Emerald City Research Articles

195th ECS Meeting Program - Seattle (May 2-6, 1999)

Welcome to Seattle. Returning to Seattle for the first time since 1990, the 195th Meeting will provide attendees with the opportunity to explore “The Emerald City.” Founded in 1869, the City of Seattle is located on Puget Sound, 113 miles from the U.S.-Canadian border. Seattle is a commercial, cultural, and advanced technology hub of the U.S. Northwest and a major port city for trans-Pacific and European trade. Surrounded by mountains and water, the greater Seattle area features picture-perfect views and abundant recreational activities year-round.

Global problems and the culture of capitalism

Global problems and the culture of capitalism

On the Road to the Emerald City: Reducing the Cost of Living in the New Legal Information Landscape

Summary This article confronts the often unquestioned assumptions of the “cost-efficiency” model which promises both lower costs and enhanced effectiveness. Electronic information as a complete substitute for other formats is also questioned.

I have a feeling we're not in emerald city anymore

I have a feeling we're not in emerald city anymore

Readers of Oz: Young and Old, Old and New Historicist

Readers of Oz:Young and Old, Old and New Historicist M. David Westbrook (bio) Before he published his first Oz book in 1900, L. Frank Baum spent much of his working life in sales. At various times during his pre-Oz career he ran a retail outlet for his father's "Oil Works," owned a five and dime in the Dakota territory, worked as a traveling salesman, and published a professional journal for window dressers (Baum and MacFall 53, 59, 79, 93). It is not surprising, then, that much of the academic writing on Baum highlights his consistent concern with economic issues and with the culture of consumption. Henry Littlefield and Hugh Rockoff have each developed interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a populist allegory that uses the images of the yellow brick road and the Emerald City to address the debate between advocates of the gold standard and advocates of "greenbacks." William Leach, in turn, has discussed Baum as a theorist of consumer culture. Focusing on Baum's professed ambition to write "a modernized fairy tale, in which the wonderment and joy are retained and the heartaches and nightmares are left out" (Wizard Introduction), Leach reads this goal as an attempt to counter the Puritan work ethic with a philosophy more appropriate to the pleasures of consumer culture (251). These approaches to the economic subtext of the Oz books could safely be classified as "historicist"; Littlefield, Rockoff, and Leach all use Oz to shed light on the economic philosophies and commercial cultures of turn-of-the-century America, devoting little attention to the questions of language or narrative form that might characterize a more "literary" approach. Thus while they perform the admirable work of placing Oz in a historical context, these authors run the risk of ignoring what is unique about Oz in particular and narrative more generally as a cultural form. Trends in the literary criticism of the last two decades ostensibly offer an antidote to the dangers of purely historicist use of literature. Drawing on poststructuralist literary theory, the tradition of twentieth-century radical critique, and the historian's breadth of contextual knowledge, new historicists portray literature's relation to a broader cultural history as a complex encounter between diverse but interwoven texts and discourses. While trying to avoid the ahistoricism of formalist new criticism, new historicists have generally attended not only to problems of language in literature, but also to the "literary" language (metaphor, rhetorical figures, plot, and so on) in nonliterary texts in an effort to bridge the gap between the literary and the historical. Oz has its own new historicist treatments, including two excellent articles by Stuart Culver entitled "What Manikins Want" and "Growing Up in Oz." Like some of the "old historicist" approaches to Oz, these treatments focus on the economic dimension of Baum's fantasies. Rather than viewing the Oz books as transparent reflections of history or doctrine, however, Culver shows Baum synthesizing contemporaneous discourses in order to construct narrative sense and forms of subjectivity appropriate to his position within a consumer economy. I would like to suggest, however, that a new historicist approach such as Culver's does not offer the only or the best solution to the problem of bridging the gap between the disciplines of history and literary studies. Nor does such an approach fully equip us to deal with the special issues and problems raised by children's literature. Through a critique of the first of Culver's two essays and through my own analysis of the economic subtext in Baum's stories, I hope to show that Culver's distinctly new historicist habit of stitching together economic discourse and Baum's own narrative discourse actually works to obscure the literary economy of the Oz books. With our critical gaze focused more closely on the local specificity of Baum's writing than on a textuality that encompasses all economy, we can see that Baum was exploring the discourses that shaped the specific industry in which he made his living—the business of producing and reproducing texts. In this context, Baum's characteristic plots and metaphors appear as literary forms that have material effects. In using his...

