Elsevier Research Articles

Conceptual Approach to Understanding the Social Aspects of the Educational Potential of the Islamic Studies

The relevance of the research theme, lies in its importance for the effective formation of a harmoniously developed personality and society, as well as maintaining the cultural, social and economic prosperity of the modern society. The purpose of this article is to study the social aspects of the educational potential within the framework of Islamic studies, as well as to reveal the conceptual approach to its understanding. The publication materials are the information from scientific and practical disciplines, highlighting the implementation of social aspects of the educational potential of the Islamic studies in its natural environment and in a foreign context, as well as monographic works on the topic and sources that are a fixation of research observations in the field of modernization of the educational and social systems of the society life. The following concepts are the result of its study: fixing the problem under study as a composite and inseparable and a large-scale system; determination of its leading categories; establishing the relationship between its components; the authors’ interpretation of this topic as a panoramic phenomenon interconnected with many other spheres of society. The practical significance of the work was revealed in its novelty, relevance and demand among representatives of the leading areas of scientific thought and activity such as history and sociology; ethics and religious studies; cultural studies and economics; pedagogy and psychology. The prospect of the problem under consideration lies in the need to observe, fix and study its reflection and relevance in the life of modern society, as well as in the importance of expanding and enriching the boundaries of “Islamic studies” as a scientific direction that promotes awareness of the role of spiritual principle in the formation of personality, as well as in saving the ethnic groups for their prosperity and progress.

Machine learning assists the sensor array constructed by the tri-emission carbon dots to detect multiple metal ions

Metal ions are related to the health of daily life, which urges to be detected and identified by efficient sensors. We first synthesize tri-emission carbon dots for the functional determination of six metal ions and obtain the multi-dimension data to construct the fluorescent sensor array in the work. Inspired by the data-driven method, machine learning is employed in a sensor array to detect and analyze the six metal ions. The ion classification and concentration models are constructed to identify metal ion types and corresponding concentrations. The classification model could correctly discriminate six metal ions, reaching 99.5 % accuracy and the concentration model exhibits an excellent performance range from 30 to 330 μM, with a mean concentration difference value of 0.12 μM and R2 value of 0.9845 for the unknown sample. Furthermore, six metal ions in tap water also can be distinguished with 96 % accuracy and the recovery rate is between 101.89 % and 106.37 %. This work shows that the machine learning combined sensor array has significant advantages in detecting multiple metal ions and provides a novel thought for analyzing sensing data, accelerating the development of data-driven strategies in the sensing field. © 2001 Elsevier Science. All rights reserved.

Photothermal Welding Strategy for Mechanical Stability and High Efficiency of ETL‐Free f‐PSCs

AbstractFlexible perovskite solar cells (f‐PSCs) have drawn widespread interest owing to their distinguished advantages in excellent flexibility and relatively low cost. However, the brittle grain boundaries (GBs) and defects in flexible perovskite film tremendously influence the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and mechanical flexibility of f‐PSCs. Herein, photothermal welding, a novel method, is used to improve the perovskite films quality and the PCE of f‐PSCs with a near‐infrared (NIR) dye (indocyanine green, ICG) and polycaprolactone (PCL) as additives. Due to the strong photothermal effect, ICG molecule not only can significantly enhance NIR light harvesting, but it also can weld GBs upon exposure to an NIR laser, which is conducive to the GBs connections and device flexibility. Meanwhile, the S═O bond of ICG and C═O bond of PCL can simultaneously coordinate with Pb2+ defects in perovskite. Furthermore, they can control crystal growth to form a smooth surface of perovskite film. Consequently, the unencapsulated PSCs based on ICG/PCL displays a high champion PCE of 20.62%, with 88.4% of the original PCE after being placed in dark conditions for 600 h. The f‐PSCs delivers a champion PCE of 19.55% and exhibits excellent mechanical stability, thus providing a meaningful scientific direction to fabricate high‐flexible f‐PSCs.

PREVALENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN CHILDREN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background: Even in affluent nations, IDA is still a significant public health issue, particularly for young children and women who are ready to have children. Aims: This systematic review is to review the treatment and prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in children. Methods: This study demonstrated compliance with all requirements by means of a comparison with the standards established by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020. Thus, the specialists were able to guarantee that the research was as current as feasible. Publications released between 2014 and 2024 were considered for this search strategy. This was accomplished by utilizing a number of distinct online reference sites, including Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and SagePub. It was determined that reviews, previously published works, and partially completed works would not be included. Result: In the PubMed database, the results of our search brought up 353 articles, whereas the results of our search on SCIENCE DIRECT brought up 8.865 articles, our search on SAGEPUB brought up 3.269 articles. The results of the search conducted for the last year of 2014 yielded a total 184 articles for PubMed, 4.071 articles for SCIENCE DIRECT and 1.144 articles for SAGEPUB. In the end, we compiled a total of 5 papers, 3 of which came from PubMed, 1 of which came from SCIENCE DIRECT and 1 of which came from SAGEPUB. We included five research that met the criteria. Conclusion: In summary, with its haematological repercussions of anemia, IDA is a prevalent and significant children health concern. To assess the effects of IDA on immunity and neurocognition, additional research is necessary. The key to successfully treating children with IDA is early identification and diagnosis of the condition together with competent interpretation of laboratory tests.

Influence of argon, helium, and their mixtures on the powder bed fusion of an Al–Cu–Li–Ti alloy using a laser beam: Evaporation, microstructure, and mechanical properties

The role of the inert processing gas during the powder bed fusion of metals using a laser beam (PBF-LB/M) is to prevent oxidation and remove process by-products, such as metal vapor and spatter particles. The present study aims to unveil additional impacts of using argon (Ar), helium (He), and two mixtures thereof as the processing gas on the material properties of a high-strength Al–Cu–Li–Ti alloy fabricated by PBF-LB/M. The part density, microstructure, static tensile properties, and volatile element evaporation were characterized as functions of the processing gas. Decreased porosity levels and increased melt penetration depths were found across a range of processing parameters when increasing the fraction of He in Ar indicating a more stable process and melt pool dynamics. A trend towards increasing yield and ultimate tensile strength was also observed and was attributed to a slightly refined grain size when processing under He-containing gases. The process gas had no significant influence on the evaporation of alloying constituents in the material. Overall, several advantages of using He-containing process gases over pure Ar in PBF-LB/M are demonstrated and discussed.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

ASSOCIATION OF BETA BLOCKER USE AND COPD MORTALITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) it is currently the third greatest cause of mortality worldwide and one of the main causes of morbidity Aims: This systematic review is to review the association of beta blocker use and COPD mortality. Methods: This study demonstrated compliance with all requirements by means of a comparison with the standards established by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020. Thus, the specialists were able to guarantee that the research was as current as feasible. Publications released between 2014 and 2024 were considered for this search strategy. This was accomplished by utilizing a number of distinct online reference sites, including Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and SagePub. It was determined that reviews, previously published works, and partially completed works would not be included. Result: In the PubMed database, the results of our search brought up 249 articles, whereas the results of our search on SCIENCE DIRECT brought up 18.876 articles, our search on SAGEPUB brought up 4.844 articles. The results of the search conducted for the last year of 2014 yielded a total 131 articles for PubMed, 6.875 articles for SCIENCE DIRECT and 1.840 articles for SAGEPUB. In the end, we compiled a total of 8 papers, 5 of which came from PubMed, 2 of which came from SCIENCE DIRECT and 1 of which came from SAGEPUB. We included eight research that met the criteria. Conclusion: In summary, beta blockers showed the effect to reduce the exacerbation or exacerbation related mortality of COPD in some cases. More studies needed in the future for more evidence of the use of beta blockers as the treatments in patients with COPD.

