Elongation Parameters Research Articles

THz-EPR-based Magneto-Structural Correlations for Cobalt(II) Single-Ion Magnets With Bis-Chelate Coordination.

New cobalt(II)-based complexes with [N2O2] coordination formed by two bis-chelate ligands were synthesized and characterized by a multi-technique approach. The complexes possess an easy-axis anisotropy (D<0) and magnetic measurements show a field-induced slow relaxation of magnetization. The spin-reversal barriers, i. e., the splitting of the two lowest Kramers doublets (UZFS), have been measured by THz-EPR spectroscopy, which allows to distinguish the two crystallographically independent species present in one of the complexes. Based on these experimental UZFS energies together with those for related complexes reported in literature, it was possible to establish magneto-structural correlations. UZFS linearly depends on the elongation parameter ϵT of the (pseudo-)tetrahedral coordination, which is given by the ratio between the average obtuse and acute angles at the cobalt(II) ion, while UZFS was found to be virtually independent of the twist angle of the chelate planes. With increasing deviation from the orthogonality of the latter, the rhombicity (|E/D|) increases.

Hydrodynamic force coefficients for spherical triangle shell fragments: Dependence on the aspect ratio and flatness

Euler–Lagrange simulations of particle-laden flow require hydrodynamic models of drag and lift forces for individual particles. Our goal is to develop models that can prescribe these forces for arbitrarily orientated shell objects. Here, we use computational fluid dynamics simulations of steady bottom-boundary layer flow over a series of spherical triangle shell fragments to calculate the hydrodynamic forces. The simulations explicitly resolve the wall boundary layers using grid resolution on the order of y+=1 at the shell fragment surface and use the SST k-omega turbulence closure model. These fragments cover a range of aspect ratio and flatness characteristics. The shell fragments are generated as triangular selections of a spherical shell with azimuthal and longitudinal angles proscribed based on elongation and flatness parameters (varying between 1 to 5, and 0.02 to 0.2 respectively), while characteristic length of the fragment is held constant to define the overall fragment size. Fragment orientations are considered with independently varying pitch, roll, and yaw each ranging from 0 to 180 degrees. The numerical estimates for the forces from all simulations were used to develop robust parameterizations of the drag and lift as a function of aspect ratio and flatness characteristics, as well as orientation of the shell fragments.

Stagnant rings and uniform film analysis of Phan-Thien Tanner fluid film flow on a vertically upward moving tube

Analyzing Phan-Thien Tanner fluid film behavior on a vertically upward moving tube can help predictive models in engineering, notably in coating and lubrication operations. This paper provides a theoretical analysis of the dynamics of stagnant rings and uniform Phan-Thien Tanner fluid film adhered to a vertically upward moving tube. Formulated ordinary differential equations are solved to get exact analytic expressions for velocity, flow rate, average velocity, shear stress components, and stagnant rings. Highly nonlinear algebraic equations are solved using Newton's method in MAPLE to find the linear and exponential Phan-Thien Tanner film thicknesses. The uniform film thickness widens with increasing constant tube velocity, while it decreases with increasing Deborah number, Stokes number, and elongation parameter. The analysis delineates that stagnant rings shrink around the tube as the Stokes number, Deborah number, and elongation parameter increase. The minimal Stokes condition for the existence of a realistic stagnant ring is also determined. It has been established that whenever the Stokes number is less than the minimal Stokes condition, stagnant rings do not form. A comparison between the exponential Phan-Thien Tanner, linear Phan-Thien Tanner, upper convected Maxwell, and Newtonian fluids is also provided for stagnant rings and fluid film thickness. Following the application of an efficient approximation on tube geometry, plate geometry is approximated, and the outcomes are consistent with existing literature. The results of this research are significant for a wide range of biofluid applications, including agrochemical uses, paint and surface coating flow behavior, thin films on the cornea and lungs, and chemical and nuclear reactor design.

