Emblica Research Articles

Antioxidant potential and xanthine oxidase inhibition of flavonol glycosides from Phyllanthus emblica L. leaves

Context: Hyperuricemia is the cause of gout in the inflammatory joint condition. The xanthine oxidase enzyme is a therapeutic target for gout treatment because it plays a role in the generation of uric acid. Allopurinol is used to treat gout. It prevents the xanthine oxidase enzyme from producing as much uric acid. When selecting a medication, one must consider the various adverse effects of allopurinol. Phyllanthus emblica plants are among the medicinal plants that can be used as an alternative treatment for gout. Aims: To evaluate isolated compounds from the Phyllanthus emblica as antihyperuricemia candidates. Methods: The isolated compounds were characterized using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Thin Layer Chromatography-Densitometry. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cupric ion (CUPRAC) antioxidant capacity procedures were used to develop the antioxidant activity index. The ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase was determined using a spectrophotometer. Results: Compound 1 was indicated as rutin having antioxidant capacity with an antioxidant activity index (AAI) DPPH value of 7.89 ± 0.03 and AAI CUPRAC value of 15.83 ± 0.04 stronger than compound 2 (quercitrin) with an AAI DPPH value of 3.72 ± 0.01 and AAI CUPRAC 3.24 ± 0.03. The IC50 for quercitrin's inhibition of xanthine oxidase is 23.85 ± 2.04, which was higher than rutin’s IC50 value of 32.77 ± 4.49 µg/mL. Conclusions: Flavonol glycosides present in the ethanol extract of Phyllanthus emblica leaves gave potent xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity stronger than the extract. Quercitrin gave stronger xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, but this compound has weaker antioxidant capacity compared to rutin.

Organoleptic Evaluation of Aonla (Emblica officinalis G.) Ready-To-Serve during Storage

A research experiment was conducted during the year 2019-20 and 2020-21 in the Fruit and Vegetable Processing Unit Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Gwalior with seven different varieties of aonla viz., NA-4, NA-5, NA-6, NA-7, NA-10, Laxmi and Chakaiya for preparation of aonla RTS. Hence an attempt was made to standardized non-alcoholic based products viz., ready-to-serve with different varieties. 9 hedonic scale, out of there. From the findings, Laxmi and Chakaiya varieties were found superior with respect to colour, appearance, taste and aroma as well as flavor. The overall acceptability of processed items has been found to be significantly higher with storage periods of 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. To overcome present national and international prohibitions on the use of chemical food additives in food processing and preservation, research into biological and plant-derived food additives has considerably increased. With respect to the sensory evaluation of different aonla products was concerned, the Laxmi and Chakaiya varieties are found to be superior for the purpose of the processing industry.

Neurohistopathological Alterations Induced by Clitoria Ternatea and Emblica Officinalis Extracts in Diabetic Male Wistar Rats

Neurohistopathological Alterations Induced by Clitoria Ternatea and Emblica Officinalis Extracts in Diabetic Male Wistar Rats

Effect of Blending Cashew Apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) and Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) Juice on Quality of Wine During Storage

The experiment, was carried out in completely randomized design with nine treatments and three replications by blending cashew apple and aonla natural juices. The chemical composition of cashew apple and aonla juice were analysed, value for T.S.S., reducing sugars, total sugars and pH were maximum for cashew apple juice. Aonla juice had a maximum value for titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and tannin content. The must T.S.S. was adjusted to 24 ºBrix and pH kept natural. During fermentation the T.S.S. and pH was found to be decreased and titratable acidity of must was found to be increased. Regarding the chemical composition of wine treatment T5 (60% cashew apple: 40% aonla juice) had the lowest T.S.S., reducing sugars, total sugars, and alcohol. Treatment T9 (20 % cashew apple: 80% aonla juice) had the highest titratable acidity, ascorbic acids content. Lowest pH was recorded by treatment T9. Treatment T1 (100% cashew apple juice) had the lowest tannin content at both ‘0’ month and ‘6’ months of storage. The T.S.S., total sugars, pH, reducing sugars, ascorbic acid and tannin content of wine reduced during the storage period of six months. On the other hand, pH and alcohol content of wine increased during the storage period of six months. Highest alcohol content was found in treatment T5 (60% cashew apple: 40% aonla juice) (13.89%) after aging for six months.

