Elle Est Research Articles

Maturation du raisin et production de la vigne a Chypre en 1979 et en 1980 (1)

<p style="text-align: justify;">The grape ripening and vine yield (grapes and wood) were studied during 1979 and 1980 for different varieties grown on there experimental parcels of the Cyprus vineyard. The results were expounded triing to display the role of the natural factors (climate, nature of the soils, water supply of the vine).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">According to these results, some proposals have been made to improve the Cyprus wine industry particularly with the aim of quality.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />(1) Cette publication est la suite de celles qui ont paru dans les numéros précédents de « Connaissance de la Vigne et du Vin » ; elle est un résumé de la troisième partie d'une thèse de Docteur-Ingénieur, soutenue à l'Université de Bordeaux II, le 21 décembre 1982, par N. ROUMBAS.</p>

Heroes of Akkad

ALL STUDENTS OF NEAR EASTERN LITERATURE OWE AN INCALCULABLE DEBT TO SAMUEL NOAH KRAMER for his lifetime of work in Sumerian literature. One of his many and varied insights in this field was the introduction of the concept of the Sumerian Heroic Age with its literature on the basis of such parallels as Greek, Indian and Teutonic Heroic Ages.' This concept has been the basis of many studies.' The present contribution in his honor will compare the Sumerian literature to the Akkadian and discuss their similarities and divergences. While no one has seriously questioned the applicability of the term or epic to the various Sumerian texts dealing with the exploits of the ancient heroes of Uruk,3 the corresponding Akkadian literary works have been the subject of an extensive, even futile terminological debate. There are two main definitions of the term which I would term the maximal theory and the minimal theory. According to the first, the term includes all narrative poetry. This is the common Assyriological convention used by Hecker in his Untersuchungen zur akkadischen Epik4 and by many others.5 According to the minimal definition, is limited to the heroic narrative poems. Nougayrol has worked with this definition: en ce qui touche 'a l'epopee, je pense qu'il est utile de delimiter d'abord lefonds heroique dont elle est nee.6 It is the minimal theory which guided the selection of the Sumerian tales mentioned above and which is espoused in the discussion offered below. Unfortunately, certain pieces of heroic narrative have never been included in literature-by neither the maximal nor the minimal definition. These are variously termed 'autobiographies,' 'pseudo-autobiographies,' and 'naru-literature. These texts are ex-

Interfacial Hydrodynamics: An Over View

AbstractA fluid interface may promote spontaneous flow, or, particularly if laden with a surface-active agent, may act to suppress flow in its vicinity. In either event, the effect is the result of locally unbalanced forces at the interface. The resulting flows may be chaotic (interfacial turbulence) or orderly (cellular convection), steady, periodic or intermittent. They may significantly increase heat and mass transfer rates and alter contacting patterns in fluid-phase contacting equipment. Flow suppression due to surface-active agents may also assume a variety of forms and may significantly reduce transfer rates. These phenomena are classified, illustrated and rationalized in terms of hydrodynamic theory. Recent research developments and implications for metallurgical systems are given. Resume Une interface fluide peut generer un ecoulement spontane, ou, si elle est recouverte par un agent tensio-actif, supprimer cet ecoulement. Dans les deux cas, l'effet observe est du a des forces locales non equilib...

Dynamics of the ferroelastic phase transition of lead phosphate (PO4)2Pb3

Abstract Inelastic neutron experiments have been performed in order to study the monoclinic local symmetry observed in the high-temperature rhombohedral phase, especially in the temperature range 180°-300°C (Tc = 180°C). The scattering is shown to be inelastic: it appears to be given by an “overdamped soft mode” below 300°C. It is shown that the frequency of this mode cannot be determined absolutely. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of a relaxation process: the variation with temperature of the life-time 7tau; is well described by a (T - T 0)−1 law which gives an extrapolated value of τ = 3.10−11 s at Tc. Des expériences de diffusion inélastique de neutrons ont été entreprises de manière à étudier la symétrie locale monoclinique observée dans la phase haute temperature rhomboédrique du phosphate de plomb, en s′intéressant plus particulièrement au domaine de température 180°-300°C (Tc = 180°C). La diffusion apparait toujours inélastique: elle est de type “mode suramorti” au-dessous de 300°C. On montre qu′il est impossible de déterminer sans ambigüie la variation en temperature de la fréquence de ce mode. Les résultats sont interprétés en termes de processus de relaxation: la variation avec la température de la constante de temps est bien décrite par une loi en (T - T 0)−1 qui correspond à une valeur extrapolée de τ = 3.10−11 s à Tc.