Modeling of energy recovery processes in railway traction power supply systems

Regenerative braking of trains can provide significant energy saving and a sizeable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The efficiency of energy recovery can be defined using an efficiency indicator equal to the product of the free-fall acceleration and the fraction of potential energy used in the recovery. Its slope dependence is well approximated by a polynomial of the third degree. The operating conditions of the traction power supply system of the mountain pass section of the main railway were modeled. The results obtained allowed the following conclusions to arrive at: regenerative braking is accompanied by circulating currents in adjacent inter-substation areas and leads to an absolute and relative increase in electrical energy losses in the traction network; the share of active energy losses rises by several times; the energy recovery causes a change in the direction of active energy flows at traction substations with a steep increase in reactive power consumption by trains; the energy recovery produces a significant decrease in voltage on the current collectors of electric locomotives; the voltage on the section under consideration, with three trains weighing tons decreased to 23 kV due to the large reactive energy consumption. © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

USE OF QUANTUM MODELS IN THE STUDY OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INNOVATIONS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

The article analyzes the main aspects of the application of quantum models for the analysis of relationships between innovations and economic growth, which are a promising direction in economic science. The influence of trends and challenges of globalization and accelerated technological innovations, which play a key role in realizing competitive advantages and increasing productivity, is determined; in promoting the sustainable development of the economy. The author defines the dynamics of innovation processes, which causes the need for new approaches, such as the principles of quantum modeling, defines the content of quantum models in global business. In particular, the principles that allow for more accurate modeling of uncertainty and non-linear processes characteristic of innovative activity are considered. The author pays special attention to the use of quantum models for accurate forecasting and planning of economic development, development of effective strategies for scientific research and state policy in the field of innovation. The recommendations are aimed at carrying out a comprehensive analysis and assessment of the impact of quantum technologies on economic indicators of employment, indicators of investment activity and international trade. In further scientific developments, it is expected to improve the comparative analysis of classical and quantum economic models for determining effective approaches to innovation management. A promising direction of scientific research is the development of a methodical tool for optimizing investments in research and R&D to improve the mechanisms of state support for innovative activities. Emphasis is placed on the fact that research results will contribute to the creation of a new generation of economic strategies based on the principles of quantum economics, and will open up new horizons for the growth and development of the world market.

Bioactivities of Prunus mahaleb: A Mini Review

The mahaleb cherry, which has the scientific name Prunus mahaleb L., is a fragrant shrub plant belonging to the Rosaceae family. The plant is commonly cultivated in the Mediterranean area. The people cultivated it for its essential oil and seeds, which have great therapeutic and nutritional value. It is widely distributed over North Africa, Central Asia, and Central-South Europe. The plant contains a variety of active constituents like coumarins, vital oils, polyphonic ingredients, and other phytochemical compounds that possess many pharmacological activities capable of improving people’s health. These activities include antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, gastro-protective, neuroprotective, and diabetic management actions. Overall data for this literature review was collected from online sources such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Research Gate, Elsevier, PubMed, and Web Science. In addition to that, the library of the pharmacognosy department was utilized to collect supplementary information on photochemical constituents, pharmacognosy, and pharmacological applications of mahaleb cherry. The gathered data was carefully examined and authenticated. The main aim of this review article is to uncover potential therapeutic activities of this plant that could be valuable in the future for therapeutic nutrition, as well as food and pharmaceutical industries.

Are open access fees a good use of taxpayers’ money?

Abstract Butler et al. (2023) reported that five large commercial publishers (Elsevier, Sage, Springer-Nature, Taylor & Francis and Wiley) received $1.06 billion in publication fees between 2015 and 2018. Another three publishers were mentioned (Frontiers, MDPI and PLOS), but were not analyzed. The revenue was underestimated and the number of open access (OA) articles increased over the period of study. The five publishers analyzed charged (on average) $1,989 for gold OA articles and $2,905 for hybrid articles. Peer Review https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway/wos/peer-review/10.1162/qss_c_00305

