Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithm Research Articles

Privacy-Aware Secure Routing through Elliptical Curve Cryptography with Optimal RSU Distribution in VANETs

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are the backbone of the intelligent transportation system, which consists of high-speed vehicles with huge dynamic mobility. The communication takes place with a vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle to infrastructure, with traffic signals. The major flaw of this kind of network is that due to high mobility in VANETs, the communication overhead is so high that it directly affects the efficiency of the network. Security is also holding a vital role in VANETs. The attackers can easily capture vehicle details of this type. To overcome this drawback, security should also need to get improved. This paper introduces Elliptical Curve Cryptography with Generic Algorithm based Privacy-Aware Secure Routing (ECC-GA-PASR), which is the combination of two methods such as optimal RSU distribution and elliptical curve cryptography (ECC) based authentication. RSU distribution is optimized by using the generic algorithm (GA) as well as to improve the authentication in trusted authority (TA) ECC algorithm is used. By using these two concepts, the proposed method reduced the communication overhead and increased the security of the network. The simulation is conducted throughput NS2 and SUMO. The performance analysis is performed concerning vehicle count, varying speed, and malicious activities. The parameters that are concentrated for this performance analysis are energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio, overhead, and packet loss. The performance of the proposed method is calculated and compared with earlier works such as S-AODV, ES-AODV, and ECC-ACO-AODV. Compared with the earlier works, the proposed ECC-GA-PASR produced 15% better efficiency, 12% better packet delivery ratio, 50% lower overhead, and 30% lower packet loss.

Speeding-Up Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithms

In recent decades there has been an increasing interest in Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and, especially, the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) in practice. The rather recent developments of emergent technologies, such as blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT), have motivated researchers and developers to construct new cryptographic hardware accelerators for ECDSA. Different types of optimizations (either platform dependent or algorithmic) were presented in the literature. In this context, we turn our attention to ECC and propose a new method for generating ECDSA moduli with a predetermined portion that allows one to double the speed of Barrett’s algorithm. Moreover, we take advantage of the advancements in the Artificial Intelligence (AI) field and bring forward an AI-based approach that enhances Schoof’s algorithm for finding the number of points on an elliptic curve in terms of implementation efficiency. Our results represent algorithmic speed-ups exceeding the current paradigm as we are also preoccupied by other particular security environments meeting the needs of governmental organizations.

Throughput Analysis and Data Sharing Technique to Assess the Impact of Blockchain Technology using Cryptographic Algorithm

Blockchain is a data structure made up of chronologically ordered data blocks. Research revealed that traditional blockchains have constrained throughput. It is ideal for blockchain technology to achieve higher throughput by increasing the block size and lessening the block interval. The methodology used in this paper is of two parts. The first approach uses the cryptographic protocol to ensure the authenticity and integrity of the information using an Ethereum blockchain type. This means that transactions are recorded in write-only mode and contributes to transaction trust and transparency. Our methodology automates smart and secure evaluations and provides credentials using an Improved Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithm (IECCA). It is implemented using encryption and decryption algorithms and is demonstrated using analytical and content neutrality. We also demonstrate operation from back-end to end-users application including student and faculty members. The Level of security performance of the proposed scheme is compared with another scheme for a 20MB file size. The proposed schemes achieve 83% IECCA, 78 percent DES, 76% RSA, and 70% AES respectively. The second approach identifies the boundary for conventional block sizes and block intervals. Security of blockchain using stale block rate is identified in the network by conducting a realistic experiment. This enables the realization of optimal block parameters like size and interval. Results presents achieve a rate of transmission for a blockchain platform to be deployed in other activities beyond cryptocurrency, like electronic voting.

Design of digital image encryption based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithm and Radix-64 conversion

The billions of bits of information are transferred each second through the internet every day. The information may be text, image, audio or video etc, accordingly, we need some protection mechanism while sharing confidential data. Generally, RSA algorithm is used for encrypting the Secret images. However, the security provided by Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is higher with lower sized key than the RSA algorithm. So, this article proposes an extended Elliptic Curve encryption approach for encrypting the secret images. In this system, the secret image is partitioned into three color image planes such as Red, Green and Blue. By applying Radix-64 encoding and Mapping table, these planes are converted into elliptic curve points and then these points are encrypted using ECC algorithm. Again, these points are applied to the Radix-64 decoding and the mapping table to get ciphered-image. At last, the key parameters such as a, b, p and Generator point (G) are embedded in the last four pixel positions of the ciphered-image. In order to get the original secret image, the recipient must extract these key parameters from the encrypted image and then apply the remaining processes to the encrypted image in the opposite order. Experimental results tested using MATLAB R2021b and it shows that the NPCR and UACI values are 99.54% and 28.73 % and better quality feature is attained since the entropy value is almost closer to eight. So, the proposed image encryption has robust capacity to fight against the differential attack.