Larra's View of the Social Classes as Perceived in his "Articulos"

LARRAS VIEW OF THE SOCIAL CLASSES AS PERCEIVED IN HIS "ARTÍCULOS" by Leonard T. Perry* Any study of the social classes as perceived by Mariano José de Larra must take into consideration the ideological position that reflected his evaluation of them. As all those interested in Larra know, the doctrine of the age of enlightenment was the single most important force that shaped his world view. This period offered an approach to life that was characterized by the pursuit ofknowledge that reflected the importance of observation and reason in the sciences along with a strong didactic tendency in literature, which was set in the cast of the amelioration of society. The seeds of this rational and progressive attitude were sown in his years of study spent in France and Spain. This important facet began on May 23, 1813 when Dr. Mariano de Larra and his family had to leave Spain for France because of his affiliation as a surgeon in José Bonaparte's army, which had been defeated by the insurgent Spanish forces. It was not until 1818 that Larra would return to Spain, thanks to the decree of amnesty granted by Fernando VII. During those years spent in France, Figaro's father provided his son with the constant support and presence of an enlightened, well-informed parent. A chief concern of the age of enlightenment was to spread knowledge in order to benefit mankind and to employ science as an indispensable means toward progress. One illustration of this is revealed in Dr. Larra's two year stay in Paris where, according to A. Rumeau, "Pendant deux ans, il poursuit ses études et fréquente les principaux hôpitaux. "' Another example is demonstrated through his successful efforts in stamping out a cholera epidemic in Navalcarnero. A further consideration is revealed in one of the reasons cited by Dr. Larra for his translation of Traite des poisons ou Toxicologie générale by Mateo Orfila. In the introduction, Dr. Larra states, "... haría un grande obsequio a mi patria, imitando a las demás naciones civilizadas, si facilitaba, traduciéndoselo a mis paisanos, los medios de que se pusieran al nivel de los conocimientos del día en toda •LEONARD T. PERRY was born and reared in Cleveland, Ohio. He was graduated from La Escuela Central de Idiomas de Madrid; he later received a BA from John Carroll University, an MA from the University of Tennessee, and a Ph.D. from Case Western Reserve University. He is currently an Assistant Professor of Spanish and Italian at CIemson University, CIemson, South Carolina. 1. A. Rumeau, "Le Premier Séjour de Mariano José de Larra en France (18131818 )," in Chevalier offerts à Marcel Bataillon par les hispanistesfrançais (Bordeaux: Feret, 1962), p. 601. ROCKY MOUNTAIN REVIEW255 Leonard T. Perry Europa sabia."2 The above examples serve to underline the importance of young Mariano's father, who contributed substantially in inculcating in his son the principles of the enlightenment. Professor A. Rumeau has contributed mightily in shedding light on Figaro's first stay in France. According to this noted French hispanist, childhood memories of one to four years of age are only meaningful when they are prolonged in the same culture. Since Larra left his native land at four years of age, the experiences that followed were French and memorable, because they were spent in France and took place when he was old enough for them to be more lasting.3 Evaristo Correa Calderón also notes that the time spent in France constituted "... los años más dúctiles y aptos para el aprendizaje minucioso de un idioma, así como la formación literaria y la educación integral . . . "4 This French language experience was not superimposed on any other culture but rather his first meaningful linguistic encounter. It was much more than what we understand to be mere language, but "... aussi est le vase où se sont déposées mille essences; elle est matière, forme et rythme, chair et âme."5 . In trying to reason to the kind of mille essences that were included in the concept of Figaro's relationship with his "adopted" language, one could assume that...