Utility of Shrimp Sludge from Organic Aquiculture Lagoons as a Soil Amendment for Broccoli Production

Our objectives were to determine 1) if shrimp sludge has any value as a soil amendment in broccoli production and 2) an appropriate rate of sludge for head production. Four levels of N–P–K per 15-L pot (in grams; 2.0 N–0.07 P–1.4 K; 4.0 N–0.14 P–2.8 K; or 6.0 N–0.21 P–4.2 K; and 0.0 N–P–K) were factorially combined and replicated 10 times with four volumes of shrimp sludge (0%, 10%, 20%, and 40% v/w in 15-L pots blended with 100%, 90%, 80%, and 60% Metro Mix 300, respectively). Four-week-old `Emerald City' broccoli transplants were planted into sludge + media–fertilizer mixtures on 12–14–95 and were grown to harvest maturity in a greenhouse. As sludge volume increased, the days to harvest, plant height, and root fresh weight: head fresh weight ratio decreased, but leaf number, fresh weight and area, head fresh weight, stem diameter, and shoot: root fresh weight ratio increased. As N–P–K rate increased, leaf number, area, and fresh weight, stem diameter, head fresh weight, and shoot: root fresh weight ratio increased, but root: head fresh weight ratio and plant height decreased. Using head fresh weight as the determinant, heaviest heads were optimized with 20% sludge and 4.0g N–0.14g P–2.8g K per 15-L pot. Sludge alone or N–P–K alone did not produce the heaviest broccoli heads as using combinations of sludge and N–P–K in a fertility program.

Changes in Broccoli Head Quality during Spring, Summer, and Fall, in Coastal South Carolina

The objectives of this study were 1) to identify high-quality broccoli cultivars for field production in spring, summer, and fall seasons; and 2) to illustrate dynamic changes in head quality of promising cultivars for a particular growing season compared to head quality over all seasons evaluated. Twenty-four hybrid cultivars were grown in spring, summer, and fall growing seasons 1993 to 1995 included `Arcadia', `Baccus', `Bonanza', `Citation', `Claudia', `Early Dawn', `Embassy', `Emerald City', `Everest', `Exselsior', `Galaxy', `Galleon', `Goliath', `Green Comet', `Green Duke', `Leprechaun', `Packman', `Paragon', `Skiff', `Southern Comet', `Sprinter', `Sultan', `Symphony', and `Viking'. Head density, color, leafiness, and shape, bead size, and consumer use were documented. `Symphony' performed best in Spring 1993 and 1994, and only `Paragon' tolerated heat in Summer 1993 and 1994. Fall climate in coastal South Carolina is most conducive to high-quality production versus spring and summer seasons, with the following cultivars producing superior heads in both years: `Symphony', `Embassy', `Galleon', `Galaxy', `Sultan', and `Emerald City'. Quality defects for each cultivar in each inappropriate growing season will be illustrated.

Response of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) Cultivars to Post-Transplant Oxyfluorfen

Broccoli cultivars were evaluated for differential response to oxyfluorfen applied postemergence (0.1 to 1.6 kg ai/ha) in the greenhouse and post-transplant (0.125 to 1.0 kg/ha) in a spring and a fall field study. One cultivar, ‘Green Goliath,’ was injured more by oxyfluorfen than other cultivars in all environments. ‘Pinnacle,’ was consistently less injured than others. ‘Early Dawn’ and ‘Emerald City’ were intermediate in response to oxyfluorfen. At application rates of 0.25 kg/ha or less, all cultivars recovered sufficiently from injury to produce broccoli heads of equal weight and quality as controls. Cultivars differed in their tolerance of oxyfluorfen at rates above 0.25 kg/ha. Late-maturing cultivars (i.e., Pinnacle) usually recovered from injury to yield similarly to hand-weeded plots while early-maturing cultivars were more likely to show yield losses. Broccoli cultivars possess sufficient tolerance to oxyfluorfen applied post-transplant for weed control. Appropriate choice of cultivar will enhance its utility.

