Elongated Process Research Articles

Phylogenetic analysis of Adephaga (Coleoptera) based on characters of the larval head

Abstract. Characters of the head of adephagan larvae were examined and analysed phylogenetically. A labrum which is completely fused to the clypeofrons and the presence of a closed prepharyngeal tube are autapomorphies of Adephaga. Partial reduction of the fossa maxillaris, cardo and stipes forming a functional unit, the immobilization of the lacinia, attachment of M. craniolacinialis to the lateral stipital wall, and loss of one stipitopalpal muscle, are considered autapomorphies of Adephaga excluding Gyrinidae. Complete reduction of the fossa maxillaris and the presence of M. craniostipitalis medialis are possible autapomorphies of Adephaga excluding Gyrinidae and Haliplidae. The presence of caudal tentorial arms, insertion of the galea on the mesal side of palpomere I, and absence of the lacinia are considered synapomorphies of Trachypachidae and Dytiscoidea (Noteridae, Amphizoidae, Hygrobiidae, Dytiscidae). The presence of a slender, elongated process of the head capsule, which articulates with a corresponding socket of the cardo, is a possible autapomorphy of Dytiscoidea. The sinuate frontal sutures, distinctly protruding prementum, shortened M. craniostipitalis medialis, and absence of M. submentopraementalis are considered autapomorphies of Geadephaga excluding Trachypachidae. The presence of a regular row of hairs along the anterior hypopharyngeal margin is a possible autapomorphy of Geadephaga excluding Trachypachidae and Rhysodidae. Improvement of the hypopharyngeal filter apparatus suggests the monophyly of Anisochaeta. Presence of a penicillum and partial reduction of the lacinia are possible autapomorphies of Anisochaeta excluding Omophronini. Larvae of Cychrini, Carabini, Nebriini and Notiophilini are characterized by a strongly developed, cone‐shaped hypodon. Postocular and cervical ridges, crosswise arrangement of antennal muscles, and a completely flattened hypopharynx are considered autapomorphies of Caraboidea Limbata.

Opposing microtubule- and actin-dependent forces in the development and maintenance of structural polarity in retinal photoreceptors

We have used embryonic cells grown in vitro to study the roles of microtubules and microfilaments in the development and maintenance of the polarized shape of retinal photoreceptors. After several days in culture, isolated cone photoreceptors displayed a highly elongated, compartmentalized morphology similar to that of photoreceptors in vivo. When treated with the microtubule-depolymerizing agent nocodazole, these elongated photoreceptors became progressively shorter, eventually losing their compartmentalized structure and becoming round. Conversely, treatment with the actin-depolymerizing agent cytochalasin D caused the elongated photoreceptors to lengthen even further. Computer-assisted, quantitative analysis showed that responses of individual cells to both nocodazole and Cytochalasin D were concentration-dependent, graded, and reversible. Immunocytochemical studies suggested the presence of longitudinally oriented actin filaments and microtubules in these photoreceptors, prominent in the region that undergoes the most pronounced length changes in response to cytoskeletal inhibitors. Prior to becoming elongated, photoreceptor precursors could be accurately identified in early retinal cultures. These round cells undergo a stereotyped sequence of morphogenetic transformations during in vitro development, including elongation and compartmentalization of the cell body as well as extension of a single neurite. Treatment with either cytochalasin D or nocodazole completely blocked morphogenesis. In addition, cytochalasin D caused the development of an abnormal, elongated cell process, which formed by a microtubule-dependent mechanism. These nocodazole and cytochalasin D effects also were reversible. Taken together, these data indicate that the complex developmental transformations leading to photoreceptor polarization occur in the absence of intercellular contacts, and are predominantly controlled by intracellular cytoskeletal forces. They suggest the existence of continuously active, oppositely directed, microtubule- and actin-dependent forces, the balance of which is a determining factor in the development as well as the maintenance of the elongated, compartmentalized organization of photoreceptor cells.

茎状突起過長症の２例

Elongation of the styloid process or ossification of the styloid ligament may produce variant symptoms: vague facial pain, throat discomfort, radiated otalgia, dysphagia and so forth.Two cases of symptomatic elongated styloid process with discomfort of the pharyngeal area and the base of tongue and radiated otalgia are reported in this paper.Case 1: A 41-year-old man with an ulcer of the base of tongue was referred to us by a dentist on July 25, 1984. He had discomfort of the base of tongue and neuralgic pain on the bilateral temporal area since late 1983. The ulcer was not seen but a hard mass could be palpated in the bilateral tonsillar fossa. Radiographs disclosed gross elongation of the right and left styloid processes.Clinical diagnosis: Elongated styloid process.On September 18, 1984, the patient underwent bilateral reduction of the styloid processes by trans-pharyngeal surgical procedure; 3.5 cm of the right process and 4.5 cm of the left one were removed. Histopathologically the two bone pieces showed normal osseous tissue with cortical bone of mature laminar bone.Postoperatively the patient was free of all previous symptoms.Case 2: A 31-year-old woman had pain and swelling of posterior region of right auricle, discomfort of pharyngeal area and vomiting since June, 1983. Her neurosurgeon diagnosed the swelling as atheroma with other symptoms resulting from inflammation. As her symptoms continued, she came to our office on July, 11, 1983. At the first visit, the swelling of posterior region of right auricle was not observed and radiographs disclosed abnormal elongation of the right styloid process. Clinical examination of the oral cavity showed reddned mucosa of the right tonsillar fossa. Intraoral palpation of the right tonsillar fossa disclosed a hard, bony cord.Clinical diagnosis: Elongated styloid process.We resected 4cm of the process on September 13, 1983. Three months after surgery the patient was free of pain and other previous symptoms.