Augmented security for healthcare data using obfuscation and elliptic curve cryptography algorithm in health cloud environment

SummaryIn the past few years, the growing demands of cloud computing became high in the healthcare sector. The electronic health record (EHR) has turned out to be the chosen system to uphold patient's healthcare data. Due to the advancement of cloud computing, the users in the cloud are empowered to access their data with elasticity and offering huge storage capability at minimum costs. This motivates EHR maintainers to transfer their personal storage to the remote cloud servers as it significantly reduces the burden of storage and computation. Nevertheless, securing healthcare data file poses a gigantic challenge as data outsourced in the cloud are too sensitive. Several security features such as data confidentiality, data privacy, access control, data integrity, and data security necessities to be satisfied. This article proposed a secure sharing of healthcare data file by incorporating obfuscation technique and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithm to enforce better data confidentiality and integrity. Data obfuscation is a beneficial technique in preserving the data confidentiality on the cloud by minimizing the risk of data theft and data leakage. Moreover, ECC methodology aims to provide a high level of security, low communication and computation cost with smaller key size. Experimental analysis reveals better performance than other existing schemes in terms of computation time, communication time, key generation time, throughput rate, turnaround time, and uploading speed. Besides, it exposes that the proposed framework is highly secure and efficient in the field of healthcare system.

A Secured Storage and Communication System for Cloud Using ECC, Polynomial Congruence and DSA

Security is necessary for performing the effective data communications in internet and cloud environment. The data security in cloud is becoming very challenging task due to the presence of huge volume of cloud users. Even though, the various secured cloud data storage mechanisms are available and tried to fulfill the current requirement in terms of security level and efficiency. However, the available works are not obtained the enough security level and the efficiency while storing and sharing the data in cloud. For this purpose, this work proposes a new secured storage method for providing data security to store the data securely in cloud. The proposed system consists of three different algorithms for performing prime number generation, digital signature creation for generating keys, encryption, decryption and authorization. Here, a new technique to find a co-prime number which is used to generate keys in key generation process and also useful for performing encryption and decryption process. Moreover, a new key generation technique is also introduced for elliptic curve cryptography and digital signature algorithm using polynomial congruence for performing key generation process securely. In addition, a new elliptic curve and polynomial congruence based encryption/decryption algorithms for performing data encryption and decryption in the process of data storage and communication. Finally, the user authenticity is verified by the proposed digital signature algorithm in this work. The experiments have been conducted for evaluating the proposed secured storage and communication system and proved as better than others in terms of efficiency and security level.

Asymmetric cryptosystem based on optical scanning cryptography and elliptic curve algorithm

We propose an asymmetric cryptosystem based on optical scanning cryptography (OSC) and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithm. In the encryption stage of OSC, an object is encrypted to cosine and sine holograms by two pupil functions calculated via ECC algorithm from sender’s biometric image, which is sender’s private key. With the ECC algorithm, these holograms are encrypted to ciphertext, which is sent to the receiver. In the stage of decryption, the encrypted holograms can be decrypted by receiver’s biometric private key which is different from the sender’s private key. The approach is an asymmetric cryptosystem which solves the problem of the management and dispatch of keys in OSC and has more security strength than the conventional OSC. The feasibility of the proposed method has been convincingly verified by numerical and experiment results.

On the Design of a Blockchain-based Fraud-prevention Performance Appraisal System

The job recruitment process takes a lot of process and number of documents. It is very well known for applicants to exaggerated and falsify their work history data. It may put a company at legal risk and significant commercial losses. Generally, company use third-party to verify applicant’s work history data which is time-consuming and costly. It also makes companies relies on third-party which may not trustworthy and cause several other risks. Generally, experience letters is used as a proof of work history documents of employee. However, the process of publishing an experience letter may contain conflict of interest between company and employee. Yet, publishing an experience letter is not mandatory in several places. In this research, we propose a system to verify applicant’s work history data by using performance appraisal as proof of work history and utilizing Blockchain to provide secure system, tampered-proof and real-time verification. The proposed approach also minimizes trust issues and privacy of data sharing by adding encryption and digital signature schema using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithm. Furthermore, we have implemented a prototype to demonstrate how the proposed system work using a Quorum-based consortium blockchain.

