancy. However the ABA-isomer content showed in both seasons a unimodal pattern. The maximum of the ratio of ABA-isomer/ABA indicated the beginning of ontogenetic development which starts 3 and 2 weeks later, respectively. Our results suggest that ABA and the ABA-isomer in the sweet cherry buds regulate differentiated metabolic processes in the dormant stage and during bud growth and development. After replication in the season 2013/14 the estimated dates of release of endodormancy, beginning of ecodormancy and start of ontogenetic development will be used to validate and improve phenological models for the beginning of cherry blossom.

Response of plant spacing and pruning intensity on yield contributing characteristics of guava cv. Pant Prabhat

The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of pruning on yield characteristics in guava. The treatments were consisted of two plant spacing (i.e. 2.0 x 1.0 m and 2.0 x 2.0 m) and three pruning intensities i.e., one fourth, half and three fourth shoot pruning with un-pruned treated as control. The emergence of new shoots and flower buds per plant were maximum at wider spacing (2.0 x 2.0 m) for winter season crop. Three fourth shoot pruning proved significantly superior over other pruning treatments for emergence of new shoots and number of flower buds per plant for winter season crop. The treatment consisted of 2.0 x 2.0 m plant spacing and three fourth shoot pruning was found superior in this regard, significantly higher fruit set (68.42%) was recorded with treatment combination of 2.0 x 2.0 m plant spacing and three fourth shoot pruning for winter season crop. Reverse trend was observed in case of % flower/fruit drop during both the years. Number of fruits and yield per plant increased with increase in plant spacing. However, yield on the basis of per hectare was found higher with closer spacing (2.0 x 1.0 m). Treatment combination of 2.0 x 1.0 m plant spacing and three fourth shoot pruning gave maximum yield (238.75 q/ha) during winter season.

Study on the Growth and Development of two Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus undatus) Genotypes

A preliminary investigation was carried out under the AEZ- 29 at the Agricultural Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Pahartali, Chittagong during December 2010 to May 2012 to evaluate two dragon fruit genotypes. The longer plant (272.13 cm) was recorded in HUP 002 while it was 263.34 cm in HUP 001 after one and half year of planting. Flower bud emergence took place after 17 months (on 9 May, 2012) in HUP 001, while it commenced in HUP 002 after 15 months (on 22 March, 2012). Flower bud required 28 days bloom from emergence and the fruit matured after 33 days from anthesis in HUP 001, while that required 35 days for HUP 002 and fruits become matured after 32 days from anthesis. Larger number (8) of flowers per plant was observed in HUP 002 while the lower was noted in HUP 001(6). Numerous anthers were observed below the stigma with attractive white petals in both the varieties. The fruit weights ranged from 200 -375 in HUP 002 but 150-200g in HUP 001. The edible portions were 91.0 and 92.0 with 12.0 and 11.4 % TSS in HUP 001 and HUP 002, respectively. Fruit pulp colour was white in HUP 001 while red in HUP 002. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v11i2.17487 The Agriculturists 2013; 11(2) 52-57

적색 LED(660nm)의 광중단 처리에 따른 국화 '백마'와 '신마'의 화아분화 및 생육특성

This study was carried out to examine the effect of Red LED (660 nm) and fluorescent lamp for night break (NB) treatments of each 3 hours (22:30-01:30), 4 hours (22:00-02:00) and 5 hours (21:30-:02:30) per day for 53 days on flower bud initiation and growth in Chrysanthemum cv. 'Baekma' and cv. 'Jinba'. The days to flower budding after short-day treatment in 'Baekma' was longer at fluorescent lamp 4 hr (21.0 days) and 5 hr (20.5 days) NB, and it was shorter at Red LED 3 hr (14.2 days). The days to flowering after short-day treatment in 'Baekma' was longer at fluorescent lamp 4 hr (54.0 days), 5 hr (53.5 days) NB, and Red LED 5 hr (53.3 days), and it was shortest at Red LED 3 hr (50.2 days) NB treatment among all treatments. The days to flower budding after short-day treatment of 'Jinba' was longer at fluorescent lamp 4 hr (20.6 days) and was shorter at Red LED 3 hr (14.1 days) among all treatments. Similarly, the days to flowering after short-day treatment of 'Jinba' was longer at fluorescent lamp 4 hr (55.3 days) and was shortest at Red LED 3 hr (50.2 days) among all treatments. Therefore, inhibition of flower bud initiation was the most effective under fluorescent lamp 4 hr treatment. The length of cut flower of 'Baekma' was increased by fluorescent lamp 4 hr, 5 hr, and Red LED 5 hr, but of 'Jinba' was longer at LED 4 hr and 5 hr treatment. The weight of cut flower of 'Baekma' was heaviest at fluorescent lamp 5 hr treatment and was at Red LED 5hr treatment for 'Jinba' even though there was not statistically significant difference between 'Baekma' and 'Jinba'. Consequently, under fluorescent lamp 4 hr for night break was the most effective on flower bud initiation, flowering inhibition and cut-flower characteristics in 'Baekma' and 'Jinba'.

