Elite Russian Research Articles

Exome-Wide Association Study of Competitive Performance in Elite Athletes

The aim of the study was to identify genetic variants associated with personal best scores in Turkish track and field athletes and to compare allelic frequencies between sprint/power and endurance athletes and controls using a whole-exome sequencing (WES) approach, followed by replication studies in independent cohorts. The discovery phase involved 60 elite Turkish athletes (31 sprint/power and 29 endurance) and 20 ethnically matched controls. The replication phase involved 1132 individuals (115 elite Russian sprinters, 373 elite Russian endurance athletes (of which 75 athletes were with VO2max measurements), 209 controls, 148 Russian and 287 Finnish individuals with muscle fiber composition and cross-sectional area (CSA) data). None of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reached an exome-wide significance level (p < 2.3 × 10-7) in genotype-phenotype and case-control studies of Turkish athletes. However, of the 53 nominally (p < 0.05) associated SNPs, four functional variants were replicated. The SIRT1 rs41299232 G allele was significantly over-represented in Turkish (p = 0.047) and Russian (p = 0.018) endurance athletes compared to sprint/power athletes and was associated with increased VO2max (p = 0.037) and a greater proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers (p = 0.035). The NUP210 rs2280084 A allele was significantly over-represented in Turkish (p = 0.044) and Russian (p = 0.012) endurance athletes compared to sprint/power athletes. The TRPM2 rs1785440 G allele was significantly over-represented in Turkish endurance athletes compared to sprint/power athletes (p = 0.034) and was associated with increased VO2max (p = 0.008). The AGRN rs4074992 C allele was significantly over-represented in Turkish sprint/power athletes compared to endurance athletes (p = 0.037) and was associated with a greater CSA of fast-twitch muscle fibers (p = 0.024). In conclusion, we present the first WES study of athletes showing that this approach can be used to identify novel genetic markers associated with exercise- and sport-related phenotypes.

Genes and Weightlifting Performance.

A recent case-control study identified 28 DNA polymorphisms associated with strength athlete status. However, studies of genotype-phenotype design are required to support those findings. The aim of the present study was to investigate both individually and in combination the association of 28 genetic markers with weightlifting performance in Russian athletes and to replicate the most significant findings in an independent cohort of Japanese athletes. Genomic DNA was collected from 53 elite Russian (31 men and 22 women, 23.3 ± 4.1 years) and 100 sub-elite Japanese (53 men and 47 women, 21.4 ± 4.2 years) weightlifters, and then genotyped using PCR or micro-array analysis. Out of 28 DNA polymorphisms, LRPPRC rs10186876 A, MMS22L rs9320823 T, MTHFR rs1801131 C, and PHACTR1 rs6905419 C alleles positively correlated (p < 0.05) with weightlifting performance (i.e., total lifts in snatch and clean and jerk in official competitions adjusted for sex and body mass) in Russian athletes. Next, using a polygenic approach, we found that carriers of a high (6–8) number of strength-related alleles had better competition results than carriers of a low (0–5) number of strength-related alleles (264.2 (14.7) vs. 239.1 (21.9) points; p = 0.009). These findings were replicated in the study of Japanese athletes. More specifically, Japanese carriers of a high number of strength-related alleles were stronger than carriers of a low number of strength-related alleles (212.9 (22.6) vs. 199.1 (17.2) points; p = 0.0016). In conclusion, we identified four common gene polymorphisms individually or in combination associated with weightlifting performance in athletes from East European and East Asian geographic ancestries.

Пельмени с мясом индейки – элитный российский фастфуд

Пельмени с мясом индейки – элитный российский фастфуд

Historical and Cultural Features of Russian Home Interior in the Context of Daily Routine

The article presents the analysis of the daily urban culture dynamics of the Russians and the interior design features of the urban Russian Home in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. The interior, being the embodiment of the material and symbolic human environment represented by Home, is considered as a source of historical and cultural information about a person. The daily routine of a mainstream citizen was studied, reflecting the dynamics and contradictions of drastic historical changes and allowing to understand the cultural mentality at certain historical stages. In addition to photographic materials of the Russian housing interiors in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, media resources data, such as: mass media publications, Internet sites materials, the article also contains the results of the authors’ interviews of the residents of the city of Vladivostok. The peculiar features of the Soviet and modern Russian mentality of the average urban resident were highlighted, the trends in the development of Russian urban daily routine were identified. The history of the mainstream Russian interior dating from 1917 up to 2018, represented by the examples of typical housing for its time, clearly reflects the complex path of transforming Russian daily routine from asceticism and sacrifice of the 1920s to the apparently prosperous everyday life of the 1980s and its modern inconsistency. A comparative analysis of the mainstream and elite Russian home interiors reveals significant differences in their quality and, accordingly, the incomparability of daily household culture of different social layers of Russian society. These contradictions in society can be traced throughout the post-revolutionary period and are increasing in modern Russia.

