Embankment Construction Research Articles

Environmental implications of styrofoam waste and its utilization as lightweight fill material for embankment construction

This study investigates the adverse effects of styrofoam waste on the environment due to its non-biodegradable nature and persistence in natural ecosystems, encompassing issues such as visual pollution, habitat disruption, and potential health risks to flora and fauna. The research also delves into the feasibility of repurposing styrofoam waste as a lightweight fill material in embankment construction, aiming to improve the performance of such structures, with the primary objective of augmenting the structural performance of such constructions. The paper conducts an extensive assessment of the technical properties and engineering characteristics of a soil-styrofoam mixture. Key parameters under scrutiny encompass density, shear strength, and bearing capacity behaviors. Various proportions of styrofoam, specifically 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% by weight, were systematically incorporated into the soil mixture. Based on this study, the use of styrofoam can reduce the maximum dry density of the soil mixture, but still has the desired bearing capacity. These results indicate that the reuse of Styrofoam waste as an additional material in embankment construction has great potential to improve the performance and sustainability of embankment projects.

Evaluation of the shear strength of residual limestabilized soils from the Antioquian batholith

In general, the construction of roads demands the exploitation of high amounts of granular materials, and this generates important economic and environmental impacts. The use of materials from excavations for the construction of fills and embankments is an ideal solution to reduce the exploitation of virgin materials. However, the use of excavation materials may be limited when these materials are fine-grained or have low mechanical specifications. In this sense, soils stabilized with quicklime have become a viable alternative for road construction, reducing the use of quarry materials. Although there are standards and techniques for the use of soils improved with quicklime for pavements, today the process for evaluating these materials for the construction of embankments and fills is not well established. This research presents the evaluation of the resistance behaviour of residual soils resulting from the weathering of the Antioquian Batolito (Antioquia-Colombia) when are subjected to quicklime stabilization. The optimal percentage of quicklime was determined by means of unconfined compression tests for dosages of 1%, 2% and 3%. Direct shear tests were used to study the influence of quicklime in soil properties like cohesion and friction angle in both natural and stabilized soils. The soil studied corresponds to a silty sand (SM). A factorial 2 x 3 experiment design was made to determine the number of tests with density, quicklime percentage and curing temperature as independent variables and unconfined compressive strength (qu) as response variable. A total of 54 unconfined compression tests and 27-seven direct shear tests were conducted. The results showed a significant increase in the strength of the materials treated with quicklime in relation to the natural state. There were increases greater than 100%, 50% and 15% in cohesion, unconfined compression, and friction angle respectively. The larger increment was calculated with 2% and 3% of quicklime dosage. However, due to cost benefits the optimum percentage of quicklime considered was set to 2%.

Physical and mechanical characteristics of pyroclastic soil for the construction of embankments

In the framework of wider research activity on the physical and mechanical behaviour of volcanic soils, this paper reports the results of some laboratory tests on this type of geomaterial. The background of this research is the need for a construction company to possibly use pyroclastic material excavated along a tunnel profile to build railway embankments included in the design of a new High-Speed Train Line near the city of Naples, Italy. However, according to the standards of the National Italian Railways Company, pyroclastic soils cannot be employed as construction materials unless they are supported by a specific testing program demonstrating their good performance. The pyroclastic soil, which is widespread in the project area, is the product of Mt. Vesuvius volcanic activity. It is a coarse-graded soil that includes a significant percentage of non-plastic fines. They should be placed under compact conditions. The experimental campaign was aimed at identifying some physical characteristics that can synthesize the homogeneity of the pyroclastic deposit in terms of shearing resistance. The preliminary results obtained in terms of grading curves, modified Proctor compaction curves, and stress-strain curves from conventional drained triaxial tests are presented and discussed in this paper. The latter were executed on fully saturated specimens after compacting the soil at the optimum water content and on the dry and wet sides of the Proctor curve. The overall initial outcomes of the experimental campaign indicated that this material has acceptable characteristics and is suitable for the construction of railway embankments.