Occurrence and distribution of the grape rust mite Calepitrimerus vitis (Nalepa, 1905) in Korea

The grape rust mite, Calepitrimerus vitis, was identified from grapevines firstly in Korea. In the spring of 2011, symptoms characterized by the retarded growth of young shoots and flower buds in the grapevine were reported by local farmers in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi province of Korea. A large number of the small, white, and longitudinal mites were observed both on the twig surfaces and the overwintering buds. The mite was identified as Calepitrimerus vitis (Nalepa) (Acari: Eriophyidae) by morphological observations under both a microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Nationwide surveys in 2011–2012 were conducted to figure out the distribution of the mite, revealing that the mite was widely distributed in the grape production area in Korea both in greenhouse and in open field vineyards. Interestingly, the mite density was much higher in Hwaseong, a middle-west coast of Korea, with several hundred mites per overwintering bud. However, no significant damage was observed from the sprouting season to the harvest time, except for the retarded growth of shoot and flower buds in the early season. The morphological characteristics of C. vitis with SEM micrographs and the survey results in major grape production areas in Korea are reported herein.

The effect of summer shading on flower bud morphogenesis in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to assess whether imposed summer shading treatments in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) can affect the main phenological phases related to the floral morphogenesis (floral differentiation, xylogenesis), flower bud growth and quality in terms of bud capacity to set fruit. Experimental trials were carried out on fully-grown trees of ‘San Castrese’ and ‘Stark Early Orange’ cultivars characterized by different biological and agronomical traits to which shadings were imposed in July and August. Histological analysis was carried out from summer onwards in order to determine the evolution of floral bud differentiation, and the acropetal progression of primary xylem differentiation along the flower bud axis. Periodical recordings to evaluate the bud drop, blooming time, flowering and fruit set rates were performed also. These shade treatments determined a temporary shutdown of floral differentiation, slowed xylem progression up to the resumption of flower bud growth and a reduced entity of flowering and fruit set. These events were particularly marked in ‘San Castrese’ cultivar, which is well known for its adaptability to different climatic conditions. These findings suggest that adequate light penetration within the canopy during the summer season could be the determining factor when defining the qualitative traits of flower buds and their regular growth, and ultimately to obtain good and constant crops.

Morphological Observation on Flower Bud Differentiation and Influences of Storage Conditions on the Quantity of Flower Buds of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis

Paraffin cutting method was used to observe the developing process of the flower bud differentiation of Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis 'JinZhanYinTai' variety.The results showed that the flower bud differentiation process lasted about two months from bract primordia differentiation in early July to carpel primordia formation in mid-September.The process could be divided into 7 phases:leaf bud formation,inflorescence primordium differentiation phase,spathe primordia information phase,sepal differentiation phase,petal differentiation phase,stamen differentiation phase and pistil differentiation phase.The phase of petal differentiation was relatively long,about 20 days.In terms of changes in the external growth of flower bud,it grew much faster in the late stage than in the early stage of differentiation.Data showed that the number of inflorescence increased after the July in virtue of smoke and sustained high temperature.

Can floral consumption by fish shape traits of seagrass flowers?

Seagrasses are marine flowering plants with hydrophilous pollination. This abiotic pollination by water assumes absence of flower-animal interaction, but animals can interfere in this process through consumption of reproductive structures. We studied predation on male flowers by fish for three dioecious seagrass species (Thalassia testudinum, Syringodium filiforme and Halodule wrightii) in the Mexican Caribbean. Seagrass flowers have a highly reduced or absent corolla and florivores directly consumed the anthers with pollen. The foliar structures (tepals, bracts or sheaths) protecting the male flower buds were removed by hand in situ. The floral buds were followed by videos or taking pictures at regular intervals and most (56–100 %, depending on seagrass species and experimental setting) artificially denuded male flower buds were consumed within 24 h by juvenile fish of various species. Histochemical analysis showed that the pollen and embedding mucilage were rich in polysaccharides and proteins, thus potentially nutritious. The seagrasses had copious production of pollen (between 0.2 and 1.2 × 106 pollen per flower, depending on the species). But T. testudinum and S. filiforme were often pollen limited, and the probability of fruit set was reduced ~50 % when the females were at the distance of 1 and 5–6 m from the males flowers, respectively. Under natural conditions, depredation on pre-anthesis male flowers in the three species was low because flower bud emergence (few hours) and pollen release (1–4 h) were ephemeral processes. In addition, the release of pollen of T. testudinum occurred at dusk when herbivorous fish became inactive. These life-cycle characteristics aid to avoid excessive pollen consumption by fish, however, whether they are anti-predator strategies or mere adaptations for submarine pollination remains to be established.

