EMS Treatment Research Articles

Characterization of non-cardiac arrest PulsePoint activations in public and private settings

BackgroundGeospatial smartphone application alert systems are used in some communities to crowdsource community response for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Although the clinical focus of this strategy is OHCA, dispatch identification of OHCA is imperfect so that activation may occur for the non-arrest patient. The frequency and clinical profile of such non-arrest patients has not been well-investigated.MethodsWe undertook a prospective 3-year cohort investigation of patients for whom a smartphone geospatial application was activated for suspected OHCA in four United States communities (total population ~1 million). The current investigation evaluates those patients with an activation for suspected OHCA who did not experience cardiac arrest. The volunteer response cohort included off-duty, volunteer public safety personnel (verified responders) notified regardless of location (public or private) and laypersons notified to public locations. The study linked the smartphone application information with the EMS records to report the frequency, condition type, and EMS treatment for these non-arrest patients.ResultsOf 1779 calls where volunteers were activated, 756 had suffered OHCA, resulting in 1023 non-arrest patients for study evaluation. The most common EMS assessments were syncope (15.9%, n=163), altered mental status (15.5%, n=159), seizure (14.3%, n=146), overdose (13.0%, n=133), and choking (10.5%, n=107). The assessment distribution was similar for private and public locations. Overall, the most common EMS interventions included placement of an intravenous line (43.1%, n=441), 12-Lead ECG(27.9%, n=285), naloxone treatment (9.8%, n=100), airway or ventilation assistance (8.7%, n=89), and oxygen administration (6.6%, n=68).ConclusionsMore than half of patients activated for suspected OHCA had conditions other than cardiac arrest. A subset of these conditions may benefit from earlier care that could be provided by both layperson and public safety volunteers if they were appropriately trained and equipped.

Effects and control mechanisms of ammonia, particulate matters and aerosol bacterial compositions in poultry houses by spray technology

Spray technology is an efficacious method to improve the indoor environments of poultry houses. In this study, two kind intensive enclosed poultry houses are sprayed with different spray additives in order to explore the effects and control mechanisms of spray processes on ammonia, particulate matters and aerosol bacterial compositions and investigate the fecal contributions to aerosol bacteria. The results show that the ammonia elimination rates through spray treatment by tap water (TP treatment), by EM microbial agent (EM treatment) or by glutaraldehyde-decamethonium bromide solution (HX treatment) are 67.0%, 85.4% and 96.9% in brood hen house and 60.7%, 76.0% and 94.8% in laying houses. The reductions of ammonia are mainly due to the decreased pH values caused by the increased Lactobacillus in chicken manure rather than the effects of aerosols after spraying. Spray processes reduce the contents of particulate matters while increase the proportions of PM10 and PM2.5 in TSP. The aerosol bacterial compositions after spraying alter mildly. Humidity is the main physicochemical factor leading to the variations of core bacteria in aerosols. The fecal transmission is the major source of aerosol bacteria in poultry houses and the spray processes merely present a relatively small impact on the fecal contribution to aerosol bacteria. The findings are conductive to optimize the breeding environment, enhance the ability of disease prevention and finally achieve the green and efficient cultivation.

Optimization of Chemical Mutagen Treatment Techniques and Determination of Absorption Dose in Jasminum auriculatum Ecotype “Muthu Mullai” for Inducing Variation

Background: Chemical mutagenesis is one of the effective tools for the induction of variation in plants. The biological effect of the chemical mutagen on plant tissues is determined by the absorption dose which is calculated by the product of the concentration of the mutagen and the treatment duration. Standardizing the treatment conditions for the best possible mutagenesis is the first prerequisite in chemical mutagenesis. Methods: Five concentrations of EMS (5 mM, 10 mM, 15 mM, 20 mM and 25 mM), three treatment durations (1 hr, 2 hr and 3 hr) and two pre-treatment conditions (soaking in water and non-soaking in water) were taken into consideration in the current study to examine the significance of each factor in regulating the mutation and to determine the unknown value of “Absorption dose” from the known survival rate. Result: The present study revealed that pretreatment with water affected the absorption of EMS into plant tissues and an increase in the EMS concentration and treatment duration decreased the survival rate of the cuttings. The study led to the inference that pretreatment of cuttings of Jasminum auriculatum ecotype Muthu Mullai with water for 2 hours and treatment with EMS at different concentrations of EMS ranging from 5 mM to 30 mM for a duration of 2 hours is suggested for higher mutation frequency.