Enhanced Antimicrobial and Degradable Properties of Silver Nanoparticles‐Reinforced Chitosan‐Indian Gooseberry Films for Sustainable Food Packaging

AbstractThis study focuses on creating a biodegradable film composed of chitosan, Indian Gooseberry (IG) extract, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), designed to enhance antimicrobial properties and improve food preservation. The presence of AgNPs and IG extract not only dramatically exhibits 99% efficiency in the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538P), but also achieves this within a remarkably short time interval of ≈20 min. This potent antimicrobial action is attributed to the synergistic effect between the bioactive compounds in the IG extract and the nanoscale silver particles, which together create a highly hostile environment for microbial growth. Moreover, this synergy contributes to 313.94% water vapor transmittance rate and the complete biodegradability of the composite film (93.42% at the end of the second month), ensuring that it leaves no harmful residues in the environment post‐use. The reinforced film exhibits improved hydrophobicity (55.43%), which is crucial for protecting food products from moisture and extending their shelf life. Specifically, the film has been tested as a packaging material for bread, showing a significant extension in shelf life by effectively preventing mold growth and retaining freshness for an extended period (14 days).

A Review on Ashwagandha and Triphala for Treatment of Cataract

This article's goal is to review the available data about triphala's therapeutic use and efficacy. One of the earliest forms of medicine seen in conventional medical systems like Ayurveda is the use of herbs. A staple of gastrointestinal and restorative treatments is triphala, a popular and highly effective polyherbal herbal drug composed of the fruit of the botanical different species Emblica officinalis (Amalaki), Terminalia bellerica (Bibhitaki), and Terminalia chebula (Haritaki).Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, as well as Terminalia belerica combine to form Triphala (TP). The goal of the current investigation was to evaluate its anti-cataract efficacy using both in vitro and in vivo tests in an experimental model of cataract caused by selenite.

Organoleptic Evaluation of Aonla (Emblica officinalis G.) Nectar during Storage

A research experiment was conducted during the year 2019-20 and 2020-21 in the Fruit and Vegetable Processing Unit Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Gwalior with seven different varieties of aonla viz., NA-4, NA-5, NA-6,NA-7, NA-10, Laxmi and Chakaiya. This study was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications. It was studied about the preparation of various value added products such as aonla nectar. From the finding it was observed that, the increase in the percentage of acidity, moisture, phenols and fiber content of aonla nectar while total soluble solids and total sugar content was decreased. There was gradual increase in moisture content of aonla nectar prepared with different pulp combination of aonla fruits during storage period. However, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid content decreased with advancement of storage period. Observations were recorded up to storage period of six months at ambient conditions. Laxmi and Chakaiya varieties were found superior with respect to colour, appearance, taste and aroma as well as flavour. As per the organoleptic evaluation the overall acceptability of anola nectar was found significant with the storage intervals of 30, 60, 90 and 120 days.

Formulation and Evaluation of Halal Hair Growth Promoting Shampoo Containing Centella asiatica and Phyllanthus emblica

Formulation and Evaluation of Halal Hair Growth Promoting Shampoo Containing Centella asiatica and Phyllanthus emblica

Network Pharmacology Revealing the Therapeutic Potential of Bioactive Components of Triphala and Their Molecular Mechanisms against Obesity.

Obesity, characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat, is a prevalent metabolic disorder that poses a significant global health concern. Triphala, an herbal combination consisting of Phyllanthus emblica Linn, Terminalia chebula Retz, and Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn) Roxb, has emerged as a potential solution for addressing concerns related to obesity. This study aimed to investigate the network pharmacology and molecular docking of Triphala to identify its bioactive ingredients and their interactions with pathways associated with obesity. The bioactive compounds present in Triphala and genes linked to obesity were identified, followed by an analysis of the protein-protein interaction networks. Enrichment analysis, including Gene Ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, was conducted. Prominent genes and compounds were selected for further investigation through molecular docking studies. The study revealed a close correlation between obesity and the AKT1 and PPARG genes. The observed binding energy between beta-sitosterol, 7-dehydrosigmasterol, peraksine, α-amyrin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, ellagic acid, and phyllanthin with AKT1 and PPARG indicated a favorable binding affinity. In conclusion, nine compounds showed promise in regulating these genes for obesity prevention and management. Further research is required to validate their specific effects.