From Vanity Fair to Emerald City: Baum's Debt to Bunyan

From Vanity Fair to Emerald City: Baum's Debt to Bunyan

Visions: Rushing toward the Emerald City?

Visions: Rushing toward the Emerald City?

GENOTYPIC VARIATION IN BROCCOLI FOR TOLERANCE TO THE HERBICIDE OXYFLUORFEN APPLIED AT POST-TRANSPLANT AND PREEMERGENCE STAGES

Oxyfluorfen has been recently labeled for use as a pre-transplant herbicide for use in cole crops. Potential susceptibility to oxyfluorfen injury limits the situations in which this herbicide can be utilized. In a preliminary screen of broccoli cultivars, we observed variable responses to oxyfluorfen applied post-transplant. Two susceptible cultivars, Early Dawn and Green Goliath, were further tested with two tolerant cultivars, Emerald City and Pinnacle, to characterize differences in tolerance. Oxyfluorfen was applied to 3-leaf stage transplants at rates of 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 kg/ha in greenhouse and field trials. In addition, preemergent treatment with oxyfluorfen was tested by applying the herbicide immediately following the seeding of pots. The effect of the herbicide was assessed by rating foliar damage (0-9) and by fresh weight measurement taken 2-3 weeks after treatment. At all rates of application with both transplant and preemergent treatments Pinnacle exhibited the greatest level of tolerance exhibiting the least foliar damage and reduction in fresh weight. Green Goliath was very susceptible to oxyfluorfen injury while Early Dawn and Emerald City had intermediate responses.

BROCCOLI VARIETAL TOLERANCE TO DOWNY MILDEW

Downy mildew is a major concern to broccoli growers in the Sonoran Desert. Control measures include wide use of fungicide applications to prevent economic damage. Recent removal of EBDC type fungicides from the market and restrictions imposed on other registered materials has increased interest by growers and broccoli breeders in developing varieties tolerant to downy mildew. From 1984 to 1989 varieties were evaluated for tolerance to downy mildew in unreplicated trials conducted in commercial fields. In 1990, named varieties of current interest in desert production which showed tolerance to the disease in the previous trials were compared to standard varieties used by the industry. Varieties were replicated four times using a randomized complete block design. A rating scale from 1 to 5 was used to describe the severity of foliar lesions. The varieties Everest, Zeus, Legend, Pirate and Sultan showed significant tolerance when compared to the more susceptible varieties Arcadia, Emerald City, Emperor, Greenbelt, Packman, Commander, and NS 649.

