Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithm Research Articles

Design of a mix network with elliptic curve cryptography and XOR shuffling for secure communication with 5‐node

AbstractThis research paper proposes a novel 5‐node mix network, an anonymous communication network to boost privacy within the network. Within the proposed framework the crypto‐operations like encryption, decryption, and shuffling are held with the help of the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and XOR algorithm. This unique combination helps to exchange the message within the communication network with enhanced security and privacy. To analyze the processing time and load factor at each intermediate node of mix network, an exhaustive experimental analysis is carried out for key sizes of 256, 384, and 512 bits respectively. These crypto‐operations like encryption, decryption, and XOR shuffling need varying time slots to perform at each intermediate node thereby having a varying load factor associated with them. The objective of this research is to analyze the processing time and load factor at each node within the 5‐node mix network thereby helping to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each intermediate node. Through our analysis, these percentages are computed, shedding light on the allocation of computational load and resource utilization among the nodes.

Supply Chain System Optimization Model for Logistics Enterprises in the Internet of Things Era Based on Improved ECC Algorithm

In this article, a new method to optimize the supply chain system (SCS) of logistics companies in the era of Internet of Things (IoT) using an improved elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithm was put forward.The focus of this research was to address the challenges faced by logistics organizations in adapting to the complexity of modern supply chains and meeting the growing demands of customers. The research aimed to improve the efficiency, security and reliability of supply chain management systems by utilizing advances in ECC algorithms.By conducting comprehensive performance tests of the proposed system, including interface testing, joggle testing, and system response time analysis, the study demonstrated the superiority of the system over traditional systems. The research findings indicated that the system based on the improved ECC algorithm outperformed traditional systems in terms of interface effectiveness, usability, and system response time. The improved ECC algorithm enhanced the security of the encryption process, making it more resistant to unauthorized access, and improved the system’s overall data processing load capacity. Additionally, the system demonstrated superior performance in managing logistics data and information, facilitating better decision-making and efficiency in logistics operations. Overall, this research contributes to the advancement of supply chain management in the IoT era by providing a practical and efficient solution for logistics enterprises to optimize their supply chain systems. The innovative application of the improved ECC algorithm offers a secure, reliable, and efficient approach to managing logistics operations, addressing the challenges posed by the complexities of modern supply chains.

Communication security of intelligent information service platform combining AES and ECC algorithms

ABSTRACT The rapid progress of information technology has made the status of information service platforms increasingly prominent in social operations. However, their communication security is also facing unprecedented challenges. In response to the issues of insufficient security and efficiency in traditional encryption algorithms, this study combines advanced encryption standard algorithms with elliptic curve cryptography algorithms to generate encryption key pairs through elliptic curve cryptography algorithms. It utilizes advanced encryption standard algorithms to generate symmetric keys, and then encrypts the keys of the advanced encryption standard using the public key of the elliptic curve cryptography algorithm. Based on this, it implements advanced encryption standard encryption on data and designs a hybrid encryption algorithm. The results showed that the throughput of this method was 4000bit/s, with a delay of 550 m, which is higher than other algorithms, proving its high efficiency in processing data. The average bit change of the ciphertext in the hybrid encryption algorithm was 55.8 bits, with a range of bit changes of [69.3, 82.7], which is significantly higher than other algorithms, proving its high security. The designed algorithm has significant benefits in communication security of information service platforms and plays an important role in promoting the development of future network security defense technology.

A systematic review on elliptic curve cryptography algorithm for internet of things: Categorization, application areas, and security

Cyberattacks on the Internet of Things (IoT) may be avoided by implementing cybersecurity protocols on IoT devices, platform packages, and Internet tools. A significant problem is developing a simple security mechanism suitable for resource-constrained IoT devices. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is extensively utilized and well-suited for use in low-resource environments like smartphone devices. ECC utilizes short crypto keys with the same security strength as conventional cryptosystems, decreasing power consumption and enhancing device efficiency. This study comprehensively evaluates ECC data privacy and security techniques in IoT-based devices. The research also looked into other cryptography protocols that ECC may use to increase security and performance. The inclusion procedures were papers published between 2018 and 2023, written in English, and published in a peer-reviewed scholarly outlet. This research eventually reviewed 61 suitable publications in total. Compared to other cryptographic methods, the study discovered that ECC has received greater attention or is frequently employed in IoT-based systems. However, additional issues and concerns must be addressed, including efficient IoT device security, maintaining privacy, and device security against vulnerability assaults such as man-in-the-middle attacks. For the efficient security of the IoT-based system, an improved ECC-based algorithm should be developed to enhance the security and privacy issues of the IoT system.