Émigrés, Immigration, and the Historical Profession in the United States

Émigrés, Immigration, and the Historical Profession in the United States Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter Jonathan W. Daly, Pillars of the Profession: The Correspondence of Richard Pipes and Marc Raeff. xx + 433 pp. Leiden: Brill, 2019. ISBN-13 978-9004361669. $147.00. Oleg Igorevich Zakharov, Otkryvaia Ameriku: Monografiia (Discovering America: A Monograph). 214 pp. Moscow: U Nikitskikh vorot, 2019. ISBN-13 978-5000957585. The history of Russian émigré scholars working in the United States is one that touches on the personal and professional lives of many currently practicing historians. Although some readers may find the topic difficult to approach from a strictly scholarly point of view, Oleg Zakharov's Otkryvaia Ameriku is sufficiently removed from the subject(s) of study, in time and space, to qualify as scholarly analysis. Zakharov explores the immigration to the United States of four historians from diverse subfields who belonged to a Russian academic community formed before the Bolshevik Revolution. These include the classical scholar Mikhail Ivanovich Rostovtsev (Michael Rostovtseff), the Byzantine scholar Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Vasil´ev (Alexander Vasiliev), the Russian and Byzantine historian Georgii Vladimirovich Vernadskii (George Vernadsky), and the Russian historian Mikhail Mikhailovich Karpovich (Michael Karpovich). Among Russianists, Vernadsky is remembered for disseminating a Eurasianist interpretation of Russian history and Karpovich for the historians he trained and the émigré publication he edited. All four scholars emigrated (or remained abroad) because of ideological disagreements with the Soviet regime, which made them vulnerable to Bolshevik repressions. All of them also made successful academic careers in the United States, though for a time, they lived with [End Page 660] the expectation or hope that the fall of Soviet power would allow them to return to Russia. Based on letters, memoirs, diaries, scholarly works, and journalistic writings, Zakharov's study covers the period from Rostovtsev's arrival in the United States in 1920 to Vernadsky's death in 1973. The author situates his monograph within scholarship dating from the 1990s that explores how Russian émigrés adapted to the United States. Focused on the everyday life, material and emotional, of the historians and their families, Zakharov identifies four stages in the process of adaptation: the introduction (usually dominated by financial and job insecurity), the stage of tolerance or indulgence (terpimost´), and the final stages of accommodation and assimilation. In taking this approach, Zakharov follows sociological theory and the "social history of science" (32), which lead him to highlight the economic, social, and cultural conditions of the émigrés' lives together with their strategies of survival and integration. After tracing the progression from initial financial hardship to the securing of academic positions to the ability to pursue scholarship and the recognition that they would not be going home, Zakharov seeks to determine whether or not his subjects found fulfillment in their new home. Zakharov's émigré scholars generally preferred European life but benefited from greater professional opportunity in the United States. Their distance from Russia (in contrast to the émigré community that settled in Prague) and the limited bureaucratic demands imposed on them (once the long investigations required to obtain a visa had been completed) also facilitated integration into American society. Although in the United States the émigrés lacked the social networks and government support available in Czechoslovakia, they obtained suitable academic employment prior to the Great Depression. By the 1930s, allowing for individual differences, they achieved a measure of economic security and could afford cars, summer homes, and housekeepers. The émigrés could be critical of American education (describing the universities as factories) and culture (decrying the dominance of sports and cinema), but over time they began to feel comfortable and even expressed satisfaction with their life circumstances. An important aside for American historians is that the émigré scholars came to the United States as members of the elite Russian intelligentsia. They displayed little sympathy for the Russian common people (the muzhik), and they considered scholarship and culture in the United States to be underdeveloped and inferior to what existed in Europe and Russia. Although the émigrés could find Russian communities and neighborhoods in the United States, these were not intelligentsia enclaves but rather home to people from all classes and [End Page 661] occupations. The...

Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals a Novel Association Between MYBPC3 Gene Polymorphism, Endurance Athlete Status, Aerobic Capacity and Steroid Metabolism.

BackgroundThe genetic predisposition to elite athletic performance has been a controversial subject due to the underpowered studies and the small effect size of identified genetic variants. The aims of this study were to investigate the association of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with endurance athlete status in a large cohort of elite European athletes using GWAS approach, followed by replication studies in Russian and Japanese elite athletes and functional validation using metabolomics analysis.ResultsThe association of 476,728 SNPs of Illumina DrugCore Gene chip and endurance athlete status was investigated in 796 European international-level athletes (645 males, 151 females) by comparing allelic frequencies between athletes specialized in sports with high (n = 662) and low/moderate (n = 134) aerobic component. Replication of results was performed by comparing the frequencies of the most significant SNPs between 242 and 168 elite Russian high and low/moderate aerobic athletes, respectively, and between 60 elite Japanese endurance athletes and 406 controls. A meta-analysis has identified rs1052373 (GG homozygotes) in Myosin Binding Protein (MYBPC3; implicated in cardiac hypertrophic myopathy) gene to be associated with endurance athlete status (P = 1.43 × 10−8, odd ratio 2.2). Homozygotes carriers of rs1052373 G allele in Russian athletes had significantly greater VO2max than carriers of the AA + AG (P = 0.005). Subsequent metabolomics analysis revealed several amino acids and lipids associated with rs1052373 G allele (1.82 × 10–05) including the testosterone precursor androstenediol (3beta,17beta) disulfate.ConclusionsThis is the first report of genome-wide significant SNP and related metabolites associated with elite athlete status. Further investigations of the functional relevance of the identified SNPs and metabolites in relation to enhanced athletic performance are warranted.

One-year periodization of training loads of Russian and Norwegian elite cross-country skiers

The study intended to compare the training load volume (TrV) distribution of elite Russian (RuXC) and Norwegian (NorXC) cross-country skiers in a one-year macrocycle. Daily TrV of 11 RuXC skiers averaged for the period 2014/15–2017/18. The NorXC skiers’ TrV obtained from the study by Sandbakk (2017). RuXC skiers had a lower volume of low-intensity (LIT, below aerobic threshold) and high-intensity (HIT, above anaerobic threshold) endurance training. They used a “pyramidal” model of intensity ratio during the entire macrocycle and did not decrease the volume of moderate-intensity (MIT) endurance training in competition periods (CPs). Conversely, NorXC skiers followed the “pyramidal” model of intensity in the preparation period (PP) but the “polarized” model in CP, significantly reducing the volume of MIT and increasing that of HIT. RuXC skiers increased TrVs more rapidly at the beginning of PPs, achieving TrV peak in June, and then gradually decreased them by March. NorXC skiers increased TrVs gradually by July and then maintained this approximate volume until November. RuXC skiers had peak volumes of LIT and strength training simultaneously in June; NorXC skiers engaged in large amounts of strength training in May and June until reaching maximum endurance loads. RuXC skiers had two “blocks” of strength training; NorXC skiers had three. A comparative analysis of the TrV distributions among the RuXC and NorXC skiers revealed significant similarity. Therefore, they can consider as models of the modern annual periodization of training loads for this kind of sport.

Three DNA Polymorphisms Previously Identified as Markers for Handgrip Strength Are Associated With Strength in Weightlifters and Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy.