Towards the optimization of genetic polymorphism with EMS-induced mutagenesis in Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Microalgae remain an exciting target for biotechnology as they offer a largely unexploited reservoir of novel and valuable bioactive compounds. Strain improvement programs are an expanding research field aiming to multiply microalgal potential. This study evaluates the genetic diversity created in populations of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum subjected to random mutagenesis. We explored the genetic diversity using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to estimate and compare the impact of the most common chemical mutagen (ethyl methanesulfonate, EMS). Five microalga populations obtained following EMS treatment had survival rates between 1 and 98 %. High genetic diversity was obtained for only one of these P. tricornutum populations, with a survival rate close to 30 %.

The DNA demethylation-regulated SFRP2 dictates the progression of endometriosis via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

BackgroundEndometriosis cause decreases in life quality and pelvic pain in reproductive-age women. Methylation abnormalities played a functional role in the progression of endometriosis, this study aimed to explore the mechanisms mediated by abnormal methylation in the development of EMS.Materials and methodsNext-generation sequencing dataset and methylation profiling dataset were used to screen out the key gene SFRP2. Western bolt, Real-time PCR, Aza-2?deoxycytidine treatment, luciferase reporter assay, Methylation-specific PCR , Bisulfite sequencing PCR and lentivirus infection were carried out to detect the methylation status and signaling pathway with the primary epithelial cells. Transwell assay and wound scratch assay were implemented to observe the differences of migration ability with the intervening with the expression of SFRP2.ResultsTo define the role of the DNA methylation-regulated genes in the pathogenesis of EMS, we performed both DNA methylomic and expression analyses of ectopic endometrium and ectopic endometrium epithelial cells(EEECs) and found that SFRP2 is demethylated/upregulated in ectopic endometrium and EEECs. The expression of lentivirus carrying SFRP2 cDNA up-regulates the activity of Wnt signaling and the protein expression of ?-catenin in EEECs. SFRP2 impact on the invasion and migration of ectopic endometrium by modulating the activities of the Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway. The invasion and migration ability of EEECs were significantly strengthened after demethylation treatment including 5-Aza and the knockdown of DNMT1.ConclusionIn summary, the increased SFRP2 expression-induced Wnt/?-catenin signaling due to the demethylation of the SFRP2 promoter plays an important role in the pathogenesis of EMS, suggesting that SFRP2 might be a therapeutic target for EMS treatment.

Recycling of wet grinding industry effluent using effective Microorganisms™ (EM)

A considerable volume of effluent released from the food processing industries, after the extensive use in the products manufacturing and industrial process. Effluents, either without treatment or with improper treatment, released out from the industries would severely damage the environment and human health. An investigation was done by recycling the effluent samples, collected from the wet grinding industry, Madurai, India, which was determined with an acidic pH (5.93), high turbidity (160.78 NTU), high BOD (62.4 mg/l) and COD (274.38 mg/l) and a significantly higher quantity of starch (115.81 mg/l). Biological wastewater treatment method was chosen in this experiment on the basis of the biodegradability index of effluent (3.21–10.75). The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of wastewater treatment in a prototype STP utilizing the Effective Micro-organisms™ Consortium application. The US EPA International Water Quality Standards and the Water Quality Index were used to compare the water quality of the recycled effluent with and without the EM application. The effluent from the EM consortium treatment was found to have acceptable levels of pH (7.38), salinity (1.94 ppt) and Conductivity (4.05 mS); and a declining trend found in TDS (1.81 ppt), BOD (24.4 mg/l) and COD (148.83 mg/l) level when the effluent treated using EM. Removal effectiveness of EM significant reduce in the treated effluents starch (85.15%), sulphate (78.42), phosphate (79.60), nitrogen (65.54%), and turbidity (82.73%) level were observed. Which was shown to be comparatively better than employing without EM treatment. This research substantially intends to the best practices, towards sustainable industries through Cleaner Production Mechanism.