BIOMETRIC HASHING TEMPLATE PROTECTION

The main motivation of the project defines about the secure authentication of the modules that is multi core authentication of both the face and iris. The goal is to build a system that can handle more process concurrently, improving system performance in general. The system maintains HAAR cascades and Back Propagation Neural Network.The security can be added with Elliptical Curve Cryptography algorithm generation

EBIAS: ECC-enabled blockchain-based identity authentication scheme for IoT device

In the Internet of Things (IoT), a large number of devices are connected using a variety of communication technologies to ensure that they can communicate both physically and over the network. However, devices face the challenge of a single point of failure, a malicious user may forge device identity to gain access and jeopardize system security. In addition, devices collect and transmit sensitive data, and the data can be accessed or stolen by unauthorized user, leading to privacy breaches, which posed a significant risk to both the confidentiality of user information and the protection of device integrity. Therefore, in order to solve the above problems and realize the secure transmission of data, this paper proposed EBIAS, a secure and efficient blockchain-based identity authentication scheme designed for IoT devices. First, EBIAS combined the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithm and the SHA-256 algorithm to achieve encrypted communication of the sensitive data. Second, EBIAS integrated blockchain to tackle the single point of failure and ensure the integrity of the sensitive data. Finally, we performed security analysis and conducted sufficient experiment. The analysis and experimental results demonstrate that EBIAS has certain improvements on security and performance compared with the previous schemes, which further proves the feasibility and effectiveness of EBIAS.

A chaotic based image encryption scheme using elliptic curve cryptography and genetic algorithm

In the era of digital communication and data security, image encryption plays a crucial role in safeguarding sensitive information. Protecting sensitive visual data from unauthorized access drives the pursuit of advanced image encryption methods. This paper proposes a novel approach to enhance image encryption by combining the power of a chaotic map, elliptic curve cryptography, and genetic algorithm. The chaotic map, specifically Arnold’s cat map, is employed to introduce chaos and randomness into the encryption process. The proposed image encryption process involves applying Arnold’s cat map for shuffling the pixel positions, followed by elliptic curve cryptography for encrypting the pixel values using public and private keys. Additionally, a genetic algorithm is employed to optimize the key generation process, enhancing the security of the encryption scheme. The combined utilization of these techniques aims to achieve a high level of confidentiality and robustness in image encryption. The algorithm underwent thorough analysis. It achieved a maximum entropy score of 7.99, indicating a high level of randomness and unpredictability in the encrypted data. Additionally, it exhibited near-zero correlation, which suggests strong resistance against statistical attacks. Moreover, the cryptographic range of possible keys was found to be 2511\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$2^{511}$$\\end{document}. This extensive key space makes the algorithm highly resilient against brute force attacks. It took only 0.5634 s to encrypt a moderately sized 512×512\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$512\ imes 512$$\\end{document} pixel image with an 8-bit image on a standard desktop computer with a 2.3 GHz processor and 16 GB of RAM. The experimental findings confirm that the proposed approach is highly effective and efficient in safeguarding sensitive image data from unauthorized access and potential attacks. This scheme has the benefit of allowing us to protect our private image data while it’s being transmitted.