The elongated styliod process as a cause of throat discomfort

Pain in the neck, radiating towards the ear, together with a foreign body sensation in the throat is a common complaint. A less common finding upon physical examination is an elongated styloid process, palpable in the tonsillar fossa and provoking the symptoms for which the patient is seeking medical advice. The diagnosis of this so-called Eagle's syndrome is described and the case history and treatment of four patients are presented.

Histamine-releasing activity (HRA): III. HRA induces human basophil histamine release by provoking noncytotoxic granule exocytosis

Histamine-releasing activity (HRA) is an ∼10,000–15,000 dalton, protease-sensitive factor that induces the rapid liberation of histamine from human basophils. Production of HRA by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro is augmented by concanavalin A or antigen, suggesting a mechanism whereby lymphocytes may regulate basophil mediator release in vivo. In order to determine whether HRA provokes conventional exocytosis of basophil granules or, alternatively, results in mediator release by some other mechanism such as vesicular transport or cytotoxicity, we investigated the ultrastructural features of human blood basophils purified over Percoll and exposed to HRA in vitro. HRA preparations induced a noncytotoxic pattern of basophil degranelation very similar to that previously observed in basophils triggered to release histamine in response to specific antigen, C5a, or mannitol. Thus, cytoplasmic granules were extruded singly hrough multiple separate points of fusion between perigranular membranes and the plasma membrane. Degranulating basophils exhibited plasma membrane activation but lacked a polarized configuration. By contrast, those basophils exposed to HRA that did not exhibit evidence of degranulation displayed a single elongated cellular process. The development of this polarized cellular configuration, similar in some respects to that of uropod-bearing motile guinea pig basophils, may have reflected chemokinetic or chemotactic effects of preparations containing HRA activity.

Eagle's syndrome

This case report demonstrates an uncommon, symptomatic elongated styloid process that did not conform to the usual clinical features. The patient was under 30 years of age when the symptoms appeared. He experienced the classic symptoms without prior tonsillectomy; he also experienced carotid artery syndrome symptoms. However, the patient did receive the common diagnosis seen in many cases of unexplained chronic head and neck pain. He was simply labeled a psychotic with no just cause for pain.

Eagle’s syndrome: diagnostic considerations and report of case

Orofacial pain, as well as other neurologic symptoms, can result from the presence of an elongated styloid process. These symptoms are familiar to dentists and can indicate a broad range of dental conditions. Eagle's syndrome of the type, symptomatic elongated styloid process, has been described and a case presented. We believe that the simple diagnostic procedure of palpation of the tonsillar fossa should be routine during oral examination. Eagel's syndrome must be considered as a differential diagnosis of hemifacial pain of obscure causation.

Symptomatic elongated styloid. Case report and review of surgical technique.

The syndrome of symptomatic elongated styloid process was first described by Eagle in 1937. Symptoms vary from slight throat discomfort to severe ear pain, odynophagia, and symptoms which mimic a glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Diagnosis depends on reproduction of the patient's pain by palpation of the styloid prominence in the tonsillar fossa. Definitive treatment is surgical resection of the styloid.

Histological, acetycholinesterase, and fluorescence histochemical studies on the atrial ganglia of the monkey heart

Silver staining, acetycholinesterase, and fluorescence histochemical studies on the atrial septum of the monkey heart reveal the presence of numerous ganglia, specially in the region of the coronary sinus and the fossa ovalus and near the origin of the great vessels. Three types of neurons were seen in the ganglia: first, a group of large multipolar neurons with a deeply impregnated cytoplasm; second, light silver-staining neurons possessing one or two processes; and finally, an intermediate neuron characterized by a large densely silver-impregnated nucleus which contrasted markedly with the pale cytoplasm. In addition, the ganglia contained “argyrophilic particles” composed of a body and single elongated process. The majority of the neurons were acetycholinesterase-positive; however, the acetycholinesterase staining reaction showed considerable variation. At one end of the spectrum the ganglia were so intensely stained that all intraganglionic detail was lost; whereas, in others the acetycholinesterase reaction was barely visible. The specific fluorescence studies demonstrated that a few of the neurons contained an autofluorescent granular cytoplasm. The fluorescence of these cells was enhanced after exposure to paraformaldehyde, and this increase in fluorescence could be interpreted as either an enhancement of the autofluorescence or evidence for the existence of a system of adrenergic neurons in the heart. The significance of these findings and the relationship to sensory nerves, and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are discussed.