MicroRNA-92a-3p Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Invasion by Regulating the Transcription Factor 21/Steroidogenic Factor 1 Axis in Endometriosis

Endometriosis (EMS) is an estrogen-dependent disease. However, little is known about the regulation of estrogen, a potential therapeutic target, in EMS, which remains very poorly managed in the clinic. We hypothesized that microRNAs (miRNAs) can be exploited therapeutically to regulate transcription factor 21 (TCF21) and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) gene expression. In our study, paired eutopic and ectopic endometrial samples were obtained from women with EMS and processed by a standard protocol to obtain human endometrial stromal cells (EMs) for in vitro studies. We found that miR-92a-3p levels were decreased in ectopic endometrium and ectopic stromal cells (ESCs) compared with paired eutopic lesions. miR-92a-3p overexpression significantly suppressed the proliferation and migration of ESCs, whereas a decreased level of miR-92a-3p generated the opposite results. Next, we identified TCF21 as a candidate target gene of miR-92a-3p. In vitro cell experiments showed that miR-92a-3p negatively regulated the expression of TCF21 and its downstream target gene SF-1. Moreover, cell proliferation and invasion ability decreased after the silencing of SF-1 and increased after SF-1 overexpression. We also observed that silencing SF-1 while inhibiting miR-92a-3p partially blocked the increase in cell proliferation and invasion ability caused by miR-92a-3p knockdown while overexpressing both SF-1 and miR-92a-3p mitigated the impairment in cell proliferation and invasion ability caused by miR-92a-3p overexpression. Our results may provide a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of EMS.

Increasing Soil Organic Carbon for Higher Wheat Yield and Nitrogen Productivity

Improving soil organic carbon (SOC) has been considered as a “win-win way” for ensuring high crop productivity and mitigating chemical N input. Improving SOC can achieve higher wheat yield and simultaneously improve nitrogen (N) productivity (defined as kg grain produced per kg total N input from both indigenous and applied N). Two treatments were tested for improving SOC level. The manure treatment involved applying manure for 6 successive years, and the EM treatment involved adding peat and vermiculite once, both combined with optimized in-season N management. The performance of these two systems were compared with a traditional farming system (Control, where only straw was returned each season). N fertilizer input under all three treatments was optimized by in-season N management and was increased by 90.1% and 48.1% under EM and Manure treatments, respectively, as compared with Control. The average wheat yield for the EM and Manure treatments was 9.1 and 9.2 Mg ha–1, respectively, across all three years, which was 18.8% and 19.7% higher, respectively, than that of the Control treatment (7.7 Mg ha–1). The average chemical N application rates for the EM and Manure treatments were 139 and 146 kg ha–1, which were 24.9% and 21.1% lower than those of the Control treatment, respectively. The N productivity was 15.1% and 14.9% which was higher under Manure and EM treatments than that of the Control treatment. The high yield and N productivity were attributed to improved aboveground dry matter and N uptake by wheat, with optimal soil N supply of the root zone. The higher stem number and weight seen in individual plants with increasing SOC resulted in larger spikes and grains at harvest. Our results determined that increasing SOC combined with optimal N management achieve low chemical N input and higher grain yield by increasing productive stems and grains per spike for improving wheat individual growth.

Phenotype performance of M1 generation Bima Shallot (Allium cepa var ascalonicum) result of Ethyl Methane Sulfonate induced

The diversity of crops can be produced via mutagen induction. Its result can be utilized as a source of genetic material in the plant breeding activities to produce a high-quality variety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenotype performance of Bima varieties of Shallot (Allium cepa var ascalonicum) result of Ethyl Methane Sulfonate induced. This study used a randomized complete block design, with the treatment of five levels of EMS concentrations. Data obtained were analyzed of variance and if EMS treatment was significant difference that will be proceeded to Duncan Multiple ranged Test. The present study found that EMS treatment differed significantly for all parameters (p< 0.05). The first generation of Bima shallot exhibited growth inhibition and decrease of yield with increasing of EMS concentration than control. The reduction of these parameters may be caused by genetic changing and physiologically damage as consequences of EMS treatments. The EMS treatment of 100 ppm displayed a higher value for all parameters compared to 200, 300, and 400 ppm of EMS.