RESISTIVITY OF TmSe UNDER PRESSURE AT VERY LOW TEMPERATURE

Centre de Recherches sur les Tres Basses Temperatures, C.N.R.S., BP 166 X, 38042 Grenoble-Cedex, France. (Laboratoire associe a l'Universite Scientifique et Medicale de Grenoble). + Permanent address : IBM Watson Center, Yorktown Heights, NJ 10598, USA. * Permanent address : Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay, France. Resume.- Nous decrivons des mesures de resistivite d'un echantillon presque stoechiometrique sous des pressions allant jusqu'a 6 kbars, jusqu'a une temperature de 25 mK. A 6 kbars, la resistivite atteint 120 mfl.cra a 30 mK alors que, au-dessus de T„, elle est de 1,65 mfl.om a 4,2 K. La resistivite croit exponentiellement avec la pression a tres basse temperature et lineairement au voisinage de T . Nous comparons ces resultats a la variation sous pression de l'aimantation a'un sous reseau mesuree par diffraction neutronique et a la resistivite d'autres composes de valence intermediaire. Abstract.- Resistivity measurements of a nearly stoichiometric sample up to 6 kbar and down to 25 mK are reported. For 6 kbar , the resistivity p rises up to 120 mSJ.cm at 30 mK whereas just above the ordering temperature T at 4.2 K its value is 1.65 mfl.cra. The increase of p is exponential with the pressure at very low temperature and linear in the vicinity of T . Comparisons are made with the pressure dependence of the sublattice magnetization measured by neutron diffraction and with resistivity of other intermediate valence compounds. The low temperature properties of the intermediate valent (IV) compound TmSe have been studied extensively in the last few years /1-7/. The occurence of a magneti­cally ordered ground state and the main features of the magnetic phase diagram have been well documented by various experimental methods ; in particular, the magnetic structure in zero magnetic field was shown by neutron diffraction to be simple type I antiferromagnetic (AF) /2/. As in many IV systems, the electrical transport properties are very anomalous due to the presence of a narrow 4f band at the Fermi level. The resistivity of nearly stoichiometric TmSe in the paramagnetic state increases on cooling from % 200 u°,.cm at room temperature to about 1500 u£2.cm at 4.2 K /4-5/ with a n almost logarithmic term between 6 and 40 K. This has been argued on qualitative grounds to originate from the Kondo effect. In zero applied field, the resistivity p jumps at T and increases very rapidly down to 10 mK where it may attain 14 inn.cm /6/. The intrinsic amplitude of this anomaly is unknown since it is dramatically reduced by small deviations from stoichiometry. This effect is destroyed by the magnetic field ; above the critical field of the metamagnetic transition, the resistivity in the FM phase lies below the RT value /7/. There is presently no definitive explanation for this rather sharp transition to a much higher resistivity below T at H = 0. The few pictures which have been proposed previously fall in two categories : i) those which consider the AF structur e to be responsible for the poor conductivity below T ; the situation would be closed to that described by Adler /8/ for Ti

Metonymy, Schematism, and the Space of Literature

W v HAT IS THE RELATION between the language of literary analysis and the language of the text that the subject of analysis? At the most general level we face here the problem evoked by Jacques Derrida La Mythologie blanche: how to account for a structure of metaphor within a philosophical tradition that itself constituted by (in the double sense of its origins in and is immanently organized terms of) that same structure? His succinct formulation is, la philosophie se prive de ce qu'elle se donne. Ses instruments appartenant a son champ, elle est impuissante a dominer sa tropologie et sa metaphorique generales [philosophy deprives itself of what it gives. Since its instruments belong to its field of study, it powerless to exercise control over its general tropology and metaphorics].1 But if philosophy (and, by extension, literary criticism) condemned to renounce those instruments that it has itself

Theatricality: The Burden of the Text

In this concrete language, which Artaud considers the very embodiment of theatricality, we can see the otherness of a literary genre, an otherness which reduces its literariness to the status of an adjunct. Even Barthes, in spite of his usual concern with linguistic structures, appears to agree with Artaud's conception of theatricality: Qu'est-ce que la theatralite? C'est le th$itre moins le texte, c'est une 6paisseur de signes et de sensations qui s'6difie sur la sceine a partir de l'argument ecrit.. . 3 Although he recognizes that naturellement la th6atralit6 doit etre pr6sente des le premier germe ecrit d'une oeuvre, elle est une donn6e de creation, non de realisation,4 theatricality remains an opaque and impenetrable body, at the center as well as at the periphery of critical discourse. The text would generate theatricality which would then exist as a separate and independent structure, because the passage from text to stage, from written word to top performance has somehow been conjured away and thus appears unrepresentable. By definition the dramatic discourse would become the discourse of a fault, of a rupture between subject and object-in essence a discourse without content.

Constant Head in Situ Permeability Tests in Clay Strata

Synopsis For clay soils, an accurate assessment of the horizontal coefficient of consolidation to be used in design may generally be obtained if based on field permeability tests carried out during or subsequent to site investigation. The available consolidation theory for a constant head test for a spherical piezometer is extended to include non-linear permeability and compressiibility relationships. The more Practical case of a cylindrical piezometer is considered for both isotropic and homogeneous anisotropic soil, Major errors may result in the measured permeability due to soil smear adjacent to the piezometer, head losses in the tip and leads and air in the piezometer pocket. These are investigated. A simple constant head permeability apparatus is described. Pour des sols argileux, une évaluation précise du coefficient horizontal de consolidation à être utilisé dans la conception peut en général étre obtenue si elle est basée sur des essais de perméabilité de chantier exécutés pendant ou faisant suite à une recherche sur place. La théorie de consolidation disponible pour un essai à charge constante dans le cas d'un Piézomètre sphérique est élargie pour comprendre la perméabilité non-linéaire et les rapports de compresibilité. Le cas plus pratique d'un piézométre cylindrique est considéré dans les deux cas d'un sol isotrope et d'un so homogéne anisotrope. Des erreurs importantes peuvent résulter dans la perméabilité, dans les conducteurs et dans l'air dans la poche du piézométre. On examine ces points. On donne une description d'un appareil simple perméable à charge constante.

