Embryological Significance Research Articles

Histomorphometric and developmental analysis of human fetal caecum and appendix with its embryological significance

PurposeThe variable positions of the appendix can mislead surgeons and physicians to a wrong diagnosis. When appendicitis happens in subhepatic caecum, it can be misdiagnosed and can lead to severe complications during surgical procedures. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the histomorphometric development of the appendix and caecum and to identify when lymphoid follicles appear in the appendix during fetal life.MethodsThe study was conducted on a total of 50 fetuses. The caecum and appendix were carefully dissected. Their position and various measurements were observed. Afterwards, the appendix was taken out for histological processing. All three layers, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa were measured using Image Analyzer Software Image Pro Premiere 9.1, and the appearance of lymphoid follicles was also examined. Results were analyzed using SPSS statistical software.ResultsDuring the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters the most common caecum type was type 1: as a lengthy tube, type 3: The lateral wall expanded more, thus it has an asymmetric saccule, and type 4: adult-like caecum. The caecum was mostly situated in the right lumbar region in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. In the 1st trimester, it was subhepatic in position. The most common position of the appendix was 11 o’clock in 1st and 3rd trimesters. 2nd trimester’s most common position of the appendix was 12 o’clock. The thickness of the mucosa, submucosa, and the muscularis externa increases as the trimester increases. The lymphoid follicles have appeared during the 2nd trimester.ConclusionThe knowledge from this study will be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of malformations, pathology, and anomalies of the caecum and appendix due to congenital causes.

Arteria lusoria with patent foramen ovale: clinical and embryological significance with literature review.

A 73-year-old female donated cadaver had an unusual origin of the right subclavian artery (RSA), which is usually known as 'Arteria lusoria' (AL) or "Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery" (ARSA). This artery originated as the fourth and most extreme left branch from the arch of the aorta (AOA), distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery (LSA), and traversed obliquely upwards, towards the right side posterior to the oesophagus, heading for the thoracic inlet. The brachiocephalic trunk (BCT) was absent. The right common carotid (RCCA), left common carotid (LCCA), LSA and ARSA were four branches that originated from the aortic arch and ran from right to left. The course and distribution of these branches were normal. On opening the right atrium, a patent foramen ovale (PFO) was observed in the upper part of the interatrial septum. As far as we know, this is the first cadaveric case report of arteria lusoria with the presence of an atrial septal defect in the form of a PFO. Early diagnosis of aortic arch abnormalities using diagnostic interventions is beneficial for identifying risk factors after invasive procedures.

A Comprehensive Review of Congenital Lumbar Synostosis and Associated Findings.

Congenital vertebral synostosis (CVS) is a rare developmental condition due to failure of vertebral segmentation. Vertebrae and their intervertebral discs differentiate and resegment at the time of organogenesis during fetal life. Failure of this embryological process can result in the limitation of mobility of the involved segment. This inappropriate segmentation thus results in vertebral fusion or a block vertebra with subsequent vertebral synostosis. Long-term, such segmental fusion can increase osteoarthritis at levels below and above the fused segment due to excessive wear on these joints. Presentations can include congenital kyphosis and scoliosis. Patients may present with back and radicular pain, and possible myelopathy CVS usually occurs, in order of frequency, in the cervical, lumbar, and thoracic vertebral levels. This paper reviews congenital lumbar synostosis with associated findings and its clinical implications and embryological significance. A case illustration is also included.

A unique lpsilateral axillary artery variation

In an 87-year-old male cadaver received through the Gift Body Program at Saint Louis University School of Medicine, a common arterial trunk arose from the third part of the left axillary artery (AA) that divided into the subscapular artery (SA) and a common stem for the deep brachial artery (DBA), the anterior humeral circumflex artery (AHCA), and the posterior humeral circumflex artery (PHCA). Both the SA and AHCA appeared normal. The PHCA traveled through the quadrangular space and gave off the radial collateral artery (RCA) in the posterior arm which anastomosed with the radial recurrent artery. The DBA traveled through the triangular interval and continued as the middle collateral artery (MCA) in the posterior arm to anastomose with the interosseous recurrent artery. Lastly, the medial and lateral cord contributions to the median nerve formed posteriorly to the AA. Knowing anatomical variation of the AA has clinical and embryological significance.

Spectrum of thoracic vertebral synostosis with its clinical implications and embryological significance

Spectrum of thoracic vertebral synostosis with its clinical implications and embryological significance

Subhepatic caecum - Its clinical and embryological significance

Subhepatic caecum - Its clinical and embryological significance

Description of the Chondroepitroclearis Muscle and its Relationship to the Median Nerve in a Korean Corpse

Anomalous muscle slips of pectoralis major have been reported on several cases in the literature. Among these, chondroepitroclearis muscle is an extremely rare aberrant muscular slip originating from the pectoral region. During an educational dissection, chondroepitroclearis muscle was found on the right side in a Korean cadaver. Tendinous muscular slip originated from pectoralis major muscle, crossing the neurovascular bundle in the arm, and inserted onto medial epicondyle of the humerus. Clinical significance of these anomalous slip can cause median nerve entrapment and functionally limited movement of the humerus. We report a case of tendinous chondroepitroclearis muscle and discuss its clinical and embryological significance.