Oxidized LDL promotes EMS-induced angiogenesis by increasing VEGF-A expression and secretion by endometrial cells

BackgroundEndometriosis (EMS) is a “tumour-like” gynaecological disease with distant metastasis, and studies have shown that EMS can induce distant metastasis through vascular vessels, but the driving factors and their mechanism are not clear.MethodsWe used an EMS animal model and gene knockout technique to explore the role of EMS-induced angiogenesis in EMS metastasis in vivo and in vitro and clarify the role and molecular mechanism of oxLDL in promoting EMS-induced angiogenesis.ResultsWe found that microvascular density (MVD) in metastasized ectopic endometrium and eutopic endometrial tissue was higher than that in normal endometrial tissue, and plasma oxLDL was positively correlated with the distant metastasis of EMS. Furthermore, we clarified that oxLDL enhanced the MVD of endometrial tissue by increasing VEGF-A expression and secretion in endometrial cells. Finally, we illustrated the mechanism by which oxLDL promotes VEGF-A expression through the AKT-HIF-1α signalling pathway.ConclusionOxLDL is a risk factor promoting distant EMS metastasis by increasing VEGF-A expression and secretion through AKT-HIF-1α signalling. This finding may provide theoretical support and therapeutic targets for the clinical prevention and treatment of EMS.

Bioinformatics identification and validation of biomarkers and infiltrating immune cells in endometriosis.

Endometriosis (EM) is a common gynecological disorder that often leads to irregular menstruation and infertility. The pathogenesis of EM remains unclear and delays in diagnosis are common. Thus, it is urgent to explore potential biomarkers and underlying molecular mechanisms for EM diagnosis and therapies. Three EM-related datasets (GSE11691, GSE25628, and GSE86534) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) which were integrated into a combined dataset after removing batch effect. Differentially expressed immune cell-related genes were obtained by CIBERSORT, WGCNA, and the identification of differentially expressed genes. Random forest model (RF), support vector machine model (SVM), and generalized linear model (GLM) were then constructed and the biomarkers for EM were determined. A nomogram evaluating the risk of disease was constructed and the validity was assessed by the calibration curve, DCA curve, and clinical impact curve. Single-gene Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA)was performed to explore the molecular mechanisms of biomarkers. The ceRNA regulatory network of biomarkers was created by Cytoscape and potential target drugs were obtained in the DGIdb database (Drug-Gene Interaction database).The expression levels of biomarkers from clinical samples was quantified by RT-qPCR. The ratio of eight immune cells was significantly different between the eutopic and ectopic endometrium samples. A total of eight differentially expressed immune cell-related genes were investigated. The SVM model was a relatively suitable model for the prediction of EM and five genes (CXCL12, PDGFRL, AGTR1, PTGER3, and S1PR1) were selected from the model as biomarkers. The calibration curve, DCA curve, and clinical impact curve indicated that the nomogram based on the five biomarkers had a robust ability to predict disease. Single gene GSEA result suggested that all five biomarkers were involved in labyrinthine layer morphogenesis and transmembrane transport-related biological processes in EM. A ceRNA regulatory network containing 184 nodes and 251 edges was constructed. Seven drugs targeting CXCL12, 49 drugs targeting AGTR1, 16 drugs targeting PTGER3, and 21 drugs targeting S1PR1 were extracted as potential drugs for EM therapy. Finally, the expression of PDGFRL and S1PR1 in clinical samples was validated by RT-qPCR, which was consistent with the result of public database. In summary, we identified five biomarkers (CXCL12, PDGFRL, AGTR1, PTGER3, and S1PR1) and constructed diagnostic model, furthermore predicted the potential therapeutic drugs for EM. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into EM diagnosis and treatment.

Abstract 292: Non-Arrest PulsePoint Activations In Public And Private Settings

Objectives: Geospatial “smart” technology such as PulsePoint is increasingly used to crowdsource community response for suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Although the clinical focus of this strategy is OHCA, dispatch identification is imperfect such that activation often occurs for the non-arrest patient. The frequency and clinical profile of such non-arrest patients has not been well characterized. Methods: Prospective 3-year cohort investigation of patients for whom the PulsePoint was activated for suspected OHCA in four United States communities (total population ~1 million). We evaluated those patients with a PulsePoint activation for suspected OHCA who were subsequently not found to be in cardiac arrest on arrival. The response cohort included off-duty, volunteer public safety personnel (verified responders) notified regardless of location (public or private) as well as laypersons who were only notified to public locations. We linked the PulsePoint information with EMS records to report the frequency, condition type, and EMS treatment for these patients. Results: Of 1779 calls where volunteers were activated, 756 were OHCA, which left 1023 non-arrest patients for evaluation. The most common EMS assessments were syncope (15.9%, n=163), altered mental status (15.5%, n=159), seizure (14.3%, n=146), overdose (13.0%, n=133), and choking (10.5%, n=107). These findings were similar for private and public locations. The most common EMS interventions included placement of an intravenous line (43.1%, n=441), 12-Lead ECG (27.9%, n=285), naloxone administration (9.8%, n=100), and airway or ventilation assistance (8.7%, n=89). Conclusions: More than half of patients activated for suspected OHCA by PulsePoint in both public and private had conditions other than cardiac arrest. A subset of these conditions may benefit from earlier care provided by both layperson and public safety volunteers if they were appropriately trained and equipped.