Trade-off between herbal and allopathic treatments: An ethnopharmacological case study in Rema-kalenga wildlife sanctuary, Bangladesh

The Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary (RKWS) is a protected forest in Bangladesh that houses a variety of rare flora and fauna and supports the sustenance of 13 ethnic communities. This forest's indigenous and other inhabitants traditionally have a strong cultural connection to the plants, particularly medicinal plants. Due to modern allopathic medicine's rapid growth and commercial tree species prioritization, many medicinal plants are now on the verge of endangerment. Under such circumstances, it is crucial to explore how the local community perceives the importance of herbal treatments in contrast to allopathy, the underlying reasons for their perceptions, and the specific ailments for which they use the plants. The main objectives are: 1) to evaluate the perceptions of the local community towards allopathy and herbal medicine using Nussbaum's central capabilities approach, 2) to identify medicinal plant diversity, therapeutic usages, and quantitative indices, 3) to determine the factors that influence the use of medicinal plants. Repeated interviews and field surveys were conducted at the RKWS, interviewing 145 people, including the indigenous community (72.42 %) and traditional healers (8.27 %) from the surrounding seven villages. The study identified 51 medicinal plant species belonging to 39 families for their potent medicinal properties in treating various ailments. The predominant parts of the plants used in the treatments were leaves and roots. The uses were classified into 12 categories according to Nussbaum's central capabilities. The findings identified Aloe vera, Phyllanthus emblica, and Azadirachta indica as highly culturally important species. In contrast, Terminalia arjuna, Swertia chirata, and Azadirachta indica were found to have the highest relative importance. The underlying determinants influencing the preferences of individual users towards herbal medicine were income from agroforestry, beliefs, knowledge, and ethnicity, as revealed by the analysis of the ordinal logit model. The respondents viewed their strong inclination toward herbal medicine with many positive attitudes. Herbal medicine users held a negative perception of allopathy except for affiliation and practical reasons being viewed as the positive outcomes. Conversely, allopathic medicine users expressed mixed perceptions towards the treatment, with both positive and negative aspects being identified. Promoting the sustainable use of medicinal plants and their conservation efforts is imperative for the benefit of present and future generations in this region.

Enhanced antibacterial effect of natural tannin stabilized silver nano particles against human pathogens: A target toward FtsZ proteins

BackgroundTannins are the polyphenolic group of plant compounds having strong antimicrobial potential. Research on human pathogens using silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial purposes has opened up new possibilities in nanomedicine. ObjectiveThe present study was concerned with combining the effectiveness of the two by the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with plant tannin. MethodsSynthesis of silver nanoparticles was done based on the tannin content of the selected plants. Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles has been performed through UV–VIS, FTIR spectroscopy, Zeta potential, XRD analysis and FEGSEM imaging. The antibacterial potentiality of the nanoparticles was checked against two most susceptible bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis and Salmonella typhi. ResultsAmong the studied plants, Phyllanthus emblica showed highest tannin content and best bactericidal properties. The nanoparticles synthesized with P. emblica showed the highest zone of inhibition against the studied bacteria. An in-silico comparative molecular docking study of the bioactive compounds from the selected plants was performed against the FtsZ protein of S. epidermidis and YfdX protein of S. typhi. Three compounds namely Isocorilagin,1(β), 6-di-o-galloylglucose and Hamamelitannin appeared as the best inhibitors of the said proteins and among them, Isocorilagin, a natural tannin showed the best docking score of -10.2 Kcal/mol with FtsZ protein. Further molecular dynamics simulation studies of the FtsZ protein-Isocorilagin complex support its stability indicating Isocorilagin as the natural inhibitor of the pathogenic bacterial protein FtsZ. ConclusionThese results concluded that synthesis of nanoparticles with plant tannin is a cost effective green approach and the synthesised nanoparticles appear as efficient antimicrobial agent.

Combining widely targeted metabolomics and RNA-sequencing to reveal the function analysis of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. Juice-induced poultry macrophages

This study explored the functional effects of cultivated and wild Phyllanthus emblica Linn juice (PEJ) in HD11 poultry macrophage lines, with the aim of potentially developing cultivated PE and its fruit residue as poultry feed additives. RNA-Seq was used to evaluate the functional differences between cultivated and wild PEJ induced HD11 cells. Both cultivated and wild PEJ could regulate cell replication by histone H1/H2 family genes and host immune response by Toll-like receptor 7 regulation. Wild PEJ inhibited M1-type polarization of host macrophages, while cultivated PEJ promoted M2-type polarization. Metabolites of cultivated and wild PE were identified by widely targeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Of the 911 metabolites, 238 differed functionally between cultivated and wild PE. The data provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent development of PE as a functional feed additive in poultry.

Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Activities and Molecular Mechanisms of Phyllanthus emblica L. Extract in Mice on a High-Fat Diet.