Pandangan Tokoh Falak tentang Elongasi pada Penentuan Awal Syawal 1443 H dalam Kriteria Neo MABIMS di Indonesia

Indonesia implemented the Neo MABIMS criteria for the first time at the beginning of Ramadan and Shawwal 1443 H/2021 AD. However, the application of this new criterion raises an issue of problems in determining the beginning of Shawwal 1443 H. This problem arises in the implementation of the elongation parameter. So there is a confusion that arises for experts and observers of falak in the case of the beginning of the month. This will lead to uncertainty if it is not studied. Therefore, this research was raised using field research and qualitative approach. Data collection in this study was carried out by interviewing Indonesian Falak figures and some data using documentation. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis method and triangulation method to obtain valid results. The results of this study indicate that the Neo MABIMS criteria are the result of a new agreement from the renewal of previous criteria with higher parameters. The problem in determining the beginning of Shawwal 1443 H by implementing the Neo MABIMS criteria arises due to the lack of agreement on the use of geocentric or topocentric elongation parameters. In this Shawwal case, the experts decided to use geocentric elongation by considering maslaha (public interest). However, for this case, it was still in an ambiguous state due to there were two paradigms from the Falak figures regarding the implement of elongation, namely geocentric and topocentric.

Flow analysis of temperature-dependent variable viscosity Phan Thien Tanner fluid thin film over a horizontally moving heated plate

Comprehending the temperature-dependent variable viscosity Phan Thien Tanner fluid film flow over a horizontal heated plate with surface tension is essential to enhancing coating and lubrication process prediction models. This paper accords with the flow analysis of a temperature-dependent variable viscosity Phan Thien Tanner fluid film over a horizontal heated plate. The flow over a heated plate occurs as a result of the plate’s motion and the surface tension gradient. The Adomian decomposition method is utilized to solve a system of linear and nonlinear ordinary differential equations, resulting in series-form solutions. The series-form expressions for flow variables such as velocity, temperature, volume flow rate, and surface tension are derived. Moreover, the positions of stationary points are computed using MATHEMATICA. The analysis delineated that when the inverse capillary number, variable viscosity parameter, Deborah number, elongation parameter, and Brinkman number increase, the stationary points move closer to the heated plate. The temperature also rises with an increase in these parameters. The temperature rises with increasing viscous dissipation while it lowers with increasing thermal diffusion. When the Deborah number is high, the Phan Thien Tanner fluid behaves like a solid and the flow is only driven by the motion of the plate. A comparison between Newtonian and Phan Thien Tanner fluids is made for velocity, temperature, and stationary points as a special case.

Research on the deformation law of ultra-thin fiber metal laminates under the synergistic effect of nano-reinforcement and scale effect

At present, titanium alloy/carbon fiber reinforced polymer (TA1/CFRP) laminates, representing the latest fourth generation of fiber metal laminates (FMLs), are predominantly applied in the field of aerospace. The miniaturization of traditional FMLs in thickness or plane size to the micron level for the study of structural properties of ultra-thin laminates will further expand the application of FMLs in the field of micro-devices. Given that carbon nanotubes have a strengthening mechanism in polymers. However, most existing studies have focused on the effect of carbon nanotubes on the properties of macro-scale FMLs, while the enhancement mechanism of the interfacial and mechanical properties of ultra-thin micro-scale FMLs has not been studied, leaving the mechanism still unclear. Based on this, this paper explores the interfacial deformation mode, damage fracture and performance enhancement mechanism of the ultra-thin TA1/CFRP laminates by comparing the parameters of tensile strength and elongation under quasi-static conditions and different process parameters of multi-walled carbon nanotubes content, test temperature, geometry size and grain size. Meanwhile, the correlation law between high-speed tension and quasi-static tension is determined, a 29.3 % increase in tensile strength as the strain rate rises from 0.001 s−1 to 100 s−1, yielding the basic deformation law of ultra-thin FMLs.

Investigation of multidirectional toxicity induced by high-dose molybdenum exposure with Allium test