Ependyma-Lined Canal with Surrounding Neuroglial Tissues in Lumbosacral Lipomatous Malformations: Relationship with Retained Medullary Cord

Background: An ependyma-lined canal with surrounding neuroglial tissues can be present in lumbosacral lipomatous malformations; however, the precise embryological significance is still unclear. Method: Six out of 50 patients with lipomatous malformations had ependymal structures. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical, neuroradiological, and histological findings of these patients to demonstrate the relationship with the embryological background of the retained medullary cord (RMC), which normally regresses, but was retained here because of late arrest of secondary neurulation. Results: Five (13.9%) of 36 patients with filar and caudal types and 1 of 3 lipomyelomeningoceles had ependymal structures, while none with dorsal and transitional types had these tissues. Histologically, the ependymal structures surrounded by neuroglial tissue and containing various amounts of adipose tissue bear a striking resemblance to the ependymal structures in RMC. Conclusion: The 13.9% incidence of association between the ependymal structures and filar and caudal types is thought to be because of second ary neurulation failure with the same embryological background as that of RMC. Dorsal and transitional types, resulting from primary neurulation failure, therefore, did not have ependymal structures.

Variations in the branching pattern of the aortic arch – Its embryological basis and clinical significance

Variations in the branching pattern of the aortic arch – Its embryological basis and clinical significance

Bilateral Supernumerary Renal Arteries with variant Ureteric Relation and their Embryological and Clinical Significance

AbstractVariations in the renal vasculature always deserve a special attention owing to its higher prevalence and wider range. A thorough knowledge of the normal morphology and the variations in the origin, course, branches and distribution of the renal vasculature are essential for the successful outcome of the surgical interventions in this region without dreadful complications. During routine dissection for the undergraduate medical students following the standard procedures, dissection of the retroperitoneal region in a male cadaver, revealed bilateral variations in the number, origin, course and branches of the renal arteries.The renal arteries with its branches were dissected out meticulously and the variations encountered were documented. Bilateral supernumerary renal arteries with extra-hilar and pre-hilar branches were observed. In addition, it was found that the supernumerary inferior pre- caval right renal artery had a variant course in relation to ureter before entering the hilum of the right kidney. The variant renal arteries documented in the present study with their embryological correlation is clinically important in the urological management, especially during the laparoscopic donor nephrectomy, where the field of vision is limited and also in the endovascular renal artery denervation procedure, which is an useful adjuvant for the patients having drug-resistant primary hypertension.

Study of variations in the origin of obturator artery

Introduction: Obturator artery is the branch of anterior division of internal iliac artery. Variations in its origin are quite common and are very important from surgical point of view. Methods: To study the variations in the origin of the obturator artery 35 dissected vessels were studied. Results: Commonest variation of its origin from the posterior division of internal iliac artery was found in five cases. Other variations like its origin from internal pudendal artery or from inferior gluteal artery were also found, which are also discussed along with its embryological basis and clinical significance. Conclusions: Knowledge of anomalous origin of obturator artery from posterior division is helpful to vascular surgeons while planning endovascular treatment.

Molecular basis of right sided sigmoid colon and redundant loop of descending colon with its embryological correlation and clinical significance

Molecular basis of right sided sigmoid colon and redundant loop of descending colon with its embryological correlation and clinical significance

A Study on Variations of Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle with Its Embryological Basis and Clinical Significance

A Study on Variations of Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle with Its Embryological Basis and Clinical Significance

English

BACKGROUND: Fusion of consecutive vertebral segments results in block vertebrae or vertebral synostosis or spinal fusion. The fusion may be complete or incomplete involving the bodies of the vertebrae alone or along with vertebral arch. It affects most commonly the cervical region, followed by thoracic and lumbar regions. AIM: The present study was aimed to assess the incidence of block vertebrae in south Indian population. METHODS AND MATERIAL: We examined a total of 2400 fully ossified dried vertebrae collected for a period of 4 years in Department of Anatomy, Dr. VRK Women's Medical College. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed 6 different specimens of block vertebrae, with 4 cervical, 1 cervico-thoracic and 1 thoracic vertebral synostosis. The features of these block vertebrae were analysed in detail and photographed from different aspects. The total incidence of block vertebrae was found to be 0.25%. The embryological significance and clinical implications of block vertebrae at various levels have been discussed in this paper.