SECURE and energy-efficient routing protocol based on micro-segmentation and batch authentication

An effective technique in designing routing algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is named clustering nodes, which augments the network lifespan. More tasks are performed by the Cluster Heads (CHs) of the clustered WSNs, thereby consuming more energy. Hence, a secure energy-efficient Routing Protocol (RP) centered on micro-segmentation and batch authentication is proposed here. The proposed method begins by initializing the WSN nodes. After that, a random key is engendered for every node centered on their Node ID. The nodes undergo a Micro-segmentation process; in addition, they are securely grouped utilizing the Supremum Distance based K-Prototype (SD-KP) algorithm. Now, a fog layer with a number of fog nodes is initialized; also, every single micro-segmented group is assigned with an optimal fog node. Then, by using the Quasi Deterministic Sequence-Black Widow Optimization (QDS-BWO) algorithm, the optimal fog nodes are selected. By using the Root Squared- Diffie Hellman (R2-DH) technique, a key agreement is created for each group centered on their Node IDs. By using the Bitwise Cyclic Shift –BLAKE 512 (BCS-BLAKE-512) algorithm, the created keys are converted into hashcode. Now, for the purpose of performing batch authentication, the hashcode of each group is sent to the trusted authority. Subsequent to verification, data sensing occurs. Lastly, by using the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithm, the data is securely encrypted and it is transmitted via the routes selected utilizing the Learned Gradient Weight Initialization-based Geography and Energy Aware Routing (LGWI-GEAR) algorithm. The proposed framework's efficacy is proved by the experimental outcomes.

Modeling arithmetic systems of elliptic curve cryptography using Microsoft Excel VBA

Purpose. This study aims to develop a new teaching module to illustrate the arithmetic systems of Elliptic Curve Cryptography, a powerful yet simple algorithm for information security, by exploring the capability of the Visual Basic Applications of Microsoft Excel in user friendly way. Methodology. The research is performed using research and development approach, which is divided into five steps utilizing VBA features of Microsoft Excel. It starts with modeling arithmetic in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, then testing the validity through calculation and setup of the actual arithmetic of Elliptic Curve Cryptography using VBA Excel, before performing the test of the VBA application and finally visualizes the results in graphical mode. Findings. Novel teaching software based on of Microsoft Excel Visual Basic Applications is produced that is able to simulate arithmetic system behind Elliptic Curve Cryptography in an easy way for students. Originality. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first simulation based on Excel VBA to illustrate the arithmetic systems of Elliptic Curve Cryptography for teaching purposes. Practical value. In general, mastering cryptography will need a steep learning curve; however, using Microsoft Excel as a simulation platform will accelerate learning. The main practical value is the ease of Microsoft Excel, which will turn cryptography learning which was commonly very difficult for student to become easier and user friendly.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Efficient identity security authentication method based on improved R-LWE algorithm in IoT environment

In recent years, various smart devices based on IoT technology, such as smart homes, healthcare, detection, and logistics systems, have emerged. However, as the number of IoT-connected devices increases, securing the IoT is becoming increasingly challenging. To tackle the increasing security challenges caused by the proliferation of IoT devices, this research proposes an innovative method for IoT identity authentication. The method is based on an improved ring-learning with errors (R-LWE) algorithm, which encrypts and decrypts communication between devices and servers effectively using polynomial modular multiplication and modular addition operations. The main innovation of this study is the improvement of the traditional R-LWE algorithm, enhancing its efficiency and security. Experimental results demonstrated that, when compared to number theory-based algorithms and elliptic curve cryptography algorithms at a 256-bit security level, the enhanced algorithm achieves significant advantages. The improved algorithm encrypted 20 data points with an average runtime of only 3.6 ms, compared to 7.3 ms and 7.7 ms for the other algorithms. Similarly, decrypting the same amount of data had an average runtime of 2.9 ms, as opposed to 7.3 ms and 8 ms for the other algorithms. Additionally, the improved R-LWE algorithm had significant advantages in terms of communication and storage costs. Compared to the number theory-based algorithm, the R-LWE algorithm reduced communication and storage costs by 3 °C each, and compared to elliptic curve cryptography, it reduced them by 4 °C each. This achievement not only enhances the efficiency of encryption and decryption but also lowers the overall operational costs of the algorithm. The research has made significant strides in improving the security and efficiency of IoT device identity authentication by enhancing the R-LWE algorithm. This study provides theoretical and practical foundations for the development and application of related technologies, as well as new solutions for IoT security.