We planned to explore the protective activities of extract of Phyllanthus emblica L. (EPE) on insulin resistance and metabolic disorders including hyperlipidemia, visceral obesity, and renal dysfunction in high-fat diet (HFD)-progressed T2DM mice. Mice treatments included 7 weeks of HFD induction followed by EPE, fenofibrate (Feno), or metformin (Metf) treatment daily for another 4-week HFD in HFD-fed mice. Finally, we harvested blood to analyze some tests on circulating glycemia and blood lipid levels. Western blotting analysis was performed on target gene expressions in peripheral tissues. The present findings indicated that EPE treatment reversed the HFD-induced increases in blood glucose, glycosylated HbA1C, and insulin levels. Our findings proved that treatment with EPE in HFD mice effectively controls hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Our results showed that EPE reduced blood lipid levels, including a reduction in blood triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and free fatty acid (FFA); moreover, EPE reduced blood leptin levels and enhanced adiponectin concentrations. EPE treatment in HFD mice reduced BUN and creatinine in both blood and urine and lowered albumin levels in urine; moreover, EPE decreased circulating concentrations of inflammatory NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). These results indicated that EPE displayed antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities but alleviated renal dysfunction in HFD mice. The histology examinations indicated that EPE treatment decreased adipose hypertrophy and hepatic ballooning, thus contributing to amelioration of lipid accumulation. EPE treatment decreased visceral fat amounts and led to improved systemic insulin resistance. For target gene expression levels, EPE enhanced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation expressions both in livers and skeletal muscles and elevated the muscular membrane glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expressions. Treatment with EPE reduced hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) expressions to suppress glucose production in the livers and decreased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) expressions to affect hepatic glycogen synthesis, thus convergently contributing to an antidiabetic effect and improving insulin resistance. The mechanism of the antihyperlipidemic activity of EPE involved a decrease in the hepatic phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex C1 (mTORC1) and p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) expressions to improve insulin resistance but also a reduction in hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c expressions, and suppression of ACC activity, thus resulting in the decreased fatty acid synthesis but elevated hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and SREBP-2 expressions, resulting in lowering TG and TC concentrations. Our results demonstrated that EPE improves insulin resistance and ameliorates hyperlipidemia in HFD mice.

Characterization and applications of iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract

Nanotechnology is a treasure trove of diversified themes which are endowed with broad applications. Herein, iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized using Phyllanthus emblica aqueous fruit extract. The UV-Visible spectrum exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at 295nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy provided insight into the functional groups responsible for capping. X-ray diffraction analysis authenticated the crystalline nature of nanoparticles, while energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy divulged that iron and oxygen comprised 54% of the nanoparticles’ weight. Scanning electron microscopy established irregular morphology and agglomeration of nanoparticles. The Fe2O3 nanoparticles validated potent antimicrobial activity against 11 bacterial and 1 fungal isolates. The biggest zone of inhibition (23mm) was measured against S. enterica, whereas the smallest zone of inhibition (12mm) was documented against C. albicans and E. coli. The values for minimum inhibitory concentration ranged between 10 and 15μg/ml for all microbes. Nevertheless, no synergy was exhibited by the nanoparticles with any of the selected antibiotics (Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index > 1). The photocatalytic dye degradation capability of Fe2O3 nanoparticles was assessed and the observations implied a significant increase in degradation of methyl red although, not of methylene blue. Furthermore, the nanoparticles were in possession of substantial antioxidant (34–38%) and anti-inflammatory (31–38%) capacities. Consequent upon the robust activities of P. emblica-mediated nanoparticles, these can be scrutinized for biomedical and environmental implementations in future.

Hydrolyzable tannins and pectin are glycolipid lowering ingredients in Phyllanthus emblica Linn.: Valid interaction with gut action targets

Phyllanthus emblica L., a distinctive fruit, is rich in polyphenols and polysaccharide. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the role of these compounds as glycolipid lowering ingredients. In this study, the glycolipid lowering ingredients and their effects have been determined by gradually comparing varieties, parts, and components, splitting components, and calculating combined index via their interactions with digestion enzymes, bile acids, cholesterol micelles and probiotics. Results indicated that the glycolipid lowering ingredients were polyphenols and polysaccharide, which located in the pulp, and not influenced by the variety. Pectin with multiple structural domains, and hydrolyzable tannins, i.e. gallic acid, ellagic acid and their derivatives interacted with multiple gut action targets could regulate glycolipid digestion, absorption and metabolism. Polysaccharide and polyphenols demonstrated a synergistic effect in lowering glycolipid by interacting with gut action targets. These findings highlight the potential for further investigation and utilization of glycolipid lowering ingredients in fruits.