Effective Load Balancing and Security in Cloud using Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Technique and Enhanced Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithm

Effective Load Balancing and Security in Cloud using Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Technique and Enhanced Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithm

Efficient and Secure ECDSA Algorithm and its Applications: A Survey

Public-key cryptography algorithms, especially elliptic curve cryptography (ECC)and elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA) have been attracting attention frommany researchers in different institutions because these algorithms provide security andhigh performance when being used in many areas such as electronic-healthcare, electronicbanking,electronic-commerce, electronic-vehicular, and electronic-governance. These algorithmsheighten security against various attacks and the same time improve performanceto obtain efficiencies (time, memory, reduced computation complexity, and energy saving)in an environment of constrained source and large systems. This paper presents detailedand a comprehensive survey of an update of the ECDSA algorithm in terms of performance,security, and applications.

A java servlet based transaction broker for internet of things edge device communications

Internet of things (IoT) technology is growing exponentially in almost every sphere of life. IoT offers several innovation capabilities and features, but they are also prone to security vulnerabilities and risks. These vulnerabilities must be studied to protect these technologies from being exploited by others. Cryptography techniques and approaches are commonly used to address and deal with security vulnerabilities. In general, the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) is an application layer protocol vulnerable to various known and unknown security issues. One possible solution is to introduce an encryption algorithm into the MQTT communication protocol for secure transmission. This study aims to solve the security problem of IoT traffic by using a secure and lightweight communication proxy. The strategy behind this communication broker acts as a network gateway providing secure transaction keys to all IoT nodes in the network. This task uses a java servlet and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithm to generate identity encryption keys in a component-based web transaction infrastructure. This approach encrypts the data before it is sent via the MQTT protocol to secure the communication channel and raise the security device and network transactions.

Encryption Algorithms Modeling in Detecting Man in the Middle Attack in Medical Organizations

A cyberattack is a serious crime that could affect medical organizations. These attacks could affect medical organization sensitive data disclosure, loss of organization data, or the business's continuity. The Man-in-The-Middle (MITM) attack is one of the threats that could impact medical organizations. It happens when unapproved outsiders break into the traffic between two parties that think they are conversing directly. At the same time, the adversary can access, read, and change secret information. Because of that, medical organizations lose confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Data encryption is a solution that changes vital information to unreadable by unauthorized and unintended parties. It could involve protecting data with cryptography, usually by leveraging a scrambled code. Only the individuals with the decoding key can read the information. There is no full protection due to the variety of MITM attacks. Each encryption algorithm has its advantages and disadvantages, like the speed of encryption and decryption, strength of the algorithm, and the cipher type. This research investigates the MITM attacks and comprehensively compares the Rivest Shamir Adleman algorithm and the Elliptic Curve Cryptography algorithm.

Image Steganography Using Deep Neural Networks

Steganography is the technique of hiding secret data within ordinary data by modifying pixel values which appear normal to a casual observer. Steganography which is similar to cryptography helps in secret communication. The cryptography method focuses on the authenticity and integrity of the messages by hiding the contents of the messages. Sometimes, it is not only just enough to encrypt the message but also essential to hide the existence of the message itself. As this avoids misuse of data, this kind of encryption is less suspicious and does not catch attention. To achieve this, Stacked Autoencoder model is developed which initially compresses and encodes the data effectively and which finally decodes the data back from the compressed encoded representation to a representation that is more similar to the original input. The secret data is encrypted using Elliptic Curve Cryptography algorithm and transformed into an image before it is encoded by the model which combines the cover and the secret image. The cover and the secret image produce a container image which after decoding and decrypting gives the secret data. The proposed work consists of multiple networks which are trained with Flickr Image Dataset and results in Secret Image with a Loss of 4% and Container Image with a Loss of 14%.