Grishina, EE, Zmijewski, P, Semenova, EA, Cięszczyk, P, Humińska-Lisowska, K, Michałowska-Sawczyn, M, Maculewicz, E, Crewther, B, Orysiak, J, Kostryukova, ES, Kulemin, NA, Borisov, OV, Khabibova, SA, Larin, AK, Pavlenko, AV, Lyubaeva, EV, Popov, DV, Lysenko, EA, Vepkhvadze, TF, Lednev, EM, Bondareva, EA, Erskine, RM, Generozov, EV, and Ahmetov, II. Three DNA polymorphisms previously identified as markers for handgrip strength are associated with strength in weightlifters and muscle fiber hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2602-2607, 2019-Muscle strength is a highly heritable trait. So far, 196 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with handgrip strength have been identified in 3 genome-wide association studies. The aim of our study was to validate the association of 35 SNPs with strength of elite Russian weightlifters and replicate the study in Polish weightlifters. Genotyping was performed using micro-array analysis or real-time polymerase chain reaction. We found that the rs12055409 G-allele near the MLN gene (p = 0.004), the rs4626333 G-allele near the ZNF608 gene (p = 0.0338), and the rs2273555 A-allele in the GBF1 gene (p = 0.0099) were associated with greater competition results (total lifts in snatch and clean and jerk adjusted for sex and weight) in 53 elite Russian weightlifters. In the replication study of 76 sub-elite Polish weightlifters, rs4626333 GG homozygotes demonstrated greater competition results (p = 0.0155) and relative muscle mass (p = 0.046), adjusted for sex, weight, and age, compared with carriers of the A-allele. In the following studies, we tested the hypotheses that these SNPs would be associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy and handgrip strength. We found that the number of strength-associated alleles was positively associated with fast-twitch muscle fiber cross-sectional area in the independent cohort of 20 male power athletes (p = 0.021) and with handgrip strength in 87 physically active individuals (p = 0.015). In conclusion, by replicating previous findings in 4 independent studies, we demonstrate that the rs12055409 G-, rs4626333 G-, and rs2273555 A-alleles are associated with higher levels of strength, muscle mass, and muscle fiber size.

Viktor Vasnetsov’s New Icons

Abstract This essay examines Russian artist Viktor Vasnetsov’s search for a new kind of prayer icon in the closing decades of the nineteenth century: a hybrid of icon and painting that would reconcile Russia’s historic contradictions and launch a renaissance of national culture and faith. Beginning with his icons for the Spas nerukotvornyi [Savior Not Made by Human Hands] Church at Abramtsevo in 1880-81, for two decades Vasnetsov was hailed as an innovator, the four icons he sent to the Paris “Exposition Universelle” of 1900 marking the culmination of his vision. After 1900, his religious painting polarized elite Russian society and was bitterly attacked in advanced art circles. Yet Vasnetsov’s new icons were increasingly linked with popular culture and the many copies made of them in the late Imperial period suggest that his hybrid image spoke to a generation seeking a resolution to the dilemma of how modern Orthodox worshippers should pray.

A Genome-Wide Association Study of Sprint Performance in Elite Youth Football Players

Pickering, C, Suraci, B, Semenova, EA, Boulygina, EA, Kostryukova, ES, Kulemin, NA, Borisov, OV, Khabibova, SA, Larin, AK, Pavlenko, AV, Lyubaeva, EV, Popov, DV, Lysenko, EA, Vepkhvadze, TF, Lednev, EM, Leońska-Duniec, A, Pająk, B, Chycki, J, Moska, W, Lulińska-Kuklik, E, Dornowski, M, Maszczyk, A, Bradley, B, Kana-ah, A, Cięszczyk, P, Generozov, EV, and Ahmetov, II. A genome-wide association study of sprint performance in elite youth football players. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2344-2351, 2019-Sprint speed is an important component of football performance, with teams often placing a high value on sprint and acceleration ability. The aim of this study was to undertake the first genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants associated with sprint test performance in elite youth football players and to further validate the obtained results in additional studies. Using micro-array data (600 K-1.14 M single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) of 1,206 subjects, we identified 12 SNPs with suggestive significance after passing replication criteria. The polymorphism rs55743914 located in the PTPRK gene was found as the most significant for 5-m sprint test (p = 7.7 × 10). Seven of the discovered SNPs were also associated with sprint test performance in a cohort of 126 Polish women, and 4 were associated with power athlete status in a cohort of 399 elite Russian athletes. Six SNPs were associated with muscle fiber type in a cohort of 96 Russian subjects. We also examined genotype distributions and possible associations for 16 SNPs previously linked with sprint performance. Four SNPs (AGT rs699, HSD17B14 rs7247312, IGF2 rs680, and IL6 rs1800795) were associated with sprint test performance in this cohort. In addition, the G alleles of 2 SNPs in ADRB2 (rs1042713 & rs1042714) were significantly over-represented in these players compared with British and European controls. These results suggest that there is a genetic influence on sprint test performance in footballers, and identifies some of the genetic variants that help explain this influence.