Carbohydrate metabolism and its possible roles in endodormancy transition in Japanese pear

In order to elucidate the possible roles of carbohydrate in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia, ‘Kosui’) during endodormancy, seasonal changes of carbohydrate concentrations and the activities of sorbitol- and sucrose-metabolizing enzymes were investigated in the lateral flower buds and current shoots. ‘Kosui’ flower buds were released from endodormancy between mid- and late December. During this period, a decrease in the shoot starch concentration and an increase of soluble sugars in both the flower buds and shoots were observed, concomitant with the onset of acid invertase and sucrose synthase activity in flower buds. Following these changes, a notable accumulation of sorbitol was recorded in xylem sap in late-December, accompanied by considerable expression of the sorbitol transporter gene (PpSOT2) in shoots. After that, in mid- to late January, flower buds exhibited increased activity of NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase simultaneous to an increase of sorbitol transporter gene (PpSOT3) expression. We, thus, assume that pear flower buds regulate endodormancy by modulating the systems for sorbitol- and sucrose-catabolism depending on the dormancy stage. We also discuss the possible inhibitory effect of sorbitol on flower bud growth during endodormancy.

The relationship between xylem differentiation and dormancy evolution in apricot flower buds (Prunus armeniaca L.): the influence of environmental conditions in two Mediterranean areas

Environmental and climatic conditions affect the flower bud growth, flowering and yield performance of fruit species. Temperature and water availability appear to be important factors for temperate fruit trees in mild climates. The aim of this research was to study the involvement of temperature regime on biological processes, such as xylem differentiation and dormancy evolution, in apricot flower buds (Prunus armeniaca L.). Over 3 consecutive years, biological and anatomical investigations were carried out in Tuscany (Italy) and Murcia (Spain) on two cultivars characterized by a different chilling requirement (CR): Currot, a traditional Spanish cultivar with a very low CR, and Stark Early Orange (SEO), a North American cultivar with a very high CR. Currot had a regular bearing, and was characterized by a synchronism between endodormancy release and xylem differentiation. On the other hand, SEO showed an irregular flower bud growth leading to flowering and fruit-set failure, even with a high level of chilling accumulation. No relationship was found in SEO between xylem development and flower bud growth reactivation. The de-synchronism between these processes could determine the poor adaptability to different environmental areas of SEO cultivar, and its very high CR is not the main hypothesised cause of the altered flower bud development.

Lifting time and bulb storage temperature influence Nerine sarniensis flowering time and flower quality

Flowering in Nerine sarniensis was manipulated by a combination of lifting dates and storage temperature treatments. Bulbs were lifted in either October (late spring) or December (early summer) then either replanted immediately (control) or stored at 3°C or 30°C for 4 or 8 weeks before replanting. For bulbs that were lifted in October and stored at 30°C for either 4 or 8 weeks, flower bud emergence occurred 27–29 days earlier than bulbs from the control treatment, whereas for those stored at 3°C, flower bud emergence was delayed by up to 23 days. In contrast, for bulbs lifted in December and stored at 30°C, flower buds emerged at a similar time to the control, whereas those stored at 3°C were delayed by up to 41 days. Subsequent development from flower bud emergence to first floret opening was primarily influenced by the prevailing temperature conditions in all treatments, with 92% of the variation being accounted for by soil temperature alone. The proportion of bulbs that flowered was not markedly altered by storage conditions except that it was reduced where bulbs were stored at 3°C for 8 weeks at the December lifting time. Flower quality (stem length, floret number) was not markedly impacted by the treatments used.

INHERITANCE OF CHILLING REQUIREMENT IN PROGENIES OF APRICOT (PRUNUS ARMENIACA L.)