Security Protocol Function Using Quantum Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithm

Quantum Computing (QC). The content of node or sink nodes is processed using the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. However, cryptography techniques face several other issues, such as availability, integrity, and vulnerability, to name a few. The researchers have overcome many obstacles, yet security remains a crucial concern in QC. However, experimenters recently discovered that the QC has a lot more data hacking than static networks. Moreover, the bitwise error is still present in implementing the Quantum Computing Cryptography Protocol (QCCP). Because all nodes are mobile and dynamic topology occurs, the proposed research uses the Quantum Elliptical Curve Cryptography (QECC) protocol. To provide the appropriate key generation and key sharing mechanism to convert the fool node to a brawny node and avoid packet loss and energy consumption in the network. By turning the fool node into a vital node, the QECC lowers the network's error rate. The experiment uses Network Simulator 2 to achieve successful outcomes such as decreased packet loss, reduced error rate with increased energy consumption, increased pair key generation for additional nodes, and increased packet size.

Implementation of a Blockchain System Using Improved Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithm for the Performance Assessment of the Students in the E-Learning Platform

Blockchain technology allows for the decentralized creation of a propagated record of digital events, in which third parties do not control information and associated transactions. This methodology was initially developed for value transmission. Still, it now has a broad array of utilization in various industries, including health, banking, the internet of things, and several others. With its numerous added benefits, a blockchain-based learning management system is a commonly utilized methodology at academic institutes, and more specifically during and after the COVID-19 period. It also presents several potentials for decentralized, interoperable record management in the academic system in education. Integrity, authenticity, and peer-executed smart contracts (SC) are some of the qualities of a blockchain that could introduce a new degree of safety, trustworthiness, and openness to e-learning. This research proposes a unique encryption technique for implementing a blockchain system in an e-learning (EL) environment to promote transparency in assessment procedures. Our methodology may automate evaluations and provide credentials. We built it to be analytical and content-neutral in order to demonstrate the advantages of a blockchain back-end to end-users, including student and faculty members particularly during this COVID-19 era. This article explains the employment of blockchain and SC in e-learning. To improve the trust in the assessment, we propose a novel improved elliptic curve cryptography algorithm (IECCA) for data encryption and decryption. The performance of the suggested method is examined by comparing it with various existing algorithms of encryption. The evaluation of the behaviour of the presented method demonstrates that the technique shall enhance trust in online educational systems, assessment processes, educational history, and credentials.

Compressive sensing based secure data aggregation scheme for IoT based WSN applications.

Compressive Sensing (CS) based data collection schemes are found to be effective in enhancing the data collection performance and lifetime of IoT based WSNs. However, they face major challenges related to key distribution and adversary attacks in hostile and complex network deployments. As a result, such schemes cannot effectively ensure the security of data. Towards the goal of providing high security and efficiency in data collection performance of IoT based WSNs, we propose a new security scheme that amalgamates the advantages of CS and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). We present an efficient algorithms to enhance the security and efficiency of CS based data collection in IoT-based WSNs. The proposed scheme operates in five main phases, namely Key Generation, CS-Key Exchange, Data Compression with CS Encryption, Data Aggregation and Encryption with ECC algorithm, and CS Key Re-generation. It considers the benefits of ECC as public key algorithm and CS as encryption and compression method to provide security as well as energy efficiency for cluster based WSNs. Also, it solves the CS- Encryption key distribution problem by introducing a new key sharing method that enables secure exchange of pseudo-random key between the BS and the nodes in a simple way. In addition, a new method is introduced to safeguard the CS scheme from potential security attacks. The efficiency of our proposed technique in terms of security, energy consumption and network lifetime is proved through simulation analysis.

A smart residential security assisted load management system using hybrid cryptography

A residential load management system equips smart meters (SMs) to measure load utilization at residencies. SM reports electricity usage based on electronic appliances. In this paper, a smart residential load management system is designed by three-fold along with the provisioning of consumer security. Load management encompasses load categorizing by Hopfield neural network, fuzzy-logic based bill payments identification and load state prediction using Markov chain. Residential load is based on three classes: active load, affordable load and inactive load. The estimation of residential load ensures to manage the load at residency either to turn off the load or intimate excess consumption of electricity. The registered consumers of a specific residency are enabled to receive load status by Internet of Things (IoT) devices. SMs at residencies periodically compute the electricity manipulation and those readings are encrypted using hybrid blowfish and elliptic curve cryptography algorithm with considering the behavior information from IoT device and partial key storage assists security, even if the device is theft. This smart residential security assisted load management (SRS-LM) system is developed in network simulator 3 and the results showed improvements in terms of power usage, load power, peak load reduction, total power consumption, power cost and computation time.