From the Celestial City to the Emerald City

From the Celestial City to the Emerald City Charlotte F. Otten (bio) MacDonald, Ruth K. Christian's Children: The Influence of John Bunyan's "The Pilgrim's Progress" on American Children's Literature. New York: Peter Lang, 1989. When I caught the train out of Chicago to go to college as a freshman, I had one suitcase with me. In that suitcase was my father's tercentenary copy of The Pilgrim's Progress, published by the American Tract Society in 1928. I thought I would read it in my freshman year, but my senior year came, and it stood on the shelf untouched (but impressive in its deep maroon and gold) and unread. It isn't that The Pilgrim's Progress wasn't important to me. I first heard it as a child. My father told me the story of Christian, Sunday after Sunday, in exciting episodes, omitting all the theological intricacies, though not the subtleties of conflict. I nearly drowned in the Slough of Despond (he pronounced "Slough" to rhyme with "slew," and that sounded like something David did to Goliath); and [End Page 40] I fought with Giants Pope, Pagan, and Despair. I rejoiced (and breathed a sigh of relief) when I with Christian was welcomed to the Celestial City. After that experience, the printed text, complete with marginal notes, seemed forbidding, even second-hand. When Ruth MacDonald's book arrived, I took the 1928 text down from my shelves and read it. I recognized my copy in her description of it: "In 1928, the tercentenary of Bunyan's birth, the Society issued a commemorative volume of The Pilgrim's Progress, divided into chapters with biblical citations and side notes, copiously illustrated from earlier editions, elegantly bound with gold-leaf lettering and decorations. The large type and wide margins of this volume make a more attractive book than the cramped editions on cheap paper of the earlier Tract Society editions." My own personal reader-history is obviously only a minute part of its world history. This book—so individual and so communal; so theological and so political; so literary and so popular; so parochial and so universal—has been translated into over 200 languages and today is selling well in Third World countries. The Pilgrim's Progress had a world-wide impact from its earliest days. Christopher Hill, in A Tinker and a Poor Man, gives evidence: "It was published in Edinburgh in 1680, in Belfast in 1700. . . . The allegory was translated into Welsh as early as 1687. . . . It was translated into French before 1685. . . . The Pilgrim's Progress was the first English literary work to be translated into Polish. . . . It was published in French in the Protestant Netherlands, in Polish by Lutheran Germans. . . . In the 1850s and early 1860s the Taiping rebels came very near to conquering the whole of China. . . . Their leader . . . called his capital the New Jerusalem. His two favourite books were the Bible and The Pilgrim's Progress. If the Taiping had won, Bunyan's allegory might have become China's earlier little red book" (374-75). Books are different things to different people: it takes no Stanley Fish to tell us that. Adults read different books than children do, though they read the same books. MacDonald recognizes these differences in her influence study. She begins with the suitability of The Pilgrim's Progress to a juvenile audience, examines its appeal to the American reading public from its initial appearance to the present, shows its influence on nineteenth- and twentieth-century American children's works (including television), and concludes with a bibliography of children's editions of The Pilgrim's Progress published in the United States. In discussing the suitability of The Pilgrim's Progress for the child reader, MacDonald cites the opinions of a number of critics who have attempted to discover reasons for its appeal to children. The reasons run like this: it is exciting and suspenseful on its literal level; it has primordial image patterns that children enjoy; it pays respect to the narcissism of the child; it reveals the psychological adolescence of the hero; it is high romance, a heroic fairy-tale adventure with a happy ending; it is an...

“The Emerald City was the New Deal”: E.Y. Harburg and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

“The Emerald City was the New Deal”: E.Y. Harburg and <i>The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</i>

Pan-European manufacturing: The yellow brick road to 1992

T he year 1992, when will supposedly become economically unified, has been grabbing headlines everywhere. Presently, numerous non-tariff barriers hinder the free movement of goods and capital throughout the 12 nations of the European Community (a.k.a. Common Market). The cost of this UnEurope is estimated to be about 4 percent of GNP for European Community (EC) member nations. Since 1985, when a white paper on a more unified was published, the Commission of the European Communities has been working feverishly to push some 300 separate barrier-reducing initiatives through Europe's legislative processes. The efforts seem to be paying off. Increasingly, the promise of 1992 appears to be a question of when, not if. The goal of a more united -a Europe without frontiers--has, of course, had its proponents for a long time. Moves have been made to liberalize the economic relationships among the EC member nations ever since the EC's founding in 1957 with the Treaty of Rome. Prior efforts at freer trade have foundered on the rocks, however, often because they advocated harmonization, the development of Europewide product specifications and standards. The 1985 white paper skirted this issue with the cleverly simple notion of mutual recognition of national standards and regulat ions--any goods legally manufactured and marketed in one member country should be able to be sold in any other. The white paper also advocated changes in customs and transport-related regulations, as well as in fiscal regulations. The promise of 1992, the ultimate fall of the old trade barriers, is a t remendously attractive idea to manufacturing companies operating in Europe. What was once difficult for some companies to imagine--supplying many countries from a single p l a n t n o w makes sense. The typical manufacturer can thus dream of plants producing a limited variety of products for several countries. However, such changes are wideranging, strategic ones for manufacturing. They often involve redefinition of a company 's set of plant charters. A plant charter refers to the company 's desigThe Emerald City of manufacturing efficiency is waiting. But the Yellow Brick Road has many twists and turns.

Emerald City. In the Best Plays of 1988-1989

Emerald City. In the Best Plays of 1988-1989

Learning Resource Services in the Community College: On the Road to the Emerald City

Learning Resource Services in the Community College: On the Road to the Emerald City

Discovering Rehabilitation in the Emerald City

Discovering Rehabilitation in the Emerald City