Etch-mineralizing treatment to improve dentin bonding

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effect of etch-mineralizing solution as a dentin treatment agent on dentin bonding.Methods This study designed four kinds of etch-mineralizing solutions (EMs) by adding sodium fluoride in 35% phosphoric acid aqueous solution with four different concentrations (5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/ml), and named F1, F2, F3 and F4, respectively. 35% phosphoric acid gel treatment was the control group. SEM, EDS, FTIR and microhardness tests were performed on the treated dentin. Shear bond strength was measured before and after aging. Nanoleakage was also evaluated. Fracture mode was researched after SBS testing. The antibacterial properties of treated dentin were also investigated through live/dead staining of biofilms.Results The smear layer was removed and mineralization substances were observed on the dentin surface and tubule, and no obvious collagen fibers were observed compared with the control group. FTIR spectrums showed that the ratios of phosphate/collagen on EMs treated dentin surfaces were significantly increased (P < 0.05). F2 group had the highest bonding strength (32.14 ± 7.33 MPa) and microhardness (66.08 ± 10.58), while the control group had the lowest bonding strength (21.81 ± 4.03 MPa) and microhardness (42.34 ± 7.08) (p < 0.05), and excellent bonding strength caused more cohesive fracture. Experimental groups showed less nanoleakage than group C (P < 0.05). Moreover, experimental groups had better antiaging performance and antibacterial properties than the control group (p < 0.05).Conclusion EMs treatment not only improved dentin bonding and antibacterial ability, but also remineralized dentin with autologous mineral elements.Clinical significance The treatment provides a novel therapeutic strategy for obtaining ideal dentin bonding strength and prolonging the longevity of the restoration.

Research into the mechanism of intervention of SanQi in endometriosis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology.

Background:By using network pharmacology and molecular docking technology, we have explored the mechanism of action of Sanqi in the treatment of endometriosis (EMS), in order to provide reference for clinical studies of Chinese medicine treatment of Ems and Chinese medicine pharmacology.Methods:There are 123 intersecting targets between the active ingredients of Sanqi and disease targets. In the Protein-Protein Interaction network, Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6, etc., are the core proteins. The top 20 genes ranked by degree have been analyzed according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway and Gene Ontology analysis, and 20 pathways have been identified.Results:On the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway, the most important part is the phosphatidylinositol 3’-kinase-Akt signaling pathway, and on the Gene Ontology pathway, it is the Heme binding. The top 3 targets docked to quercetin have a certain affinity when it is docked to their degree value. Among the chemical components of Sanqi, quercetin has the most targets, suggesting that it may play a major role in the treatment of EMS.Conclusion:The results of molecular docking provide further evidence of the potential role of Sanqi for EMS. Overall, our study provides a new direction for the treatment of EMS and provides the basis for Sanqi as a drug for the treatment of EMS.

Resolving the acute gamma irradiation and ethyl methanesulphonate induced lethality for Jasminum sambac L. (Aiton) cv. Ramanathapuram Gundumalli

Crop improvement in Jasminum sambac through induced mutagenesis entails the insight on the sensitiveness of the individual plant materials of a species to different classes and nature of the mutagens. The current assessment was undertaken to analyse the mutagenic effect of acute gamma irradiation and EMS in Jasminum sambac cv. Ramanathapuram Gundumalli. Semi-hardwood cuttings of the plants were exposed to different dosage levels of gamma rays varying from 0 Gy (control) to 40 Gy and decapitated rooted cuttings were treated with EMS from 0 mM (control) to 90 mM. The M1V1 generation was evaluated by treating the cuttings with four different doses of gamma rays (15 Gy, 20 Gy, 25 Gy and 30 Gy) and three concentrations of EMS (45 mM, 60 mM, 75 mM) formulated using respective LD50 doses.&nbsp; The lethality dosage (LD50) value for the cultivar Ramanathapuram Gundumalli was determined to be 21.37 Gy and 64.57 mM for gamma irradiation and EMS, respectively applying the probit curve analysis. The maximal reduction in the survival of cuttings of 75% and 71% correspondingly in gamma and EMS treatments was discerned at higher doses in comparison to the lower doses. The plants studied in M1V1 generation for growth and flowering characters exhibited variable responses pertaining to differing doses or concentrations of the specific mutagenic means. Keywords: Jasminum sambac, gamma irradiation, EMS, LD50 and semi-hardwood cuttings

