Elliptical Cloak Research Articles

Exact analytical approaches for elliptic cylindrical invisibility cloaks

Elliptic cylindrical cloaks are investigated analytically in elliptic cylindrical coordinates. It is shown that both the linear and higher-order transformations produce an imperfect cloaking due to the poor symmetry of the coordinate system. The imperfection being in concordance with that obtained by numerical simulations, it cannot be eliminated by improving the computer techniques. The cloaking becomes almost perfect in the limit case of nearly circular cloaks with the advantage that none of the parameters is singular in the cloak shell. In circular cylindrical coordinates instead, a perfect cloaking is achieved with elliptic cloaks, as has been proven in other studies by numerical simulations. Analytic solutions to Maxwell's equations are provided in these coordinates only in the limit case of nearly circular cloaks. Simple general expressions for material parameters are given also in circular cylindrical coordinates that can be then transformed in Cartesian coordinates.

Two-dimensional dissimilar electromagnetic cloak for irregular regions

A general method to design a 2D dissimilar cloak for irregular regions is presented by operating a nonlinear transformation in polar coordinates. The material parameters avoid discontinuities while the thickness of the cloak shell is effectively limited in elongated directions. Full-wave simulations of an elliptic cloak, a rectangular cloak, and an arbitrary-shape cloak are performed to verify the validity of the design. Both the material parameters and the scattering widths of different models are calculated and illustrated for comparison. This method provides a possible approach for designing complex shaped cloaks.

Acoustic elliptical cylindrical cloaks

By making a comparison between the acoustic equations and the 2-dimensional (2D) Maxwell equations, we obtain the material parameter equations (MPE) for acoustic elliptical cylindrical cloaks. Both the theoretical results and the numerical results indicate that an elliptical cylindrical cloak can realize perfect acoustic invisibility when the spatial distributions of mass density and bulk modulus are exactly configured according to the proposed equations. The present work is the meaningful exploration of designing acoustic cloaks that are neither sphere nor circular cylinder in shape, and opens up possibilities for making complex and multiplex acoustic cloaks with simple models such as spheres, circular or elliptic cylinders.

Design method for electromagnetic cloak with arbitrary shapes based on Laplace’s equation

In transformation optics, the space transformation is viewed as the deformation of a material. The permittivity and permeability tensors in the transformed space are found to correlate with the deformation field of the material. By solving the Laplace's equation, which describes how the material will deform during a transformation, we can design electromagnetic cloaks with arbitrary shapes if the boundary conditions of the cloak are considered. As examples, the material parameters of the spherical and elliptical cylindrical cloaks are derived based on the analytical solutions of the Laplace's equation. For cloaks with irregular shapes, the material parameters of the transformation medium are determined numerically by solving the Laplace's equation. Full-wave simulations based on the Maxwell's equations validate the designed cloaks. The proposed method can be easily extended to design other transformation materials for electromagnetic and acoustic wave phenomena.

Material parameter equation for rotating elliptical spherical cloaks

By using the coordinate transformation method, we have deduced the material parameter equation for rotating elliptical spherical cloaks and carried out simulation as well. The results indicate that the rotating elliptical spherical cloaking shell, which is made of meta-materials whose permittivity and permeability are governed by the equation deduced in this paper, can achieve perfect invisibility by excluding electromagnetic fields from the internal region without disturbing any external field.

Obtaining a nonsingular two-dimensional cloak of complex shape from a perfect three-dimensional cloak

A general method is proposed to construct an approximate nonsingular two-dimensional (2D) cloak by taking constitutive parameter tensors (CPTs) of a three-dimensional perfect cloak on a mirror-symmetric cross section in order to avoid any singularity at the inner boundary of a perfect 2D cloak. As two examples, reduced 2D models for an elliptic cloak and a bow-tie cloak are derived. The reduced 2D models are characterized explicitly with CPT of finite values and good cloaking effects are verified numerically.

Invisibility cloak without singularity

An elliptical invisible cloak is proposed using a coordinate transformation in the elliptical-cylindrical coordinate system, which crushes the cloaked object to a line segment instead of a point. The elliptical cloak is reduced to a nearly circular cloak if the elliptical focus becomes very small. The advantage of the proposed invisibility cloak is that none of the parameters is singular and the changing range of all parameters is relatively small.

Electromagnetic Invisibility of Elliptic Cylinder Cloaks

Structures with unique electromagnetic properties are designed based on the approach of spatial coordinate transformations of Maxwell's equations. This approach is applied to scheme out invisible elliptic cylinder cloaks, which provide more feasibility for cloaking arbitrarily shaped objects. The transformation expressions for the anisotropic material parameters and the field distribution are derived. The cloaking performances of ideal and lossy elliptic cylinder cloaks are investigated by finite element simulations. It is found that the cloaking performance will degrade in the forward direction with increasing loss.

Arbitrarily elliptical–cylindrical invisible cloaking

Based on the idea of coordinate transformation (Pendry, Schurig and Smith 2006 Science 312 1780), arbitrarily elliptical–cylindrical cloaks are proposed and designed. The elliptical cloak, which is composed of inhomogeneous anisotropic metamaterials in an elliptical-shell region, will deflect incoming electromagnetic (EM) waves and guide them to propagate around the inner elliptical region. Such EM waves will return to their original propagation directions without distorting the waves outside the elliptical cloak. General formulations of the inhomogeneous and anisotropic permittivity and permeability tensors are derived for arbitrarily elliptical axis ratio k, which can also be used for the circular cloak when k = 1. Hence the elliptical cloaks can make a large range of objects invisible, from round objects (when k approaches 1) to long and thin objects (when k is either very large or very small). We also show that the material parameters in elliptical cloaking are singular at only two points, instead of on the whole inner circle for circular cloaking, which are much easier to be realized in actual applications. Full-wave simulations are given to validate the arbitrarily elliptical cloaking.

Material parameter equation for elliptical cylindrical cloaks

Using coordinate transformation stated earlier by Pendry et al. [Science 312, 1780 (2006)], we deduced the material parameter equation for elliptic cylinder cloaks and reported the numerical simulations as well. The theoretical and numerical results indicate that, an elliptic cylinder cloak, which is constructed with metamaterials possessing the permittivity and permeability ruled by our equation, can exclude the electromagnetic fields from the interior region without perturbing the exterior fields and therefore the objects in it can be effectively invisible to the outer region.