The ANALYSIS of the MECHANICAL PROPERTIES of REGIONAL PIPELINES

Piston pumps and compressors are widely used for exploration and transportation of oil and gas. Piston machines are heavy-duty systems that are still failure prone due to high stresses and wear proses. Increasing the efficiency and durability of the piston compressors, pumps, internal combustion engines, etc. directly depends on the correct calculations and designing of these elements. Using ANSYS software, simulation and stress analysis are performed on the basis of the 405GP15/70 and ARIEL heavy-duty balanced opposed piston compressors used in the Caspian Sea-Black Sea Region. During working of the machines and equipment a number of the processes interconnected and causing each other are proceeds (dynamic processes, wear of the interfaced details, change of mechanical properties of materials, etc.). Improvement of modelling of technical condition of cars and mechanisms on a multicriteria basis is one of the actual directions of modern engineering science. The improvement of methods of modelling of change of technical conditions of the piston mechanisms taking into account interrelation of dynamic characteristics, the wear interfaced details and the diagnosed mechanical parameters considered in this article. By observing the analysis results, we can decide whether our designed pipelines are safe or not under applied load conditions. The durable and reliable work of compressor-pump stations used in the oil and gas industry has great importance for practice. Investigation of complex problems with respect to friction and wear (clearances), stresses, and thermodynamics phenomena in the piston machines, and oil and gas pipelines gives the opportunity to solve the problems of increasing the durability of these machines and pipelines. Confirmation that the new methodologies can be produced by the current supply chain improving manufacturing efficiency and reducing the environmental and social impact of the supply chain.

Legal perspectives on innovations and intellectual property rights

The article focuses on the legal aspects of innovations and intellectual property. The relevance of the study arises from the fact that innovations are increasingly affecting human life. At the same time, the issue of copyright is quite acute since intellectual property in the modern information space is a resource that must be protected very carefully. Therefore, the legal aspects of innovations and intellectual property require a comprehensive study. The following research methods were employed in this paper: description, analysis and synthesis, comparison, generalization, and modeling. The article describes the importance of innovations at the present stage. It defines the essence of the "innovations" concept. The authors reviewed normative legal acts representing the legal aspects of innovation. They include the Law of Ukraine "On Innovation Activity," the Law of Ukraine "On Priority Areas of Innovative Activity," the Law of Ukraine "On Priority Directions of Science and Technology Development," the Law of Ukraine "On State Forecasting and Development of Programs of Economic and Social Development of Ukraine." The role of the state in regulating innovations in the legal field is disclosed. Normative legal acts in the field of intellectual property were systematized. The DSTU 3574-97 Patent Formulary is analyzed, covering its basic provisions, the procedure for compilation and design, as well as the DSTU 3575-97 Patent Research, including its basic provisions and the procedure for conducting it. The authors also analyzed the Law of Ukraine "On Effective Management of Property Rights of Rights Holders in the Field of Copyright and (or) Related Rights," the Law of Ukraine "On Copyright and Related Rights," the Constitution of Ukraine, the Civil Code of Ukraine, Presidential Decree No. 299/2017, the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "On the Formation of the Council on Intellectual Property Issues," and the "Patent Law Agreement."

МЕТОДИКА КОМПЛЕКСНОГО АНАЛИЗА ИСТОРИИ ПОВСЕДНЕВНОЙ ЖИЗНИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ

The history of everyday life is a relatively young direction for world historical science and practically new for domestic historiography. Proponents of this trend focus on the everyday practices of behavior of ordinary citizens in a certain historical period. They contrast the history of everyday life with the traditional study of the past, when the central place in the study is not political history, economic structures or sociocultural processes, but the life world of ordinary people. Critics of the history of everyday life often reproach it for the lack of full-fledged methods that could combine the results of research on various topics. While fundamentally agreeing with the arguments of both sides, it should be noted that within the framework of scientific publications based on the methodology of the history of everyday life, significant experience has now been accumulated. At the same time, some authors propose to study stable structures of everyday life; others analyze behavioral and emotional reactions. That is why the diversity of understanding of what everyday life is requires ordering, systematization and the development of a methodology for a comprehensive analysis of the everyday life of the population in its historical perspective. The first part of the article is an attempt to develop an algorithm for such an analysis, which includes both the study of the “structures of everyday life” in the political, economic and sociocultural space, and the actions of ordinary inhabitants in these spaces with their personal perception of the historical reality in which they lived. The second part of the article proposes testing the developed methodology for a comprehensive study of everyday life using materials reflecting the daily life of disabled people during the Patriotic War in the Krasnoyarsk Region of 1941–1945.