Constructing a Cryptosystem Algorithm by Applying the Rosenberg-Strong Pairing Function on the Elliptic Curve Cryptography

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to improve the security of the Elliptic Curve Cryptography algorithm, ECC, using the Rosenberg-Strong pairing function. In the proposed algorithm, the Rosenberg-Strong pairing function is applied to the EEC to convert the two ciphertexts (two points on the elliptic curve) to only one ciphertext (one point on the elliptic curve). That is, only one ciphertext is transmitted in the proposed algorithm leading to less transmitting time compared with the classical EEC. The analysis of security illustrates that the proposed algorithm is secure against the attacks of the most common attacking algorithms. Therefore, using the proposed algorithm reduces the transmitting time and provides a high-security level. Thus, the proposed algorithm is secure and efficient, and it provides less transmitting time compared with the classical ECC.

Cryptographic Security Approach for Biometric Verification System

This paper presents cryptography which is the science of encryption and decryption to protect fingerprint that can be transmitted from sender to receiver. This security approach (cryptography) can also be applicable to other biometric traits like face, iris, retina and palm print. The significant of this protective medium is to prevent intruders or attacker to easily perceive the presence of fingerprint images. The method that was utilized for implementation of this cryptographic security approach for fingerprint verification System was achieved through Elliptic Curve Cryptography and Hill Cipher Algorithm. An elliptic Curve Function was defined and its domain parameters were used to generate self invertible key matrix that was used for the encryption and decryption process of the biometric images (Fingerprint, Face and Ear ) The security approach was also improved by ensuring that the decryption can only be done through secret key. After decryption, fingerprint verification was done by extracting and matching distinct feature (ridges) from template fingerprint and distinct feature from input fingerprint. The result obtained from demonstration of the cryptographic approach allows end users to load fingerprint image, encrypt it at sending end. At receiver end, end user can decrypt the fingerprint image. Image enhancement was later done before authentication through extraction and matching of distinct features. This model will prevent destruction and manipulation of stored fingerprint image. Authentication can also be accomplished through biological traits instead of use of password that can be stolen or transferred to relative.

Cluster Head Selection and Secured Routing Using Glowworm Swarm Algorithm and Hybrid Security Algorithm for Over IoT-WSNs

WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) have received a lot of attention in a number of industries due to its self-configurability, simplicity in maintenance, and scaling capacities. WSN is configured with extra nodes in order to transport data around the network. The usual characteristics of sensor networks are low bandwidth, low energy, constrained power supply, and little memory space, which makes security particularly difficult in these networks. CH (Cluster heads) in a cluster experience heavier traffic loads than other cluster nodes. This results in the hotspot problems. Therefore, in a cluster-oriented routing scheme, picking the right CH is crucial. The two-level security is recommended in this research to safeguard data transmission via the WSN. A novel CH selection methodology is presented in order to increase the network's lifespan and energy effectiveness. This work also combines the fruit fly algorithm (FGF) with the GSA (firefly swarm algorithm) based on fitness to choose the optimal CH. To defend the network from assaults, it employs a hybrid security method that combines the Diffie-Hellman key exchange mechanism and the ECC (elliptic curve cryptography) algorithm. The suggested GSA-HSA protocol consistently produces good performance results in terms of MSR (Message Success Rate), E2E (End-to-End) Latency, NT (Network Throughput), and network throughput. average AEE (energy efficiency). The suggested approach outperforms all prior research by giving the wireless sensor network combination security, optimised coverage, and energy savings.