Quantifying Soluble Glucose in Selected Fruits from West Bengal's (India) Local Markets to Enhance Dietary Knowledge

Introduction/Objective: A fruit, the soft, pulpy part of a flowering plant, is abundant in essential nutrients like fiber, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds. It provides macronutrients such as carbohydrates and energy while being low in protein and lipids. Health authorities advocate a minimum daily intake of five servings of fruits and vegetables for a balanced diet. Fruits contain simple sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose, which are essential for regulating blood sugar levels and supporting brain function. However, excessive sugar consumption can be harmful in certain health conditions. This highlights the importance of accurately estimating glucose content in fruits for the field of nutrition science. Methods: In this study, a total of 42 fruit samples from 20 groups were collected from local markets in West Bengal, India, to measure glucose levels using the GOD-POD method. Results: Results revealed the top five fruits highest in glucose: green grapes (54.12 ± 5.82 mg/g), java apple (green jamrul: 47.25 ± 8.23 mg/g), red grapes (44.75 ± 5.23 mg/g), Zahedi dates (43.88 ± 3.25 mg/g), and Medjool dates (43.48 ± 3.87 mg/g). Conversely, the five fruits lowest in glucose were Indian gooseberry (amla: 0.84 ± 0.21 mg/g), Bengal currant (koromcha: 1.24 ± 0.15 mg/g), gondhoraj lemon (2.62 ± 0.25 mg/g), himsagar mango (3.46 ± 0.81 mg/g), and pearafuli mango (5.5 ± 0.52 mg/g). Conclusion: This study aims to contribute to the development of a comprehensive database on fruit glucose content. Fruits with lower glucose levels are beneficial for diabetic patients, obese individuals, and others, whereas those with higher glucose levels are not recommended for dia-betics but are suitable for athletes and malnourished individuals.

Descriptors for characterization and evaluation of Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) germplasm for utilization in crop improvement

Descriptors for characterization and evaluation of Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) germplasm for utilization in crop improvement

Green Synthesis of Calcium Hydroxide Nanoparticles Using Phyllanthus Emblica Extract: Preparation and Characterization

Green Synthesis of Calcium Hydroxide Nanoparticles Using Phyllanthus Emblica Extract: Preparation and Characterization

Key role of Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit extract promotes ZVI/H2O2 process: rich titratable acid, suitable chelating ability, and antioxidant capacity.

Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit extract (PFE) was introduced to improve ZVI/H2O2 technology, and the efficiency and mechanism of PFE promoting ZVI/H2O2 technology were explored. With the introduction of PFE, the Norfloxacin (NOR) removal rate and kobs of the process were improved by 41.17% and 5.08 times, respectively. In the ZVI/H2O2/PFE process, the degradation of NOR by the attack of ROS is the main pathway for decontamination and is dominated by the heterogeneous reaction on the catalyst surface. PFE contains 13.92 g/L titratable acid and has good complexing ability and antioxidant ability. The mechanism of PFE promoting ZVI/H2O2 technology was based on lowering the pH, complemented by chelation and antioxidant capacity. With the introduction of PFE, the utilization rate of the reagent was significantly increased (7.56 times for ZVI and 3.21 times for H2O2), the applicable pH range was widened (6-9) and the iron sludge was reduced (32.80%). Meanwhile, the concept of UPR is proposed for the first time. The result is the key role to the selection of green promoters in the ZVI/H2O2 process depends on the abundance of titratable acid, followed by a certain chelating ability and antioxidant capacity.

Beta-cyclodextrin–Phyllanthus emblica emulsion for zinc oxide nanoparticles: Characteristics and photocatalysis

Abstract This study presents a new approach for producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) utilizing an emulsion of beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract. When synthesized, the particles were around 90 ± 5 nm in size. The zeta potential investigation yielded a value of −27.1 mV. The generated ZnONPs exhibited 83.70% anti-oxidant activity as well as good radical scavenging capabilities. The catalytic activity of ZnONPs was investigated using rhodamine B dye, and they displayed that maximum photocatalytic degradation was found to be 90.32% when exposed to UV light and 50.5% when not exposed to UV light. The kinetic investigation of photocatalytic degradation employs pseudo-first-order rate kinetics, with a rate constant of 2.5 × 10−2 under UV irradiation and 1.1 × 10−2 without irradiation. Anti-bacterial tests against Escherichia coli bacteria demonstrated the particles’ anti-bacterial characteristics. Anti-cancer studies were carried out using KB-31 cancer cells at varying particle concentrations. The studies confirmed that the particles produced are anti-cancer. In conclusion, this study reports a new green synthesis method to fabricate ZnONPs with high anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer properties and suitable for various biomedical applications.