This research had the aim to study, under the Mediterranean climatic conditions, the genetic variation of the Chilling Requirement (CR) character in progenies originated from parents with low-medium and very high CR. Adult apricot seedlings of seven year old, growing under the climatic conditions of the Tuscan coastal area, Italy (lat. 43,02N, long. 10,36E), were randomly selected from two families obtained by crossing cultivars with different CR: 1) 30 genotypes from 'Portici' x 'Stark Early Orange' (medium and very high CR, respectively); 2) 24 genotypes from 'Sungold' × 'Moniqui' (medium and high CR, respectively). The following determinations were periodically performed on flower buds during the winter season: a) endo- and ecodormancy overcoming through biological observations (forcing method); b) changes on glutathione (GSH, GSSG) contents through biochemical analysis; c) blooming entity. The results confirm that the female parents ('Portici' and 'Sungold') need a medium CR, while the male parents ('Stark Early Orange' and 'Moniqui') are characterized by a high or a very high CR with a scantly flowering. Analysing the flower bud dormancy evolution of genotypes of the two progenies, a different distribution of character CR in relation to the cross combination was observed. From deep to the end of dormancy, the glutathione oxidised form GSSG was depleted and the active reduced form (GSH) increased, altering the GSH/GSSG ratio. Although, this behaviour was different in relation to the genotypes, glutathione is one of the putative key compounds inducing the resumption of flower bud growth.

Phenomorphology and ecomorphological characters of Maytenus senegalensis L. Shrublands in the Iberian Peninsula: A comparison with other Mediterranean plant communities

This work sets out to establish ecomorphological and phenomorphological patterns in the constituent flora of an Iberian Maytenus senegalensis plant community in order to relate it with or separate it from other types of Mediterranean vegetation. This plant community contains tall shrubs, scrubs, palms and vines of a variety of families. Typical ecomorphological adaptations to the Mediterranean climate were observed in the community studied: an abundance of thorny species or species with tomentose leaves and photosynthetic stems, small leaves and a high presence of species with organs capable of post-fire regeneration. However, the community also showed hybrid characteristics between scrubland (predominantly malacophyllous leaves lasting 9 months on average and low biomass) and tall shrubland communities (predominance of phanerophytes up to 3 m in height, predominantly smooth bark, periodical reposition of leaves, mean lifespan of plants 25 years and mainly fleshy fruit). The community also presents an outstanding quantity of amphiphytes (29%). From a phenological point of view, the formation of buds in winter, flowering in spring, summer–autumn seed dispersal and leaf shedding in summer are typical of other Mediterranean communities, while fructification and growth lasting three seasons, as in the case of Maytenus shrubland, is not. The RVA phenophasic index (balance between reproductive and vegetative phenophases) with values of 0.4–2 shows an intermediate value between typical shrubland (0.3–1) and forest community (1–2) values. The APC index (period of phenophasic activity of the community) differentiates it from others, since it remains at 100% for seven months, three of which are winter months. Phenophasic patterns (overlapping, or not, of flower bud formation, flowering and growth) show how similar M. senegalensis shrubland is to forests because of the absence of phenophase pattern type A (characteristic in open-scrublands); in addition, we have detected a new pattern (type G), still regarded as exclusive to M. senegalensis. As regards the existence of coenomorphs (group of species with similar morpho-functional strategies), the studied community showed much greater diversity than other communities studied to date, with an Strategies Richness index (SRi) of 0.79 (11 groups covering the 14 species existing), pointing to the co-existence of a great variety of eco-phenomorphological strategies, each with a successful response to the same ecological conditions. Finally, some of the species in the community, e.g. Asparagus horridus, Chamaerops humilis and M. senegalensis, stand out because of their unique ecomorphological and phenological characteristics.

SHORTENING OF NON-HARVEST PERIOD IN HIGH-BENCH STRAWBERRY FORCING CULTURE BY A SIMPLE CONTROL METHOD OF MEDIUM TEMPERATURE

High temperature of the culture medium in a high-bench culture system of strawberries is apt to induce delay and lack of uniformity in flower bud emergence. These phenomena promote the non-harvest period. We devised an experimental system of heat control using the latent heat of evaporation for the culture medium (a medium-cooling system). We observed that the temperature of the culture medium affects continuous flower bud emergence in high-bench forcing culture. During the post-planting high-temperature period in the beginning of September, the medium-cooling system lowered the temperature of the culture medium by 2.5-3.0°C, compared with the temperature of the control medium. The medium-cooling system increased the duration of an optimum temperature of the medium. In addition, this system accelerated flower bud emergence in cv. 'Benihoppe' by almost 5 days on primary axillary branches and caused more uniform flower bud emergence compared with controls.