Low-latency area-efficient systolic bit-parallel GF(2[formula omitted]) multiplier for a narrow class of trinomials

Edge computing in Internet of Things (IoT) requires high-performance as well as cost-effective hardware implementations to accommodate large number of computations. Implementation of security in IoT edge devices is indispensable, and attaining security is possible using Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithms. Finite field GF(2m) multiplication is a performance-critical operation in these algorithms, hence, it requires efficient hardware implementations. Systolic structures for GF(2m) multiplier are suitable for high-performance applications as they allow high-throughput implementations. Many systolic GF(2m) multipliers have been proposed in the literature that can achieve high throughput rates, however, they require large area and high latency. In this paper, we propose a polynomial basis GF(2m) systolic multiplier applicable for a narrow class of trinomials which includes both the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) recommended trinomials for m=233 and 409 fields. Analytical comparisons with the related multipliers for m=409 show that the multiplier proposed in this paper reduces the latency by 32% and area by 5%. The proposed multiplier is synthesized using synopsis tools targeting for an ASIC implementation and the comparisons are also presented. The proposed low-latency area-efficient multiplier can be used in the implementation of hardware security for low-cost IoT edge devices.

Proposed Digital Evidence Sharing and Preserving Mechanism in Cloud Computing Environments

Investigations and digital evidence have become an important and critical discipline that has made many researchers devote vigorous efforts to developing digital surveillance and investigation mechanisms, especially after the great expansion of the technical infrastructure on cloud computing platforms, which added more challenges to digital investigation. So far, no robust model has been found for preserving and exchanging digital evidence between clouds and users without this model causing a breach of user privacy or affecting performance. Most of the current studies on digital evidence exchange mechanisms rely at one stage of the exchange or evidence formation process on the CSP, which allows the cloud provider (or a malicious employee within the cloud provider) to manipulate the evidence or data. This research will present a proposal for a mechanism for sharing and preserving digital evidence between the cloud parties, taking into account the performance in the major cloud computing models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS), and how this model can achieve evidence integrity and a less level of interference in the privacy of the user as well as the cloud service provider considering that may be more than one party accused as forgery. To achieve this, we have selected some digital evidence that digital investigators can rely on as digital forensic evidence in cases related to information crimes as a sample that can be exchanged and verified that none of them has tampered with this evidence, especially since cloud environments may go beyond having a single cloud that performs the service and thus there are several clouds involved in forming evidence, then we tested this mechanism by applying the SHA-2 Hashing process to digital evidence, then encrypting the output with the Elliptic Curve Cryptography algorithm and measuring the time needed to exchange and verify the evidence. We will compare the proposed model with models in previous studies to illustrate how the proposed model overcame the problem of relying on one party to form the evidence with the least impact for all parties on the level of performance or privacy, and how distributed SHA-2 hashing values proved its effectiveness in the inability of any party to deny the evidence or tamer it.

Comparative Study of Cryptography for Cloud Computing for Data Security

Background: Cloud computing is an emerging technique by which anyone can access the applications as utilities over the internet. Cloud computing is the technology which comprises of all the characteristics of the technologies like distributed computing, grid computing, and ubiquitous computing. Cloud computing allows everyone to create, to configure as well as to customize the business applications online. So the cloud computing techniques need security of information communicated between the sending and receiving entities. Objective: The secure data storage disadvantage of Cloud computing can be resolve up to some extent with the help of the implementation of the cryptographic algorithms during the storing and accessing of the data from the cloud servers. Method: In this paper we have compared four different recently implemented Cryptographic Algorithms which are Modified RSA (SRNN), Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithm, Client Side Encryption Technique and Hybrid Encryption Technique. Conclusion: Client Side Encryption Technique and Hybrid Encryption Technique are better than Modified RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography because Client Side Encryption Technique has an advantage that in this data is encrypted prior to upload the data on the cloud i.e. encryption at the client side which provides an additional layer of security to the data on the cloud. On the other hand, Hybrid Encryption Technique has an advantage that it uses the rapidity of the processing time of Symmetric Key Cryptography and robustness in key length of the Asymmetric Key Cryptography.