Induced variations by gamma radiation and EMS on the agronomic traits, essential oil yield with its quality and their exploitation in Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt)

Purpose The slips of Cymbopogon winterianus (Java citronella) are used to propagate this industrially important crop. It does not have a mating system that allows it to create new variability or develop superior progenies, which could be addressed by using induced mutation caused by physical or chemical agents. Physical treatments, rather than chemical treatments, are believed to be the most incredible alternative for mutation breeding. As a result, this study aims to assess the effects of gamma radiation and EMS treatment on the development of better C. winterianus progenies. Materials and methods The three superior lines, i.e. JC-62 (IC-0627007), JC-55 (IC-0627000), and JC-71 (IC-0627018) based on high herbage, essential oil yield and citronellal content were selected through clonal selection during three-year evaluation. These were then irradiated with 60Co gamma rays (50 Gy, 100 Gy, 150 Gy, 200 Gy, 250 Gy, and 300 Gy) and treated with EMS dose (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1%) separately. Ten plants of each dose were mutated and planted in the experimental field to obtain the MV2 progenies. After 4 months, the plants were harvested, and the slips were prepared and planted to get the MV3 and subsequently MV4 progenies. All morphological and essential oil data have been recorded and analyzed statistically. The essential oil was extracted through the Clevenger apparatus for all the progenies, followed by GC and GC-MS analysis. Results The morpho-chemical study of the 112 healthy mutants has led to the identification of six superior progenies in MV4 progenies, M17, M63, M77, M179, M233, and M392. In terms of the economic yield, it was observed that mutant M77 treated with 0.20% EMS dose increased the herbage yield and citronellal content tremendously. In contrast, the progeny M17 irradiated with γ-100Gy increased essential oil yield from 1.32% to 1.50%. The EMS treatment at 0.10% and 0.20% doses showed an increasing trend in plant height, leaf length, tillers/bush, leaves/bush, herbage yield, and citronellal content compared to the base variety. The LD50 value of C. winterianus for gamma radiation and EMS treatment was averaged at 173 Gy and 0.72%, respectively. Conclusion In C. winterianus, both gamma rays and EMS treatment successfully created superior progenies with desired characteristics. The 0.20 percent EMS treatment significantly improved economic features, including herbage yield and citronellal content. Simultaneously, gamma radiation at 100 Gy produced the highest essential oil yield, which is a highly desirable characteristic in C. winterianus breeding.

Studies on Mutagenic Effectiveness and Efficiency of Gamma Rays and EMS in Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum)

Mutation breeding is the defined approach used for crop production and has played a key role in the creation of several varieties. The present research was carried out to induce mutants in kodo millet variety CO 3 using a physical mutagen (gamma rays) and a chemical mutagen (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate) for creating novelty. Seeds were treated with five doses of gamma-rays viz., 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 Gy, and 500 Gy at BARC, Kalpakam and with three concentrations of EMS viz., 24.15 mM, 32.20 mM and 40.25 mM. In the laboratory test, root and shoot lengths of seedlings were decreased with an increase in the dose of gamma rays and EMS. In field study, the germination percentage and survival rate of seedlings were decreased with an increase in the dose of gamma irradiation and EMS. In M2 generation, five types of chlorophyll mutations viz., albino, xantha, striata, chlorina and albomaculata were observed. Xantha and chlorina were observed in all treatments, whereas, striata and albomaculata were observed only in 200 Gy. Based on the biological damages on M2 plants, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency were estimated. Both mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency reduced with the increase in the dose of irradiation. Regarding height reduction and lethality, the dose of 100 Gy in gamma treatment and 32.20 mM concentration in EMS treatment recorded maximum efficiency. The mutagenic effectiveness was found to be higher at gamma rays irradiated with 100 Gy and in EMS, in 24.15 mM concentration. The 100 Gray dose and 24.15 mM concentration was found to be highly effective for inducing mutation in kodo millet.