In this study, the multifaceted toxicity induced by high doses of the essential trace element molybdenum in Allium cepa L. was investigated. Germination, root elongation, weight gain, mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), chromosomal abnormalities (CAs), Comet assay, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and anatomical parameters were used as biomarkers of toxicity. In addition, detailed correlation and PCA analyzes were performed for all parameters discussed. On the other hand, this study focused on the development of a two hidden layer deep neural network (DNN) using Matlab. Four experimental groups were designed: control group bulbs were germinated in tap water and application group bulbs were germinated with 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/L doses of molybdenum for 72 h. After germination, root tips were collected and prepared for analysis. As a result, molybdenum exposure caused a dose-dependent decrease (p < 0.05) in the investigated physiological parameter values, and an increase (p < 0.05) in the cytogenetic (except MI) and biochemical parameter values. Molybdenum exposure induced different types of CAs and various anatomical damages in root meristem cells. Comet assay results showed that the severity of DNA damage increased depending on the increasing molybdenum dose. Detailed correlation and PCA analysis results determined significant positive and negative interactions between the investigated parameters and confirmed the relationships of these parameters with molybdenum doses. It has been found that the DNN model is in close agreement with the actual data showing the accuracy of the predictions. MAE, MAPE, RMSE and R2 were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the DNN model. Collective analysis of these metrics showed that the DNN model performed well. As a result, it has been determined once again that high doses of molybdenum cause multiple toxicity in A. cepa and the Allium test is a reliable universal test for determining this toxicity. Therefore, periodic measurement of molybdenum levels in agricultural soils should be the first priority in preventing molybdenum toxicity.

Expanded Perlite Mineral As a Natural Additive Used In Polylactide-Based Biodegradable Composites

Polylactide (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer derived from natural resources used in various applications ranging from medical to packaging. In this study, biocomposites were developed by combining perlite mineral (PER), a natural filler material, with a biodegradable PLA matrix in incorporated contaminations of 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. The purpose of this work is to obtain composites having low production costs while retaining their main properties. Mixing force measurements, tensile, Shore hardness, impact tests, melt flow indices (MFI), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluations were carried out on composite samples to determine the processing, mechanical, melt flow, and morphological aspects of the developed composites. When the tensile test data were reviewed, minor decreases in the tensile strength and % elongation parameters were noticed with perlite loadings. The inclusion of perlite powder significantly reduced the impact strength value of PLA. Composites with high amounts of PER displayed elevated hardness values. While the MFI results were analyzed, it was deduced that the addition of PER increased the melt flow characteristics of the PLA polymer. At low PER quantities, SEM micrographs displayed that PER particles were homogeneously distributed in the PLA phase. The particle homogeneity in the composite morphology deteriorated as the PER loading ratio in the composites rose. According to the overall results, the highest performance among composites was achieved in the sample including 2.5% PER, and this sample was considered to be the most suitable option for applications regarding PLA-based biocomposite material purposes.

The effect of particle geometry (size & shape) on the recovery of gold and copper metallic particles from end-of-life random access memory cards by flotation

Since Random Access Memory (RAM), one of the main parts of computers contains a remarkable quantity of precious metals, applying flotation at the pre-concentration stage to recycle these metals can result in a more cost-effective, user-friendly, and environmentally friendly process compared to direct chemical methods. While the significance of physical characteristics like particle size and shape in the flotation process is well established, the impact of particle shape in the flotation process utilized in the recycling of end-of-life (EoL) RAMs hasn’t yet been thoroughly investigated. To fill this gap, a two-stage coarse flotation approach is used for the selective recovery of plastic and valuable metallic particles for sustainable development. The particle geometry of metallic particles recovered by flotation was characterized by axis measurement on the images by optical microscope that allows us to distinguish particles of different sizes and colors that make up the sample and evaluated in terms of particle size distribution (PSD), elongation (E) and roundness (R) parameters. The results showed that after the plastic fraction is effectively removed, it is possible to produce pre-concentrated products with high metal content (more than 50 % Cu content at the 1st stage and 1800 g/t Au content at the 2nd stage using 900 g/t KAX) in an economical and environmentally friendly way. Thus, it was concluded that the gold and copper metallic particles in the reduced-size EoL RAM cards could be easily floated by attaching them to the air bubble with the help of the collector, thanks to their flat shape.

Efficacy of the DRL orthokeratology lens in slowing axial elongation in French children.