Pollination, Fertilization and Floral Traits Co-Segregating with Autofertility in Faba Bean

Heterotic autofertility in faba bean has been investigated in cultivars, inbred lines and F1 populations but not in segregating generations. This study evaluated the association between autofertility and floral components in the presence of different levels of heterosis in segregating generations, derived from two inbred lines – autofertile line Kristall 25 (K25) and autosterile line Diana 07 (D07). The autofertile populations had fewer pollen grains, greater style-ovary angle, longer style, lower papillae density than autosterile ones. The rate of flower bud growth and the release of exudate were considered to be related to protogyny of autofertile materials. Pod setting and fertilization values of autosterile bulks were significantly lower than those of autofertile ones, however, the latter had higher percentage of seeds and inbred embryos abortion. Autofertility was due to a range of complex components, not just one or two, the inheritance of which should be taken into consideration when developing sel...

Ecomorphology and phenomorphology of Mediterranean heathlands (SW Iberian Peninsula)

The ecomorphology and phenomorphology of heathlands bordering the Strait of Gibraltar (S. Spain) have been studied in what constitutes the southern limit of this type of vegetation in Europe and which is characterised by other floristic and phytosociological singularities. Despite the high rainfall of its habitat, this heathland shows typical Mediterranean adaptations, which has resulted in a mixture of Euro-Atlantic species adapted to summer drought, and Mediterranean endemisms. The phenophasic calendar of the heathland is as follows: maximum flower bud formation, flowering and growth in spring; fruit setting between spring and summer; dolichoblast leaf shedding in summer, and seed dispersal between summer and autumn. The phenophasic index RVA (balance between reproductive and vegetative phenophases) is very low in some species of the heathland and contributes to the differentiation of this vegetation from other Mediterranean communities studied. Although these heathlands are similar in some of their phenophasic aspects to other shrublands (“matorrales”) of the Mediterranean Basin (similar seasons for seed dispersal, dolichoblast leaf shedding, brachyblast vegetative growth and APC index = period of active phenophases in the community) they can be ecomorphologically differentiated by their stratification into two sub-layer, lower leaf area, longer leaf duration and lower estimated biomass. Furthermore these South-Iberian heathlands have a greater diversity of coenomorphs (group of species with similar morpho-functional strategies) than other Mediterranean communities studied, which suggests that functional groups of species have converged in this area, where they develop different adaptations to the same environmental conditions. Some species of the heathland studied stand out from the rest due to their peculiar phenophasic and ecomorphological characteristics: e. g. Drosophyllum lusitanicum, Argantoniella salzmanii and Polygala microphylla.

Effect of Cooling of Medium on Fruit Set in High-bench Strawberry Culture

We demonstrated the effect of cooling of the medium on the fruit set of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) grown on high benches for forcing culture. The cooling by water evaporation promoted by a fan enabled to cool the medium by an average of several degrees compared with no cooling. When runner plants were transplanted in late summer, cooling accelerated flower bud emergence almost 10 days on the primary axillary branch compared with plants grown in uncooled medium. Also, with cooling, fruit was harvested from the inflorescence of the primary axillary branch almost 10 days earlier. We expect that this technique will allow early transplanting around the end of summer and will shorten the time between fruit set on the terminal inflorescence and that on the inflorescence of the primary axillary branch.

Effects of Various Photoperiods on Flowering in Capsicum frutescens and C. annuum

There have been several reports on the effects of various photoperiods on flowering in Capsicum annuum, but few on such effects on other species of the genus Capsicum. In this study, the flowering under various photoperiods of two C. frutescens lines from the Bonin and Ryukyu Islands in Japan and C. annuum cv. ‘Takanotsume’ (referred as BON, RYU, and TK, respectively) was investigated. The main differences in flowering between C. frutescens and C. annuum were evident under long-day photoperiods. TK plants grown under photoperiods longer than 15 h bore flowers normally, whereas BON and RYU plants grown under the same conditions did not bear flowers at first, because their buds failed to grow, and eventually aborted. BON plants bore flowers under a 24-h photoperiod, although the time to flowering was much longer than that for TK plants, but RYU plants exposed to photoperiods longer than 14 h bore no flowers during the entire experimental period. Therefore, long-day photoperiods strongly inhibit C. frutescens flower bud growth, and there are interspecific differences in flowering between C. frutescens and C. annuum and intraspecific differences in flowering between the two C. frutescens genotypes.

MANIPULATION OF THE ANNUAL GROWTH CYCLE OF BLUEBERRY USING PHOTOPERIOD

MANIPULATION OF THE ANNUAL GROWTH CYCLE OF BLUEBERRY USING PHOTOPERIOD