Embroidery in the Circle of the Last Romanovs

The goal of this article is to make a preliminary survey of the liturgical embroideries made or commissioned by the Empress Alexandra Fedorovna and her sister Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna. It suggests that the sisters’ needlework for sacred purposes was invested with a significance not seen in elite Russian society since the late seventeenth century. At a time when the arts of Orthodoxy were undergoing a state-sponsored renaissance, the wife and sister-in-law of the Nicholas ii were the last in a long line of royal women seeking to assert their piety and their power through traditional women’s work. In the closing years of the empire, to make and to donate sacred textiles was a way to emulate ancestral women, while providing modern women with examples of piety, industriousness, and patriotism.

Introgression of the rice blast resistance genesPi1, Pi2andPi33into Russian rice varieties by marker-assisted selection

Marker-assisted selection (MAS) was adopted for introgression of broad-spectrum blast resistance genes Pi1, Pi2 and Pi33 into elite Russian rice varieties. It was shown that microsatellite markers RM 224, RM 527 and RM 310 may be effectively used to transfer Pi1, Pi2 and Pi33 genes into selected Russian genotypes of rice. Based on the highly productive variety Kuboyar, we obtained the lines, 200–5668 (Pi 1+2+33 IL14 × Kuboyar), 207–5671 (Pi 1+2+33 IL28 × Kuboyar) and 208–5674 (Pi 1+2+33 IL28 × Kuboyar) carrying three pyramided genes Pi1, Pi2 and Pi33 in homozygous state. The lines 200–5668, 207–5671 and 208–5674 are used as an improved resistance donor source to obtain hybrids and pyramiding additional Pi genes in order to provide stable long-term resistance for rice blast disease.

Introgression the &lt;i&gt;SalTol&lt;/i&gt; QTL into the Elite Rice Variety of Russia by Marker-Assisted Selection&lt;br&gt;

The present work is devoted to investigation of the possibility to apply methods of Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) to introgression the SalTol QTL into genotypes of elite Russian varieties of rice. It was shown that microsatellite markers Rm493, may be effectively used to control transfer the SalTol QTL genes into Russian populations of rice. Based on the highly productive variety “Novator”, we obtained the lines Nov-129 and Nov-148 carrying loci SalTol in homozygous state. The lines Nov-129 and Nov-148 are used as an improved salt tolerance donor source to obtain hybrids tolerance to salinity.

A Conversation with James R. Clapper, Jr., The Director Of National Intelligence in the United States

In this previously unpublished interview, James R. Clapper, Jr., the current Director of National Intelligence (DNI) in the United States, discusses his experiences as spymaster leading an Intelligence Community widely viewed as organizationally decentralized and criticized in the past for failing to work together harmoniously. Director Clapper argues that the Community has become much more structurally integrated, and that the Office of the DNI (ODNI) provides an opportunity for leadership that is more effective than outside critics have acknowledged. I conducted this interview in August 2014 at his office near Tyson's Corner in North Arlington, Virginia. It was a time of rising unrest in the world, with elite Russian troops carrying out forays across the border into Ukraine, a Middle East terrorist faction known as ISIS gathering momentum in a march from Syria toward Baghdad, and with recurring violence that continued to plague the relationship between the Hamas faction in Palestine and the state of Israel.

Actn3 genotype is associated with testosterone levels of athletes.

α-Actinin-3 (ACTN3) has been proposed to regulate skeletal muscle differentiation and hypertrophy through its interaction with the signalling protein calcineurin. Since the inhibition of calcineurin potentiates the production of testosterone, we hypothesized that α-actinin-3 deficiency (predicted from the ACTN3 XX genotype) may influence serum levels of testosterone of athletes. Objective: To investigate the association of ACTN3 gene R577X polymorphism with resting testosterone levels in athletes. Methods: A total of 209 elite Russian athletes from different sports (119 males, 90 females) were genotyped for ACTN3 gene R577X polymorphism by real-time PCR. Resting testosterone was examined in serum of athletes using enzyme immunoassay. Results: The mean testosterone levels were significantly higher in both males and females with the ACTN3 R allele than in XX homozygotes (males: RR: 24.9 (5.7), RX: 21.8 (5.5), XX: 18.6 (4.9) ng · mL-1, P = 0.0071; females: RR: 1.43 (0.6), RX: 1.21 (0.71), XX: 0.79 (0.66) ng · mL-1, P = 0.0167). Conclusions: We found that the ACTN3 R allele was associated with high levels of testosterone in athletes, and this may explain, in part, the association between the ACTN3 RR genotype, skeletal muscle hypertrophy and power athlete status.