General analysis on essential mathematical principles of elliptic curve cryptography

Prevalent is the practical application of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) in the modern public-key cryptosystem, especially the implementation of ECC algorithm in Bitcoin source code. With the thorough introduction of discrete logarithm and Diffie-Hellman key exchange, ECC has gradually progressed to be sophisticated and efficient simultaneously. Therefore, it currently has been widely regarded as the successor of RSA algorithm in terms of inheritance for its shorter lengths of keys, faster speed and higher safety under the same encryption strength. Due to the potential safety and complexity of Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem, it is apparently noticed that there is included a large volume of Maths principles related to the establishment of ECC algorithm. As a consequence, this paper will mainly focus on qualitative research and exemplary analysis to specifically elucidate the general knowledge on essential mathematical principles of ECC, including the Law of Addition, the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problems (ECDLP) and the Elliptic Curve ElGamal (EC ElGamal), together with the corresponding applications combined with their deprivation processes.

Trust based access control with hybrid cryptographic algorithm based data security on cloud for e-learning application

Due to the COVID-19 virus, many educational institutions now encourage online learning. The National Program of Technology Enabled Learning (NPTEL) is a web portal that is used for e-learning applications. With this online course, students can access the lectures of all the respected experts from the best universities at any time and from any location. Due to privacy and security issues, many educational systems are hesitant to adopt the cloud. To avoid security issues, in this paper, a trust-based access control data hybrid cryptography model is proposed. The proposed system mainly focused on data confidentiality and the authentication process. For data security, the hybrid Attribute-Based Encryption and Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ABE-ECC) algorithm is presented. Besides, for authentication, trust-based access control is introduced. The trust of the user is calculated using three parameters: the number of successful/failed interactions, the service satisfaction index, and the level of dishonesty. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed based on different metrics, namely throughput, latency, successful rate, service utilization, encryption time, decryption time, and retrieval time.

Improved Multiresolution Neural Network for Mobility-Aware Security and Content Caching for Internet of Vehicles

With the emerging communication and computation technologies, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has become a new paradigm that enables vehicles to communicate with Road Side Units (RSUs) as well as with other vehicles to collect or exchange information. However, the inherent characteristics of IoV, such as the high mobility of the vehicle and the limited storage capacity of the edge nodes, cause numerous difficulties in developing a caching scheme. Therefore, in this paper, a novel improved Multinomial Recurrent Neural Network (MRNN) classifier and 2CK-ECC algorithm are proposed to predict the vehicular mobility, security, and content caching for the IoV. Initially, the vehicles are checked for registration. Afterwards, vehicle login and vehicle authentication take place. Then, mobility prediction is carried out for the authenticated vehicles using the MRNN Classifier. After that, vehicle clustering is done via the novel Variance Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering Using Hierarchies (VBIRCH) technique. Next, the Relay Vehicles (RVs) are selected using the novel Harris Self Avoiding Hawks Optimization (HSAHO). Further, the data contents are divided into chunks and saved in the cache memory. From the cache memory, data is transferred to the RSU. Finally, a novel Caesar Combined Key-based Elliptic Curve Cryptography (2CK-ECC) algorithm is investigated for secure data transmission. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that the proposed technique outperforms the existing base line approaches.

Design and implementation of secured file delivery protocol using enhanced elliptic curve cryptography for class I and class II transactions

<p>This research study introduces an ID-based identity authentication protocol that utilizes the enhanced elliptic curve digital signature algorithm, a cryptographic method developed on elliptic curve cryptography. The protocol enhances the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) File Delivery Protocol (CFDP), a pioneering protocol explicitly defined for distant space communications. This study employs both dependable and uncertain modes of the CFDP protocol. To make more secure data transactions, two key security risks are effectively mitigated in this research as a result of applying the proposed enhanced elliptic curve cryptography algorithm (ECC) over the ternary galois field. First, it thwarts the impersonation of a harmful entity during a passive attack. Second, it prevents masquerade attacks, further reinforcing the security of space data transmission. This ID-based authentication protocol, therefore, offers a significant advancement in protecting far-space communications, optimizing the integrity of data exchanged across vast distances.<strong><em></em></strong></p>

Implementation and management of cloud security for industry 4.O - data using hybrid elliptical curve cryptography