This study aims to assess and compare the impact of Orthokeratology Double Reservoir Lens (DRL) versus Single Vision Lenses (SVL) on axial elongation and anterior chamber biometric parameters in myopic children over a 6- and 12-month treatment period in France. A retrospective study involving 48 patients aged 7 to 17 years, who underwent either orthokeratology treatment or single-vision spectacle correction, was conducted. Changes in refractive error, axial length, and anterior chamber depth were examined. Twenty-five patients comprised the Orthokeratology (OK) group, while twenty-three were in the control group (single-vision spectacle group). Significant increases in mean axial length were observed over time in both the control (0.12 ± 0.13 mm and 0.20 ± 0.17 mm after 6 and 12 months, respectively; F (2,28.9) = 27.68, p < 0.001) and OK groups (0.02 ± 0.07 mm and 0.06 ± 0.13 mm after 6 and 12 months, respectively; F (2,29.1) = 5.30, p = 0.023). No statistically significant differences in axial length were found between male and female children (p > 0.620). Age-specific analysis revealed no significant axial elongation after 12 months in the 14-17 years group in the OK group. Anterior biometric data analysis at 6 and 12 months showed statistical significance only for the DRL group. Orthokeratology resulted in an 86 and 70% reduction in axial elongation after 6 and 12 months of lens wear, respectively, compared to the single-vision spectacles group. Myopia progression was more pronounced in younger children, underscoring the importance of initiating myopia control strategies at early ages.

Numerical simulations of Phan-Thien-Tanner viscoelastic fluid flows based on the SPH method

Numerical simulations of viscoelastic fluid flows are always a hot issue in the field of computational fluid dynamics and the study of their complex rheological properties has important academic and engineering application value. In the present work, we develop a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method for simulating transient viscoelastic fluid flows governed by the Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) constitutive equation. To improve the computational accuracy of the SPH method, the mixed symmetric correction algorithm of kernel gradient is implemented. To remove the particle clustering and unphysical fracture in fluid stretching which is named as the tensile instability, the artificial stress model is added into the momentum equation. We firstly apply the proposed SPH method to solve the plane Poiseuille flow of a PTT viscoelastic fluid, in which the effectiveness and advantage of the method are verified by comparing the SPH solution with those obtained by the finite volume method (FVM) and analyzing the l2 norm error of different SPH solutions to the FVM solution. Then, the method is employed to simulate the impact behavior of a PTT viscoelastic droplet with a rigid plate. In particular, we not only investigate the spreading behavior of PTT viscoelastic droplet after impacting the rigid plate, but also for the first time capture and analyze the bouncing behavior of droplet by decreasing the Reynolds number. The influences of the Reynolds number, the Weissenberg number, the solvent viscosity ratio, and the PTT elongational parameter on the droplet dynamics behavior are further deeply studied. Numerical results demonstrate that the SPH method proposed in this paper is a powerful computation tool for simulating PTT viscoelastic fluid flows and is capable of effectively describing their complex rheological properties and free surface variation characteristics.

Laboratory investigation of railway-used ballast morphology using 3D imaging data analyses

Railway ballast deteriorates over time due to cyclic loading and environmental factors, necessitating its replacement to maintain track stability. However, the potential shortage of fresh ballast has posed challenges in replacing used ballast. One of the challenges in recycling used ballast is determining its useful life. This study proposes a method to characterize fresh and used ballast morphology and shape properties using digital images and advanced data analysis software. The aim is to establish a threshold that distinguishes when ballast can be considered “used.”. The study utilizes basic morphology parameters of flatness, elongation, roundness, sphericity, and convexity. Used ballast is generated through the Los Angeles abrasion (LAA) test method, while fresh ballast serves as the control sample. The analysis suggests that specific combinations of shape indices, such as roundness and convexity, offer insights into differentiating between the two types of ballast. Notably, significant differences are observed in the sphericity and convexity indices between fresh and used ballast samples. However, A systematic definition of used ballast based on the basic morphology indices alone was not feasible. Only the combination of sphericity index (> 0.825) and convexity index (> 0.9), by which both indices of used ballast were higher than those of fresh ballast, could roughly classify fresh and used ballast, although a minor overlap persisted. Further exploration of the data using advanced statistical techniques and machine learning could enhance the accuracy of defining used ballast.

Surgical Treatment of Facial Abscesses and Jaw Osteomyelitis of Dental Origin Using Extraoral Tooth Extraction in the Domestic Rabbit: A Case Series.