General Shamanov and the Russian Airborne Forces

The elite Russian airborne forces, unlike other structures within the conventional armed forces, survived the “new look” reform initiated by Defense Minister, Anatoliy Serdyukov in October 2008, relatively unscathed. How this was achieved, what it meant for reform planning as a whole, as well as the significance of the change to its leadership in 2009 is examined. Problems facing the airborne units are perhaps not as intense as in the ground forces, though its leadership struggled to protect key aspects of its essential requirements in order to conduct adequate combat training. However, its successful preservation of the division-based structure, more than any other development in the past two years, illustrates the enduring potential for the defense ministry to reconceptualize the original reform concept in response to service or branch of service interests.

Top Gun Over Moscow (1996) (review)

Reviewed by: Top Gun Over Moscow (1996) A. Bowdoin Van Riper Top Gun Over Moscow (1996), Directed by Lance K. Shultz and Lynne Squilla. WGBH/Boston: www.wgbh.org, 56 minutes. The title Top Gun Over Moscow is, in a sense, misleading. This one-hour installment of the PBS series Nova deals not with elite Russian fighter pilots, but with Russian fighter-pilot culture in general. The great aces of the past and the top pilots of the present get their due, but most of the hour is focused on—to the extent that such a thing exists—"ordinary" fighter pilots. The title is accurate, however, in another sense. Top Gun Over Moscow reaches for the same audience, and uses the same kinds of images, as its starring-Tom-Cruise namesake. It is aimed squarely at aviation buffs, but also has something to offer historians. The central theme of Top Gun Over Moscow is that Russian and American fighter pilots, though united by a shared love of flying and mutual respect for each other's skills, are divided by national differences in fighter-pilot culture. The film is at its most interesting when it catalogues and analyzes these differences. American airbases are searched, every day, for debris that might be sucked into an air intake and damage an engine. Russian bases are visibly scruffier, but the fighters that fly from them have screens and bypasses to keep debris out of their engines. American fighters achieve high performance through cutting-edge design and sophisticated electronic control systems, while Russian ones emphasize raw power and robust structures. American fighter doctrine emphasizes kills made at long range using high-tech weapons, but Russian doctrine presumes that air combat will always come down to close-in maneuvering and gunfire. The film uses pilots, designers, analysts, and historians from both countries to elaborate on the differences, and allows their voices, rather than the narrator's, to carry the story. The film is less successful at explaining the historical roots of these differences. Its historical survey of Russian military aviation, is too limited in its coverage and too scattershot in its approach to provide the necessary context. It begins in World War I, but ends—a half-century short of the present—in Korea. Its coverage of the intervening four decades, though anchored by noted aviation historian Von Hardesty, spends most of its time on spectacular-but-peripheral subjects: the giant Maxim Gorky propaganda aircraft, deliberate ramming as a combat tactic, and the exploits of all-female "Night Witch" squadrons that harassed German troops with raids in obsolete [End Page 70] biplane bombers. Topics like the capabilities of Soviet industry and the effects of Stalin's purges—meatier, but less photogenic—are brushed off in a few sentences or ignored altogether. Historians of technology have long argued that machines are shaped by the environment from which they emerge, as well as by the demands of the job they are designed to do. Russian and American jet fighters reflect the very different efforts of two very different societies to solve the same basic technological problem. Top Gun Over Moscow is an engaging overview of the differences, if not of the multitude of factors, that underlie them. A. Bowdoin Van Riper Southern Polytechnic State University Copyright © 2008 Center for the Study of Film and History

Computer forensics: are you clued-up?

The need for organisations to build plans and policies to counter technologically-assisted crime has reached critical status. Digital criminals do not need to steal your credit card details or go through your bins to obtain the data they need to defraud you: they can just go to your company system. People fear elite Russian hackers who bounce their attacks off many servers to hide their tracks, and make it virtually impossible to detect them until it is too late. But, in actual fact, the most prevalent threats come from within an organisation. In this article the author looks at what IT managers should do to get the edge over felonious access.