Geosynthetic-encased columns (GEC): A proven case study over 30 years

The construction of embankments on very soft soils is a challenge due to the low shear strength, low permeability, high compressibility, and high-water content of the subsoil. The surcharge load imposed by the embankment can result not only in a local or total loss of stability but also in unacceptable settlements and horizontal deformations or thrusts, which could endanger nearby structures. To overcome these problems, different construction methods are applicable. One particularly interesting and still innovative foundation system is the use of geotextile encased granular columns, which can be considered “State-of-the-Art” in Europe. It was developed and introduced in 1994, and since then many major projects have been realised using geotextile encased columns (GEC). The overall loads and stress concentrations above the column heads induce outwardly directed radial horizontal stresses in the columns. The particularity of the GEC system is that these stresses are counteracted not only by the inwardly acting pressure of the soft soil but also –most importantly – by the radial resistance of the tensile stiff geotextile casing. This paper briefly describes the GEC system and includes the description of a few notable projects using GEC as a foundation system: land reclamation at the Airbus site in Hamburg, Germany, and the Second Niger Bridge in Africa. The geotechnical challenges, design basis, and what can be considered the most important findings of each of these projects are also discussed in this paper.

Modeling and Simulation of Flow through The Construction of River Cover Embankment: Case Study of Sei Wampu Weir, Langkat Regency, Indonesia

Sei Wampu Weir construction project faced problems related to river cover embankment work, where the river cover embankment experiences scouring on the riverbed during flooding. The purpose of this study is to simulate flow model and determine the maximum flow speed, hence, the appropriate structure of cover concrete blocks can be determined. The analysis of water availability in this study used the F.J. Mock method by considering the watershed area, rainfall data, climatological data, evapotranspiration, and other supporting data to obtain 80% of the mainstay. Modeling and simulation of flow through river cover embankments was performed using the Hec-Ras 5.0.7 program with three scenarios. The determination of Locked Concrete Blocks as a handling solution refers to the Scientific Manuscript of Locked Concrete Blocks as Riverbed Control Buildings of the Water Resources Center in 2014. Results found the mainstay discharge analysis of 80% in year 2020, which was 139.10 m3/s. The model results in the first scenario (width of the river still open about 85 meters) obtained a flow speed of 2.04 m/s, the second scenario (width of the river still open about 30 meters) obtained a flow speed of 2.48 m/s, and the third scenario (width that was still open about 10 meters) obtained a flow speed of 4.34 m/s. The locked concrete blocks for the first scenario used the six-foot locked concrete block type, whereas the second and third scenarios used the eight-foot locked concrete block. Based on numerical modeling and analysis results of locked concrete blocks, the appropriate and efficient scenario for closing the river cover embankment in the sei wampu weir construction project is the second scenario.

Evaluation of the use of residual soils of the Batolito of Antioqueño stabilized with quicklime for the construction of embankments and mechanically stabilized retaining structures

In general, road construction requires the exploitation of large quantities of granular materials, and this generates significant economic and environmental impacts. The use of excavated materials for the construction of fills, embankments and reinforced earth retaining structures is an ideal solution to reduce the exploitation of raw materials. However, the use of excavated materials can be limited when these materials are fine-grained or have low mechanical specifications. In this sense, soils stabilized with quicklime have become a viable alternative for road construction, reducing the use of quarried materials. Although there are standards and techniques for the use of quicklime improved soils for pavements, today the evaluation process of these materials for embankment and fill construction is not well established. This paper presents the results of an investigation to determine the impact of quicklime soil stabilization on the design of embankments and retaining structures reinforced with geosynthetics. First, a road embankment is presented for which a sensitivity analysis was carried out in terms of geometry and volume of material required. Secondly, a mechanically stabilized wall with geosynthetics is presented in which a sensitivity analysis is performed in terms of the amount of geotextile reinforcement required. In both cases, the models were analyzed using the shear strength parameters of a residual soil of the Antioquian batholith in its natural state and stabilized with quicklime obtained in laboratory tests. A quicklime content of 2% and design processes according to Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) manuals were used. The results show that in the embankment a reduction in the volume of material is obtained when using stabilized soil of around 15%, since greater slopes and heights can be used with respect to the geometry of the soil in its natural state. In the case of the stabilized wall, a reduction of approximately 50% in the amount of geosynthetics required was observed, since with the case of stabilized soil it is possible to achieve layer reinforcements of greater thickness and lower strength than those obtained with the soil in its natural state. Both cases show that the implementation of soils stabilized with quicklime can be beneficial in terms of costs since a reduction in resources and materials can be achieved.