The treatment of facial abscesses of dental origin is difficult as jaw osteomyelitis in rabbits is mainly associated with a thick caseous pus that is particularly difficult to drain. Precise identification of the teeth involved in the infected site with the use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was expected to ensure a favorable surgical treatment plan without a long-term local antibiotic strategy or local marsupialization. The first part of the study compared multi-planar reconstruction (MPR) and 3D reconstruction complemented by a maximum intensity projection filter (MIP). The surgical part of the study included rabbits with documentation of the treatment outcome for a period greater than one month after surgery and having had at least one post-operative CBCT demonstrating the achievement of surgical extraction. MPR is significantly more efficient than MIP techniques for alveolar bone (P < 10-7), spongious bone (P < 10-10) and apical elongation (P < 10-5) parameters. Nineteen of 20 surgical sites gave radiological confirmation of the success of the surgical plan. Eighteen of 20 of the abscess sites were clinically healed within one month. Seven out of 20 of the abscess sites presented evidence of one dental structure regrowth following the CBCT recheck. Two out of these seven cases presented with a concomitant persistent chronic facial fistula. Both cases healed after second-stage surgery to extract the tooth structure. The mean number of teeth extracted was 2.85, and seven of the 20 procedures included one incisor.

Bending-torsional vibrations of aircraft wing

The problems of bending-torsional flutter of an aircraft wing are considered. Using equations of motion by the Bubnov-Galerkin method, based on the polynomial approximation of deflections and angle of twist, the problem is reduced to studying a system of ordinary integro-differential equations, where the independent variable is time. The solution of integro-differential equations with singular kernels is found by a numerical method based on quadrature formulas. The influence of physical-mechanical and geometric parameters on the flutter of the aircraft wing was studied. It was established that an account for the viscoelastic properties of the material of thin-walled aircraft structures leads to a 40-60% decrease in the critical flutter velocity. It is shown that an increase in the elongation parameter of an aircraft wing leads to a decrease in the flutter velocity.

Long-Term Refrigerated Storage of Beef Using an Active Edible Film Reinforced with Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Containing Oregano Essential Oil (Lippia graveolens Kunth).

Beef is a fundamental part of the human diet, but it is highly susceptible to microbiological and physicochemical deterioration which decrease its shelf life. This work aimed to formulate an active edible film (AEF) incorporated with amino-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (A-MSN) loaded with Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth) essential oil (OEO) and to evaluate its effect as a coating on fresh beef quality during refrigerated storage. The AEF was based on amaranth protein isolate (API) and chitosan (CH) (4:1, w/w), to which OEO emulsified or encapsulated in A-MSN was added. The tensile strength (36.91 ± 1.37 MPa), Young's modulus (1354.80 ± 64.6 MPa), and elongation (4.71%) parameters of AEF made it comparable with synthetic films. The antimicrobial activity of AEF against E. coli O157:H7 was improved by adding 9% (w/w) encapsulated OEO, and interactions of glycerol and A-MSN with the polymeric matrix were observed by FT-IR spectroscopy. In fresh beef, after 42 days, AEF reduced the population growth (Log CFU/cm2, relative to uncoated fresh beef) of Brochothrix thermosphacta (5.5), Escherichia coli (3.5), Pseudomonas spp. (2.8), and aerobic mesophilic bacteria (6.8). After 21 days, odor acceptability of coated fresh beef was improved, thus, enlarging the shelf life of the beef and demonstrating the preservation capacity of this film.

Atomistic Description of Interdroplet Ice-Bridge Formation during Condensation Frosting.

The propagation of frost in an assembly of supercooled dew droplets takes place by the formation of ice protrusions that bridge ice particles and still-liquid droplets. In this work, we develop a Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model to study the formation kinetics of the ice protrusions. The KMC simulations reproduce well the experimental results reported in the literature. The elongation speed of the ice protrusions does not depend on the droplet size but increases when the interdroplet distance decreases, the temperature increases, or the substrate wettability increases. While 2D diffusion of the water molecules on the substrate surface is sufficient to explain the process kinetics, high 3D (vapor) water-molecule concentration can lead to the development of 3D lateral branches on the ice protrusions. A 1D analytical model based on the water-molecule concentration gradient between a droplet and a nearby ice particle reproduces well the simulation results and highlights the relation between the protrusion elongation kinetics and parameters like the interdroplet distance, the water diffusivity, and the concentration gradient. The bridge-formation time has a quadratic dependence on the droplet-ice distance. Comparing the simulations, the analytical model, and the experimental results of the literature, we conclude that the propagation of frost on a flat substrate in an assembly of supercooled dew droplets with interdroplet spacing larger than about 1 μm is limited by water-molecule diffusivity.