En Nyupptäckt Grottlabyrint i Västra Blekinge

Abstract A new cave in the Senonian sediments of S. Sweden has recently been discovered and explored. The cave, which is situated near Horvik, W. Blekinge, forms a labyrinth of low and narrow passages connecting five small chambers (see the map, Fig. 1). There is also a lower annex which seems to be constantly more or less filled with water and hence could not be explored. The rock is a conglomerate of coarse shell fragment limestone of L. Campanian age with boulders of the Archaean bed-rock. As far as can be gathered, the cave is formed by water corrosion. With regard to the total length of the passages (about 150 m) this cave is one of the largest so far known in Sweden, surpassed only by the famous Lummelunda cave in the Island of Gotland and by three caves in Norrland. The fossils found in the cave are dealt with in an appendix (below, pp. 274–275) by Mr. B. Hageltorn. On vient recemment de decouvrir une grotte qui pour la Suede presente des dimensions interessantes. Elle est situee a cote de Horvik, ...

Cause of Twinning of Crystals

IN the course of an investigation1 of optically active uniaxial crystals, I expressed the view that the possibility of twinning of a crystal was connected with a definite pseudo-symmetrical character of its structure as a whole. This statement was seriously attacked by Prof. Friedel, as may be clear from the following quotation of his paper:2 “La formation de la macle est totalement indifferente a la symetrie ou a la pseudo-symetrie de l'edifice cristallin ou des groupes d'atomes qui le constituent. Elle est due uniquement a la rencontre de symetries ou de pseudo-symetries dans les periodes (mailles, simples ou multiples) de cet edifice.”

C'EST AND IL EST BEFORE A SUPERLATIVE

THE English language probably has no expression whose translation gives our students so much trouble as the very simple and very common she is, is. When we speak of a leqon, translated by elle est difficile; when referring to a devoir, the same phrase becomes il est difficile, with a personal il; translating difficult to see how he can we again say il est difficile, but il now an impersonal pronoun; finally, will never succeed, it too difficult, the same elusive is changes to c'est. Complicating matters still further, an American may be expressed either by il est Americain or c'est un Americain, and she an American by elle est Americaine or c'est une Anericaine. And now some people are so fond of complications that they have adopted a specia amendment to the effect that we should always say c'est a We are told that while the positive difficile may be predicated by c'est, or the impersonal il est, or a personal il est, or elle est, the last three alternatives automatically vanish as soon as difficile used the superlative. In one wording or another, unconditionally or with reservations, the rule stated a number of our grammars that only c'est correct a superlative adjective. Eight very recent authors, sponsored by a long list of authorities, lay down their rule without even an inkling of possible exceptions. Five or six others teach the same rule, but these are less assertive; they hint at possible exceptions, or perhaps constructions which cannot be considered an elementary book; they say that ordinarily, or commonly, or in most cases, c'est displaces il est and elle est before a superlative. The question also examined by an editor whose notes to various French texts aim to explain matters to which little attention given ordinary grammars. In a long note to a Merimee story, this editor rules that c'est required a Let us now see how the French themselves obey this rule.

IV.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic. Part IV: Climatic and other Issues

In the first part of this series, p. 313, I referred to the recent invasion of the Eastern Baltic by the Mya arenaria, as first pointed out by Dr. Nathorst. Dr. Petersen has called my attention to an important paper by A. S. Jensen, which has apparently been overlooked by English conchologists, and I propose to condense his results, as they are very noteworthy from their geological lessons.The shell has hitherto been treated as a typical Arctic shell. Thus Crosse and Debeaux write of its original home: “De l'océan Glacial arctique, qui parait être sa véritable patrie, elle est descendue dans les mers du nord de l'Europe, jusques et y compris la Manche etune partie de nos côtes de l'Océan” (Journ. de Conchologie, ser. III, iii, 254, 1863). Gwyn Jeffreys, in describing the shell, says, “The occurrence of this circumpolar shell-fish so near the tropic of Cancer probably indicates the most southern limit in space of the glacial epoch” (Brit, Conch., iii, 65, 66).