Construction of stereogenic center beta to the N-Pyrrolidinyl moiety via diastereoselective reactions of tricyclic lactones and the synthesis of (−)-Indolizidine 195G

The Enolates of hexahydro-3,4-dioxa-8a-aza-as-indacen-2-ones can react with electrophiles in a substrate-controlled fashion to create a new stereogenic center positioned beta to the N-pyrrolidinyl moiety. Preferential diastereoselective reactions predominantly proceeded from the convex face of the enolates, yielding stereospecific alkylated or halo-substituted products with high yields and exceptional diastereoselectivities. Di-substituted compounds were obtained by the alkylation or halogenation of the enolates of the corresponding mono-substituted compounds. Total synthesis of (−)-indolizidine 195G was also accomplished. © 2024 Elsevier Science. All rights reserved.

Evaluating visitors’ experience in museum: Comparing artificial intelligence and multi-partitioned analysis

Analysing visitors' behaviour in a museum or in a cultural site is a crucial element to manage spaces and artworks arrangement as well as improving the visit experience. This paper presents the preliminary results of the ARTEMISIA project, exploiting Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to study, design and develop a methodology to interpret visitors' behaviour within a museum context, namely the Museum of Rome in Palazzo Braschi (Rome, Italy). The aim is to combine literature on users' experience (UX) analysis with experimental data coming from the visitor anonymous tracking out of motion sensors (users' stand-still positions, viewpoint direction, movements), merging approaches of different research domains. Through the use of agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithms, four categories of visitors were identified, then associated to user profiles emerged by UX evaluations. Such analysis may lead to new forms of visitors profiling and to the development of a new generation of customised applications in public and private contexts. Identifying and predicting users’ patterns with respect to museum halls arrangement may also be useful to suggest improvement in the museum spaces and exhibitions (new indications, updated storytelling or changes in thematic configuration).© 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Surface treatment of poly(p-phenylene sulfide) and its impact on adhesion of epoxy resin: Theoretical insights

The adhesion of epoxy resin and poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS) is investigated using density functional theory. This study investigated the unoxidized and oxidized (100), (110), and (010) surfaces of PPS, with (110) and (010) surfaces having the highest and lowest adhesive strengths, respectively. Surface oxidation increased the adhesive strength, particularly that of surfaces with initially low strength. The change in surface roughness by oxidation also affected the dispersion interaction, decreasing for the (100) and (110) surfaces and increasing for the (010) surface. The contribution of both interactions resulted in comparable adhesive strength for all oxidized surfaces. These findings provide insights for adhesion to PPS materials.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Enhanced piezoelectric performance of PVDF/MWCNTs energy harvester through a 3D-printed multimodal auxetic structure for smart security systems

Piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) have attracted considerable attention over recent decades for their ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. However, the current landscape is characterized by a lack of structural variety, which constrains the potential for notable performance improvements and the expansion of applications of these devices. To address these challenges, three distinct metamaterial structures are investigated through numerical simulations in this study. An auxetic, reentrant shape with carefully optimized dimensions was found as the best choice for the development of an efficient Polyvinylidene fluoride/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PVDF/MWCNTs) PEH with optimized composition. This structure exhibits a remarkable capability to activate three different piezoelectric modes. Given it is polarization in the z-direction, the structure activates both d31 and d32 modes upon stretching in the x-direction, benefitting from the structure's negative Poisson's ratio and generating an open circuit voltage of 14.8 V. In contrast, compression in the z-direction activates the d33 mode, resulting in an open-circuit voltage of 28.2 V. This design allows the harvester to charge a 1 μF capacitor to 22 V within 260 seconds. The structure's feasibility is further evidenced by its fabrication using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology. To further extend its practicality and real-world application, the PEH can be seamlessly integrated into large-scale commercial, industrial, and residential flooring, offering a novel approach to security systems. In this innovative approach, the PVDF/MWCNTs PEH converts the compressive force of footsteps into electrical signals. These signals serve as triggers for an integrated alarm system. Essentially, the electrical signal functions as a switch: its transmission acts like a closed switch that triggers the activation of the alarm system. Conversely, the absence of the signal is an open switch, indicating that no external force is acting on the tiles and a safe condition is maintained. Remarkably, the PEH can produce a voltage of 19.8 V when activated by the footsteps of a 60 kg person, demonstrating its practical utility.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Theorizing Security-Pandemic Aspects and Variables for Post-Pandemic Architecture