Quantifying F-actin patches in single melanoma cells using total-internal reflection fluorescence microscopy

Total-internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscope is a unique technique for selective excitation of only those fluorophore molecules in a cellular environment, which are located at the sub-diffraction axial distance of a cell’s contact-area. Despite this prominent feature of the TIRF microscope, making quantitative use of this technique has been a challenge, since the excitation intensity strongly depends on the axial position of a fluorophore molecule. Here, we present an easy-implemented data analysis method to quantitatively characterize the fluorescent signal, without considering the intensity-value. We use F-actin patches in single-melanoma cells as an example and define two quantities of elongation and surface density for F-actin patches at the contact-area of a melanoma cell. The elongation parameter can evaluate the dispersion of F-actin patches at the contact-area of a cell and is useful to classify the attaching, spreading, and expanding stages of a cell. Following that, we present the profile of the surface density of F-actin patches as a quantity to probe the spatio-temporal distribution of the F-actin patches at the contact-area of a cell. The data analysis methods that are proposed here will also be applicable in the image analysis of the other advanced optical microscopic methods.

A Semi-Analytical Method for Channel and Pipe Flows for the Linear Phan-Thien-Tanner Fluid Model with a Solvent Contribution

This work presents a semi-analytical method for laminar steady-state channel and pipe flows of viscoelastic fluids using the Linear Phan-Thien-Tanner (LPTT) constitutive equation, with solvent viscosity contribution. For the semi-analytical method validation, it compares its results and two analytical solutions: the Oldroyd-B model and the simplified LPTT model (without solvent viscosity contribution). The results adopted different values of the dimensionless parameters, showing their influence on the viscoelastic fluid flow. The results include the distribution of the streamwise velocity component and the extra-stress tensor components in the wall-normal direction. In order to investigate the proposed semi-analytical method, different solutions were obtained, both for channel and pipe flows, considering different values of Reynolds number, solvent viscosity contribution in the homogeneous mixture, elongational parameter, shear parameter, and Weissenberg number. The results show that the proposed semi-analytical method can find a laminar solution using the non-Newtonian LPTT model with solvent viscosity contribution and verify the effect of the parameters in the resulting flow field.

Experimental investigation of hole expansion ratio for automotive-grade steels

Hole expansion ratio (HER) is widely used to quantify the stretch-flangeability of sheet metal. HER is determined from the maximum limit of successful expansion of a central hole by a conical punch. The central hole edge is prepared by the punching process. Around 45° cracks are noticed at the central hole edge after successfully completing the hole expansion test. HER of punched hole correlates with uniaxial tensile properties like yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, total elongation, post-uniform elongation, and coefficient of normal anisotropy. Comparisons of strength (yield strength, ultimate tensile strength), anisotropy (coefficient of normal anisotropy) and deformation (total elongation, post-uniform elongation) parameters among steel grades are essential to relate HER among steel grades. Interstitial free steel is the highest, and SPFH steel is the lowest HER among the four steel grades. HER correlates nicely with the notch mouth opening displacement at peak load.

Investigation of intergranular stress corrosion cracking in a failed 347H stainless steel furnace tube

A 347H stainless steel tube of a furnace of a hydroprocessing unit was cracked during operation shortly after the last shutdown. Both internal and external surfaces of the tube were exposed to sulfur compounds. Material characterization methods including tensile test, double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation test and fractography were used to investigate the failure causes. Based on stereo investigations, the external surface of the tube was identified as the crack initiation location. The microstructure evaluation and DL-EPR test showed that sensitization with a high DOS value of 18 occurred in the tube material. The sensitization has resulted in a dramatic reduction in the elongation parameter. Fractography examination exhibited a brittle fracture with presence of sulfide corrosion products on the fracture surface. Finally, due to the combination of the obtained results and additional observations including corrosion within grain boundaries and intergranular cracking, polythionic stress corrosion cracking was determined as the failure mechanism.