Features of the construction of canals in half-cut-half-fill

This study examines the construction features of the Bustan Canal in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, designed with a half-cut-half-fill method to optimize water supply and drainage capabilities. Given the region’s high groundwater levels, canals were constructed in trenches, serving dual purposes of irrigation and open drainage to mitigate flooding risks. The primary goal was to enhance the canal’s efficiency coefficient to 0.85 by applying concrete lining to its slopes and bed, transitioning from mechanical to gravity irrigation sourced from the Tuyamuyun Reservoir on the Amu Darya River. The study highlights the advantages of using excavated soil for embankment construction, which significantly reduces transportation costs. Physical properties and granulometric composition of the soils were analyzed in accredited laboratories, confirming optimal compaction densities between 1.72 g/cm³ and 1.77 g/cm³ at moisture contents ranging from 17% to 20%. The findings underscore the importance of this canal system in supporting agriculture over an area of 100,000 hectares, enhancing water management practices in Southern Karakalpakstan.

DETERMINATION OF THE COMPRESSION MODULUS WITH A DYNAMIC CIRCULAR PLATE

<p><span class="fontstyle0">Geotechnical soil tests in order to achieve the best possible performance of new buildings or rehabilitation of existing buildings occupy one of the leading places in construction. Due to the lack of investigative work, a large number of buildings are exposed to danger. In order not to have bad effects on buildings in the future, it is necessary to minimize ground subsidence. Testing of the compressibility modulus / determination of the compressibility modulus is performed during the construction of roads, railways, buildings, parking lots and embankments, on the foundation soil, replacement layers, bedding and embankment layers and buffer. The purpose of the test is to ensure that, due to insufficiently compacted layers during installation, they do not settle after some time, as well as cracking of the floor in the building, deterioration of part of the building, deterioration of the pavement structure of roads and parking lots (potholes), etc. A circular plate is the name for an instrument used to test the compressibility module of a building's foundation. A dynamic test with a falling weight plate enables simpler and faster testing and immediate results.</span></p>

DETERMINATION OF THE COMPRESSION MODULUS WITH A DYNAMIC CIRCULAR PLATE

<p><span class="fontstyle0">Geotechnical soil tests in order to achieve the best possible performance of new buildings or rehabilitation of existing buildings occupy one of the leading places in construction. Due to the lack of investigative work, a large number of buildings are exposed to danger. In order not to have bad effects on buildings in the future, it is necessary to minimize ground subsidence. Testing of the compressibility modulus / determination of the compressibility modulus is performed during the construction of roads, railways, buildings, parking lots and embankments, on the foundation soil, replacement layers, bedding and embankment layers and buffer. The purpose of the test is to ensure that, due to insufficiently compacted layers during installation, they do not settle after some time, as well as cracking of the floor in the building, deterioration of part of the building, deterioration of the pavement structure of roads and parking lots (potholes), etc. A circular plate is the name for an instrument used to test the compressibility module of a building's foundation. A dynamic test with a falling weight plate enables simpler and faster testing and immediate results.</span></p>

Economical Measures against Soft Ground at High Embankment on Peaty Ground

Peat, which is considered a special soil, is widely distributed over approximately 2,000 km2 in Hokkaido, Japan. In terms of engineering properties, peat is extremely high in water content, ignition loss, and void ratio and extremely in low shear strength. Ground improvement methods using cement are effective for the rapid construction of embankments on peaty ground. However, to avoid differential settlement and lateral flow, most of such construction is carried out with an improvement ratio of ap=50%. In this case, the improvement can certainly be expected to be effective. However, it is less economical than other soft ground improvement methods. The challenge is to reduce the cost of improving the ground. Our institution (the Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, PWRI) has developed an economical measure against soft ground that uses cement with a reduced improvement ratio in combination with a crushed-stone mat (gravel foundation reinforcement), and we conducted the test construction of a 16-meter-high embankment to verify effectiveness of the method. The crushed-stone mat consists of a 50-cm layer of crushed stone covered with a geo-synthetic material. The test construction achieved the following results. (1) Settlement of the embankment was significantly reduced. (2) Slip failure did not occur. (3) Displacement to the surrounding ground did not occur. (4) The geotextile in the crushed-stone mat exhibited less strain than that which would cause the geo-synthetic to exceed its design strength. These results show that this economical measure against soft ground was effective at stabilizing the high embankment constructed on peaty ground.