"Theorizing security-pandemic aspects and variables for post-pandemic architecture" refers to creating propositions and theory systems for the security-pandemic aspects and variables in the presence of pandemic and health issues and the consequences of changing hybrid activities within living-working space. COVID-19 has caused changes in architecture, especially in the context of the security pandemic. Architecture needs different strategies to help prevent disease in the future. A theorizing theory involves classification and interpreted terms, network analysis, and creating propositions and theories based on aspects and variables. The findings are 3 new interpretations of aspects, 14 sub-aspects of security-pandemic theory, and 23 security-pandemic variables that can be used as strategies in architecture design. The interconnection between aspects (dynamics, distancing, and living-working pattern), sub-aspects, and variables are connected regarding control, prevention, and deterring patterns for disease spread through person-to-person and media/surface-to-person. These findings will support future research in preventive measures in post-pandemic architecture, creating innovative building and green code certifications for security-pandemic theory or modifying the existing codes and green certifications.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Statistical analysis of regional STEC gradient trends for midlatitude ionosphere

In this study, the gradients of Total Electron Content (TEC) for a midlatitude region are estimated and grouped with respect to the distance between neighboring stations, time periods within a day, and satellite directions. Annual medians of these gradients for quiet days are computed as templates. The metric distances (L2N) and Symmetric Kullback-Leibler Distances (SKLD) are obtained between the templates and the daily gradient series. The grouped histograms are fitted to the prospective Probability Density Functions (PDF). The method is applied to the Slant Total Electron Content (STEC) estimates from the Turkish National Permanent GPS Network (TNPGN-Active) for 2015. The highest gradients are observed in the east-west axis with a maximum of 25 mm/km during a geomagnetic storm. The maximum differences from the gradient templates occur for neighboring stations within 100 to 130 km distance away from each other, during night hours, and for regions bordering the Black Sea and the Mediterranean in the northeast and southeast of Turkey. The empirical PDFs of the station-pair gradients are predominantly Weibull-distributed. The mean values of Weibull PDFs in all station groups are between 1.2 and 1.8 mm/km, with an increase during noon and afternoon hours. The standard deviations of the gradient PDFs generally increase during night hours. The algorithm will form a basis for quantifying the stochastic variations of the spatial rate of change of TEC trends in midlatitude regions, thus supplementing reliable and accurate regional monitoring of ionospheric variability.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Enhancing water management in smart agriculture: A cloud and IoT-Based smart irrigation system

It is widely acknowledged that traditional agricultural practices must effectively address the increasing global demand for food while facing water scarcity and climate change challenges. The imperative for environmentally sustainable agricultural approaches has never been more urgent. In response, IoT-based Smart Agriculture has emerged as a promising solution. Smart Agriculture can significantly bolster agricultural development by integrating renewable energy sources, particularly in arid regions with abundant sunlight. Real-time control systems utilizing big data acquisition and processing are pivotal in this advancement. This study introduces a cloud-based smart irrigation system to connect numerous small-scale smart farms and centralize pertinent data. The system optimizes irrigation water usage through comprehensive big data collection, storage, and analysis. Leveraging the insights from this data can facilitate informed decision-making regarding water management, thereby fostering conservation efforts, particularly in arid regions. Additionally, this research explores weather prediction services to enhance irrigation control, particularly during intermittent rainy periods, within a real-world testbed powered by solar energy. The testbed incorporates a sophisticated big data management system. It showcases a Smart Farm prototype leveraging the Internet of Things, embedded systems, low-cost Wireless Sensor Networks, NI CompactRIO controller, and Cloud Computing. Encouragingly, the results demonstrate tangible improvements in water conservation. Furthermore, the deployment methodology outlined in this study provides a clear roadmap that can be readily adapted for similar research endeavors.© 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.