Physio-biochemical Parameters of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) Induced by Gamma Rays and EMS

Background: Induced mutagenesis has proved as a crucial implement to create genetic variability for various essential traits. Trachyspermum ammi is one of the most important medicinal seed spices and its oil exhibits various pharmacological properties. Ajwain has been overlooked owing its narrow genetic base and little study has been performed to create genetic variations. Methods: Dry and healthy seeds of ajwain were treated with the different concentration of gamma rays (25,50,75 and 100Gy), EMS (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4%EMS) and different doses of combination treatments (25+0.1%, 50+0.2%, 75+0.3% and 100Gy+0.4%EMS). Among both the mutagens, gamma rays were found to be more effectual mutagens as compared to EMS. Result: The aim of the present study was to find out the mutagenic consequences of gamma rays, EMS and combination treatments on growth and physio-biochemical parameters of ajwain. Studies show that higher doses of both the mutagens caused significantly negative effect on the growth parameters whereas lower doses have positively influenced the parameters. Result shows lower doses of mutagens (25, 50Gy, 0.1%, 0.2%EMS and 25+0.1%, 50Gy+0.2%EMS) proved to be more effective as it caused less biological damage and therefore would be suitable for inducing the desirable mutations and improving the agronomic traits in ajwain.

Manipulation of sunflower population density and herbicide rate for economical and sustainable weed management

Field study tested weed control efficacy, crop yield and economic return using various weed management strategies in sunflower growing with different population density. Treatments included four rates of PRE emergence application of S-metolachlor + fluchloridon and one POST emergence application of flumioxazin + quizalofop-pethyl. PRE-em application (1.4 + 2.4 and 1.2 + 2.0) provided at the higher crop densities (70 000) best weed control. However, PRE- em treatments with lower doses (0.8 + 1.6 and 1.0 + 1.8) and POST- em application did not maintain acceptable control of dominant weeds. Grain yield increased with the crop density, but did not statistically differ between applied herbicide treatments. Finally, the implication of this study demonstrated that sole application of tested herbicide treatments at higher crop sowing density (60 000 and 70 000) was found to be economically the best alternative strategy for reducing weed infestation and achieving a better yield.

ETHYL METHANESULPHONATE (EMS) INDUCES DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN MAIZE

THIS STudy was aimed to induce genetic variation toward drought tolerance after treatment with EMS as a mutagen to two maize inbred lines and their single hybrid. The experiment was carried out at Abo-Ghraib Research Station, Baghdad during the spring season of 2019. The experiment included three irrigation intervals 7, 9 and 11, four concentrations of EMS (0, 50, 60, and 70 mM) and three maize genotypes distributed in three replications using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split-split plot arrangement which included three irrigation intervals 7, 9 and 11 days occupied the main plot, while the sub plots included three maize genotypes, and four EMS concentrations which were distributed in sub-sub plots. Results were revealed significant differences among EMS treatments and irrigation interval treatments. The inbred line 5 in control treatment showed a significant increase in days for both anthesis and silking (70.11 and 71.94) days, respectively. Plants of Nahrain hybrid also showed a super performance in plant height, leaf area, and number of rows ear-1, with a mean of 154.47cm, 746.31cm2 and 17.83 row ear-1, respectively. The irrigation intervals of 9 and 11 days were significantly decreased the mean performance of genotypes, compared to the shortest irrigation interval (7 days) which had highest mean in most traits. None treated plants (0 mM EMS) had a significant effect on the performance of most studied traits, except the anthesis and silking time, which gave the highest values under the concentration 60 mM with 69.11 and 70.48 days, respectively. Hybrid plants interacted significantly with the EMS concentration of 0 mM producing the maximal means of plant height and leaf area (169.56cm and 759.78cm2 respectively). On the other hand, the hybrid was significantly interacted with the shortest irrigation interval in the mean traits of plant's height and leaf area (163.50 cm and 757 cm2, respectively). The triple interaction between hybrids, shortest irrigation interval and EMS concentration of 60 mM had significantly increased leaf area reached 769.67cm2, meanwhile the triple interaction between hybrid plants, shortest irrigation interval, and the EMS concentration of 0 mM recorded the highest value of plant yield (199.67g). It can be concluded from the current study that the genotypes differed in their response to 9 and 11 days irrigation intervals, with a negative effect of the later interval on the vegetative and yield traits of maize compared with shorter irrigation interval.