Stability Control Method and Field Testing of High Embankment with Red Bed Soft Rock and Soil Stone Mixture Fill Roadbed

Post-construction settlement in embankments is a crucial quality indicator and a significant factor influencing the long-term stability of roadbeds. Especially for the mixed-fill materials, by considering the uncertainty of composition and mechanical properties, it is important to predict and take construction measures to control post-construction settlement. In this paper, taking the construction of high-fill embankments with red bed soft rock mixture as the background, the deformation characteristics of mixed-fill materials were revealed first. Then, a dynamic–static coupling method for roadbed filling was proposed, and corresponding control parameters were provided. Finally, by employing ABAQUS 2016 for long-term settlement numerical simulations and conducting load-bearing preloading tests, the deformation patterns of the high embankment with red bed soft rock mixture fill roadbed were revealed.

The Influence of Preconsolidation Pressure on Undrained Shear Strength Characteristics of Peaty Clay in Sri Lanka

This research study investigated the effect of preconsolidation pressure on the shear strength parameters of very soft peaty clay based on a series of laboratory tests. The study included 15 Consolidated Undrained (CU) triaxial tests on peaty clay extracted from the Nilwala river basin, with preconsolidation pressures ranging from 0 to 100 kPa in 20 kPa intervals and cell pressures of 50, 100 and 150 kPa. The results indicated that the peak deviator stress of peaty clay decreased with increasing preconsolidation pressure, indicating decrease in its shear strength parameters with preconsolidation pressure. It was observed that peaty clay is highly sensitive to disturbance and requires sufficient time to regain its shear strength once its natural microstructure is altered. The study has significant implications for the construction of embankments on soft soils, particularly peaty clays. It highlights the need for accurate estimation of the undrained shear strength parameters of peaty clay, considering soil composition, structure and type of loading. It also emphasizes the importance of minimizing disturbance during construction activities to avoid compromising the stability of embankments.

Behavior of an Embankment on Stone Column-Reinforced Soft Soil

Abstract Reinforcing soft soils with good drainage and load-bearing material is a common practice in the construction of embankments. Stone columns are among the granular materials that accelerate consolidation settlements due to their high drainage capacities. This study aims to investigate the behavior of an embankment on stone column-reinforced soft soil. The embankment was analyzed using the Plaxis 2D Finite Element Method. The columns were converted into equivalent walls using the plane strain conversion method. This method was validated with field measurement results from previous studies and showed good agreement. According to the research findings, stone columns significantly reduced deformations and improved consolidation. For instance, the ultimate settlement was decreased from 54.3 mm to 33.1 mm for 10% and 20% area replacement ratios, respectively. As the safety analysis verified, basal geosynthetics contributed substantially to the embankment’s stability. Furthermore, the safety factor values increased for all stages of the construction, and the global safety factor increased at the end of the construction. Stone columns and basal geogrid-reinforced soft soil can reduce settlement and increase the stability of an embankment.

Proposed Speedy Moisture Test Calibration Chart on Indonesian Road Embankments

Embankment construction is generally carried out using borrow materials. The water content of embankment material significantly affects the compaction quality. Measuring water content in the field typically uses a speedy moisture test (SMT) because the process is simple, and the result is obtained immediately. The accuracy level of the SMT is relatively high. However, it still needs to be corrected using a calibration chart for a more precise measurement. This research aims to determine the accuracy of the SMT tool compared to the standard oven-dry method, especially on borrow materials in East Java. The experimental method was used with soil samples from Pasuruan and Mojokerto borrow. Standard index properties tests and soil compaction tests were conducted to determine soil type and obtain optimum water content. The water content varies in several levels and is measured using SMT and oven-dry methods. The regression was performed to make a correlation, while RMSE and simple paired T-test were conducted to investigate the accuracy level of the correlation chart from this research, respectively. It was found that the soil samples used met the requirements as embankment soil (SW and SM). The proposed calibration chart is presented with the SMT-corrected water content equation (WSMT-corrected = 0.9815WSMT – 1.4323 ). This equation has a coefficient of determination (R2) equal to 0.95, which mean a very strong relationship. The proposed calibration chart performs well according to RMSE, which is equal to 2.41 and paired T-test result. This proposed calibration chart can be widely used in road embankment practice in Indonesia.

PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP KEBERADAAN GAJAH DI DESA TEGAL YOSO KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TIMUR

The public's perception of the existence of elephants, which are often on community cultivated land and outside forest areas, is very important to study, as a guide in mitigating conflicts between humans and elephants. This conflict has economic, socio-cultural and ecological impacts. This research aims to analyze the economic, social and cultural impacts of human-elephant conflict, based on community perceptions. This research was carried out in Tegal Yoso Village, East Lampung Province. This research method was carried out by means of field surveys and interviews with the community as many as 30 respondents. The results of this research show that people understand that elephants are considered protected animals, but elephants are also destroyers of people's crops or plant pests. The economic impact that occurs is the size of the potential harvest of agricultural crops, especially corn, rice and cassava. This conflict causes crop failure losses of 30% -100% of agricultural crops. On the other hand, elephant activity results in damage to work huts, lookout towers, human injuries, broken bones and even fatalities. This conflict also resulted in socio-cultural impacts on the community, such as horizontal conflicts between communities and vertical conflicts, namely between the community and Way Kambas National Park officials. On the other hand, the community agrees that there is social responsibility in the form of mutual cooperation in controlling elephant attacks. Another effort that has been implemented is the construction of embankments and canals. The community agrees that efforts to resolve the conflict between elephants and humans continue to be made. The community hopes that Way Kambas National Park can provide the latest innovations in overcoming conflict.Keywords: conflict, economic and social-cultural, impact, elephants, people

Evaluation of effects of wastewater on socio-economic activities of residents in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria

The paper assessed the effects of wastewater on socio-economic activities of residents in Kano metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria. High population, poor drainage channels and lack of central wastewater sewerage and functional treatment plants have necessitated indiscriminate discharge of wastewater into the environment. Using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table for determining sample size, a total of 384 population size was sampled and purposefully, systematically and randomly administered questionnaires in Likert Scale Format. Interviews were also conducted with stakeholders and community elders and direct filed observation for elucidation of the socioeconomic effects of wastewater. Results were presented in tables and charts and further expressed in strength of associations using Spearman rho statistics analysis. Findings show that 89.75% of respondents are of the view that wastewater from households and commercial areas is let loose into the environment and affects land-use as well as domestic activities. It also shows that 88.5% reported that wastewater affects the means of livelihood of residents and 92.19% opined that economic cost of construction of drainage channels, embankment and sandbags while 92.5% strongly and agreed that wastewater affects the health of the residents and causes different kinds of diseases. The study further shows that wastewater has effect on businesses and recreations while making some places inaccesible and affectng their economic activities. The study therefore recommends public enlightenment, strong legislations and enforcement of principle of polluter pays, attitudinal change and population decongestion, centralized sewerages system should be implemented among others should strictly be adhered to harness to encourage socio-economic activities.

An innovative application of fine marble dust for the construction industry to mitigate the piping, internal erosion and dispersion problems of sodium-rich clays

One potentially dangerous byproduct of marble-cutting plants is fine marble dust (FMD), which must be disposed of carefully. Its advantageous use as a building material will increase sustainability and could significantly ease the strain of disposing of suchgarbage. Moreover, soil internal erosion/piping and dispersion are significant problems in clays containing high exchangeable sodium ions. In the construction industry, cement/lime is frequently used for this purpose. However, cement/lime production produces significant greenhouse gas emissions, underscoring the need for a sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternative. In the past, FMD was utilized widely to enhance soil engineering properties. However, mitigation of dispersion/erosion/piping problems with FMD is likely unexplored. Therefore, this study aims to analyze FMD's feasibility in mitigating the dispersion/erosion/piping problems of two different clays (KC and HC). For this, many tests, including pinhole, crumb, and double hydrometer, along with XRF, XRD, and SEM tests, were carried out with varying amounts of FMD (0–50 %) at various curing times. The results showed that 30 % and 20 % FMD, respectively, with 60 and 28 days of curing for KC and HC soil, are needed to mitigate Na-rich clays' dispersion/erosion/piping problems, and dispersion potential is reduced by 60 % and 43 %, respectively. The sodium content is lowered by 72 % in both clays, with 30 % and 20 % FMD. XRD and SEM analysis revealed that flocculation/aggregation/densification and development of cementing materials increase the resistance of the clay against erosion/piping/dispersion. Incorporating FMD as an alternate material in road and pavement embankment construction presents a financially viable and sustainable solution.