A New Stenischia Jordan, 1932 (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae) from the Sikkim Large-Clawed Shrew

A new species of flea belonging to the genus Stenischia (Hystrichopsyllidae) is described from Nepal. Comparisons are made with the two other species of the genus. It is suggested that members of this genus are primarily nest-inhabiting as adults, that they occur as adults mainly during the winter months, and that the genus as a whole shows a relict distribution. Among the ectoparasitic arthropods collected from Nepalese mammals and birds during the past 2 years are a number of new taxa. Many of these are closely related to presently known forms, both morphologically and geographically, and will require concentrated comparative studies before their relationships can be elucidated. The discovery of certain unique forms belonging to small, poorly known genera testifies to the paucity of our faunal knowledge of this fascinating area of the world and following is the description of one such species. Stenischia pagiana sp. n. (Figs. 1-6) Material Male holotype (8858) from Tarke Gyang, Helembu District, 49 km N Katmandu, Nepal, 2,430 m, from Soriculus nigrescens 3, 10 November 1967, R. M. Mitchell. Two male paratypes: 9248 from Uring Ghang, Bagmati Zone, Nuwakot District, 3,496. m, from Soriculus nigrescens, 1 September 1968, R. M. Mitchell; 9269, same data except 5 September 1968. Holotype deposited in the collection of the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. Paratypes deposited in the author's collection. Received for publication 24 January 1969. * From Research Project N00014-68-A-0101-0001, Office of Naval Research, Navy Department, Washington, D. C. 20360 to Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private ones of the author and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Navy or the naval service at large. Journal Paper No. J-6044 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 1715. Diagnosis Similar to Stenischia fujisania Sakaguti and Jameson, 1956, from Mt. Fuji, Japan, from which it differs in the possession of a narrower, more elongated movable process, 16 teeth in the pronotal ctenidium, and fewer setae on the inner surface of the hind coxae.

Styloid syndrome in absence of an elongated process.

On the basis of 30 patients it is shown that it is possible to differentiate among the various forms of neck complaints a clinical entity which as a common trait exhibits marked unilateral tenderness over the tip of the greater hyoid cornu and sometimes also above the corresponding styloid process. A salient symptom is constant pain in the neck persisting for years, which radiates into the ear and is associated with a feeling of pressure in the neck, difficulty of swallowing and occasional hoarseness. Turning or inclining the head causes a typical pain. Only in four cases was it possible by palpation and X-rays to establish an elongated styloid process; in two there was calcification of the stylohyoid ligament. The etiology and pathogenesis of this disorder are discussed. From similar phenomena in other narrow bone projections of the extremities and the vertebral column the presence of insertion tendinosis is assumed. These are degenerative and inflammatory conditions in the tendon portion of muscle inser...

Symptomatic elongated styloid process. Report of two cases of styloid process—Carotid artery syndrome with operation: Watt W. Eagle. Arch. Otolaryng. 49: 490, May, 1949

Symptomatic elongated styloid process. Report of two cases of styloid process—Carotid artery syndrome with operation: Watt W. Eagle. Arch. Otolaryng. 49: 490, May, 1949

ELONGATED STYLOID PROCESS: Further Observations and a New Syndrome

IN 1937 I1presented the first case of clinical symptoms due to an elongated styloid process observed in the clinic of the division of otolaryngology of the department of surgery of Duke University School of Medicine. At that time I reported 2 cases in which there had been surgical shortening of the elongated process and 2 cases in which there had not been an operation of this type. In 1940 a series of 43 private cases with a diagnosis of elongated styloid process was reported from our clinic by Fritz,2which included the 4 previously mentioned cases. From 1940 to December 1946 we have observed 211 additional cases on the private service at Duke Hospital, making a total of 254 cases, an average of 35 each year on the private service alone. There has been a total of 44 operations on these private patients, for shortening of the styloid processes.

Discovery of the metamorphoses in the second type of the cirripedes, viz. the Lepades , completing the natural history of these singular animals, and confirming their affinity with the crustacea

The discoveries made by the author of the remarkable metamorphoses which the animals composing the first family of the Cirripedes, or Balani , undergo in the progress of their developement, and which he has published in the third number of his Zoological Researches (p. 76), are in the present paper, which is intended as a prize Essay for one of the Royal Medals, followed up by the report of his discovery of similar changes exhibited by three species of two other genera of the second tribe of this family, namely, the Lepades . The larvæ of this tribe, like those of the Balani, have the external appearance of bivalve Monoculi, furnished with locomotive organs,in the form of three pairs of members, the most anterior of which are simple and the other bifid. The back of the animal is covered by an ample shield, terminating anteriorly in two extended horns, and posteriorly in a single elongated spinous process.