Industry 4.0 places a premium on cloud security since more and more companies are moving their activities to the cloud to reap the benefits of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.The term “cloud computing” refers to a collection of Internet-based hardware and software tools. Providers of cloud services use data centers situated in various physical locations. Cloud computing makes life easier for users by making remote, simulated resources available over the internet. Google Apps and Microsoft SharePoint are two examples of popular cloud applications. In addition to its exciting potential, the “cloud computing” industry's lightning-fast expansion raises serious security concerns. When discussing security, cloud really suffers from Open Systems' and the internet's perennial problem. The only thing stopping the widespread use of cloud computing is the lack of trust in the system. There are a number of security concerns with cloud computing, including protecting user data and vetting cloud service providers' practices. Using encryption, confidential information can be sent over an unsecured channel without fear of data loss or manipulation. Data encryption using various protocols has been used in various settings. Different cryptosystems were developed and used at various times. Additionally, cloud computing enables multiple users to access and retrieve data simultaneously through their own personal Internet connections, which increases the risk of confidential data loss and exposure in a number of different places. Elliptic Curve Cryptography and other cryptographic algorithms have been used to develop numerous methods and protocols that guarantee the security and privacy of transmitted data. In this paper, we suggest a safe and efficient method for sharing information in the cloud without compromising its safety or integrity. The proposed system is able to guarantee authentication and data integrity because it uses a hybrid of the ECC and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) technique. The experimental results confirm the proposed approach outperforms the current gold standard.

LIGHTWEIGHT CRYPTOGRAPHY METHOD IN THE INTERNET OF THINGS USING ELLIPTIC CURVE AND CROW SEARCH ALGORITHM

The Internet of Things (IoT) as an important technology consists of a heterogeneous and huge number of devices that generates an enormous amount of data in various applications. However, generating and transmitting huge amount of data in the IoT makes it crucial to implement a secure and safe data transmission scheme. Cryptography methods can secure the confidentiality, data integrity, access control, and authentication. Due to constrained resources in IoT devices, providing classical cryptography schemes isn’t efficient for IoT applications, so a lightweight cryptography scheme is one of the most important solutions to overcome security challenges in IoT. In this paper, a new security scheme called ECCCSASHA256 based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256) using Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) has been proposed for secure data transmission in IoT devices. The ECCCSASHA256 model uses the CSA for generating a private key to encode the elliptic curve. Furthermore, the proposed scheme uses SHA-256 model for hashing the incoming encoded data using ECC. The simulation results indicate that the average throughput of the proposed model was about 8.22% and 8.97% higher in encryption and 8.72% and 9.81% higher in decryption compared to 3DES&ECC&SHA-256 and RC4&ECC&SHA-256, respectively.

Research on Identity Authentication Scheme for UAV Communication Network

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) play a vital role in many fields, such as agricultural planting, security patrol, emergency rescue, and so on. The development and implementation of these devices have become vital in terms of reachability and usability. Unfortunately, as drones become more widely used in various fields, they become more and more vulnerable to attacks and security threats, including, but not limited to, eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, and known session key attacks. In order to deal with these attacks and security threats and meet the needs of lightweight UAV communication, a secure and efficient authentication scheme is essential. To meet the security and lightweight requirements of an identity authentication scheme in a UAV communication network, this paper proposes an identity authentication scheme sdronelig based on an elliptic curve cryptosystem. The scheme realizes the mutual authentication and session key agreement configuration between the UAV and the ground station, and the authentication and key agreement between the UAVs can be realized with the help of the control station. The sdronelig authentication scheme is based on the ECDH key exchange protocol in the elliptic curve cryptography algorithm and adopts the MAC message authentication code technology and the method of pre-calculating part of the process. Under the premise of ensuring the security of the UAV communication network, the authentication efficiency is improved, the communication overhead and communication times are reduced, and the lightweight requirement of the UAV authentication scheme is met. Additionally, a formal verification tool is used to verify the security of the sdronelig scheme under the Dolev-Yao threat model, which is suitable for UAV networks. Finally, a detailed comparative study was conducted on security features, communication overhead, the number of communications, and computational overhead. The results show that the proposed sdronelig authentication scheme not only provides superior security features but also has better or comparable overhead compared to other existing authentication schemes.