A rare case of double orifice mitral valve with flail leaflet with embryological significance – A case report

Mitral valve having a double orifice opening into the left ventricle is an uncommon anomaly, In this case study we describe about a 25 years old female who came to cardiology outpatient block with exertional dysnea , the abnormality was suspected by a murmur ,further investigation Colour Doppler echocardiography showed congenital double-orifice mitral valve. This finding was confirmed by open heart surgery, and her mitral valve was successfully repaired. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i1.17442 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 13 No. 01 January2014: 80-83

Third head of sternocleidomastoid muscle

AbstractDuring routine dissection in the neck region, a third head of sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle was found unilaterally in one cadaver and bilaterally in another cadaver. In both the cases third head was supplied by the spinal accessory nerve. SCM is most prominent muscle in the neck region which is used as important landmark during teaching living anatomy and gross anatomy of triangles of neck to students. As many important nerves and vessels are related to this key muscle of neck, any variation in relation to its origin, insertion and nerve supply attracts the attention of surgeons and anatomists. Embryological basis and clinical significance was discussed in these two cases of unilateral and bilateral presence of third head of SCM.

A Unique Branching Pattern of Celiac Trunk. Its Clinical and Embryological significance

The celiac trunk is the first ventral branch of the abdominal aorta and is the major blood supply to the supracolic abdominal compartment. Usually, three branches arise from the celiac trunk to supply this region, the splenic, the common hepatic and the left gastric arteries. During a routine dissection in the anatomy laboratory an extraordinary anatomical variation of the celiac trunk and its branches is found. The present case correspond of a celiac trunk, which gave off six branches. It gave off three classical branches, that is left gastric, splenic and common hepatic arteries. Beside these three branches, the right and left inferior phrenic arteries, and the superior posterior pancreaticoduodenal artery arose from the celiac axis. These anatomical variations were accompanied by a right gastric artery arising from the grastroduodenal artery instead of the common hepatic artery as describe in textbooks.During normal development, both dorsal aortas give rise to many ventral segmental (omphalomesenteric) arteries. The ventral segmental arteries regress shortly after fusion of dorsal aortas. The dorsal aorta gives off segmental branches to the digestive tube (ventral splanchnic arteries), the mesonepheric ridge (lateral splanchnic arteries), and intersegmental branches to the body wall (somatic arteries). Anatomical variations of the coeliac trunk are due to developmental changes in the ventral segmental arteries. These ventral segmental arteries supply the yolk sac, allantois and chorion. Three ventral segmental arteries remain as coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery. Anatomical variations in the branching pattern of the celiac trunk are of considerable importance in liver transplants, laparoscopic surgery, invasive radiological interventions and penetrating injuries to the abdomen. Knowledge of variation found in the present case is very useful to kept in mind to avoid serious vascular complications.

Unilateral bifid ureter and its clinical signifiacance- A case report

ABSTRACT Context: Congenital anomaly is commonly found in the urinary system in which collecting system is frequently encountered. Among other type bifid ureter is one of the common variations. Objective: To describe and analyze the clinical and the embryological significance of the unilateral bifid ureter. Design: The presence of unilateral bifid ureter was seen as an incidental finding during dissection of the anatomy of an adult male cadaver. The cause of such variation is a fusion of ureteric bud during intrauterine development. Outcome: The knowledge of such relationship is important for a surgeon during renal surgeries. This is one of the rare case reported with no other renal and collecting system congenital anomalies found with left sided bifid ureter. Conclusion: Surgeons and Nephrologists must keep the unilateral bifid ureter in their mind while making differential diagnosis of ureteric calculus. Surgery is nearly always required in the bifid ureter to cure the problem when associated with complication such as reimplantation surgery in vesicoureteric reflux, uretropyelostomy in saddle reflux bifid ureter. The unilateral bifid ureter may be similar to the collecting system obstruction in the form of ureteric stone and utmost care should be taken by Surgeons during renal and ureteric calculi surgeries.

Submucosal, oropharyngeal heterotopia of parathyroid

AbstractHistological, histochemical and immunmohistochemical observations on ectopic parathyroid tissue in the oropharynx are described. Embryological inferences and clinical significance of this type of heterotopia are discussed in conjunction with a review of the very rare literature.

Multiple variations of the arterial pattern in upper extremities: A case report and embryological pathogenesis

During a routine dissection at the Department of Anatomy, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, one cadaver was found to have multiple variations of the arteries of the upper limbs. The variations pertained to the course of the brachial artery as well as to its distribution. An unusual formation of the superficial palmar arch was observed in both upper limbs. The anatomical peculiarities encountered included: in the left upper limb-the brachioradial artery, which formed the superficial palmar arch by turning to the palmar side of the hand and connecting with the ulnar artery and in the right upper limb-a subscapular-circumflex humeral-deep brachial trunk that correlated with a high division of the brachial artery (in the upper third of the biceps brachii muscle), a large anastomosis between the radial and the ulnar artery, the presence of a persistent median artery, and the unusual formation of the superficial palmar arch, which was created by the median, ulnar, and radial arteries. In this report, we will trace the path of the axillary artery and its branches in detail and emphasize its embryological significance.