Sustainable Silt Management in the Lower Kosi River, North Bihar, India: Demand Assessment, Investment Model and Socio-Economic Development

The Kosi River, draining through Nepal and north Bihar, India, has been known for excessive sediment (commonly called silt) deposition—a primary cause of several hazards. However, there are still no good estimates of the volume of silt accumulated in the Kosi River channel, which makes removal and utilization of silt a major challenge, both technically as well as economically. In this work, we first present a novel method to estimate sediment volume on a reach scale using hydrological and channel planform data mapped from satellite images. We then identify various commercial uses of the Kosi River sediments such as embankment construction, backfilling, land reclamation, landscaping, agricultural applications, industrial applications, and geotextile silt walls. In consultation with various stakeholders, backfilling and embankment construction were identified as potentially the best solutions shortlisted for the development of a business case and investment model. Therefore, we prepared an investment model based on economic viability, cost-to-benefit ratio, and stakeholder consultations for two districts. We performed a SWOT analysis by breaking down the opportunities and risks into political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal (PEST-EL) factors to identify the pros and cons within the sector and of the ecosystem in which the stakeholders operate.

Household Food Security through Wetland Resources with Adaptation to Climate Change: An Empirical Analysis of Ranikor, Meghalaya, India

Wetland ecosystems are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth and include marshes, lakes, rivers, flood basins, estuarine deltas, ponds, rice fields, and marine water areas where the depth at low tide does not exceed 6 m. Tangible and intangible diverse resources and products of wetland functions have historically provided a source of income and livelihood for human beings. The present study investigated the different causes and the perceived indicators of food insecurity among the wetland dwellers, determined the wetland contribution to household food security and assessed the determinants of wetland based income with a view on the adaptive strategies adopted by the households residing around Ranikor, Meghalaya. Data was collected from 70 wetland resource-user households which was analyzed using simple percentage, t-test, regression analysis and Garrett ranking technique. The wetland resources contributed significantly to the household food security in the study area. It was found that climate change and limited labour were the major causes of food insecurity. Factors like household size, agricultural land area and age of the respondent determined the extraction of resources. Moreover, the study revealed crop diversification, re-digging of canal, construction of embankments and poultry rearing as the adaptive measures in the face of climate change having merits. The study recommends the need to design appropriate food production technologies that ensure sustainable use of wetland resources for food security as increasing population coupled with climate change will have drastic impact on the households relying on wetland for food security and income.

Coastline change detection using high-resolution satellite images: a case study in Amurang Coasts, South Minahasa, North Sulawesi

Coastal dynamics have become an intriguing subject for observation due to their constant alteration. Coastline alteration involves natural factors and human interventions, including land reclamation. The land reclamation process can result in an extreme change in coastal dynamics in the area. Amurang, South Minahasa, is an example of coastal area exploitation. Amurang coasts have undergone physical changes in the last decade, which induced alteration in the coastal balance of erosion and accretion of the area. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of coastline changes in Amurang, South Minahasa, and North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Remote sensing methods using time series data of PlanetScope ortho-tile images have been involved in this study. The results revealed that from 2016 to 2022, the coastline changed with an erosion rate of 1.05 ha/year. Moreover, due to abrasion on June 15th, 2022, the Amurang coasts lost 3.97 ha of land. The construction of coastal protection (embankment) and land reclamation on the coasts has been observed in the study area. However, the embankment construction and land reclamation have altered coastal dynamics in Amurang, resulting in erosion in the east part. Therefore, coast construction requires accurate planning and calculation involving environmental impact assessment. Moreover, coastal protection cannot rely solely on the rigid structure. Coastal conservation involving the soft structure, such as mangrove vegetation and sediment nourishment by the river, should be considered. This study shows that inappropriate coastal construction can cause enormous damage and loss on the Amurang coasts.