Elimination Of Interference Research Articles

Research on Digital Twin Technology for Enhancing Power Communication System Performance

Abstract Digital twin technology simulates physical systems through real-time data and virtual models, providing an innovative solution to challenges in power communication systems, such as multiple access interference (MAI) and the near-far effect. By constructing a digital twin model, we can accurately measure the non-orthogonality of each user’s spread spectrum code, enabling the elimination of mutual interference through matrix inversion or iterative methods. Our simulations show that the application of digital twin technology improves system performance by reducing MAI and stabilizing communication quality under complex conditions. When the number of stages increases, the system performance improves, but when it is greater than level 5, the system performance does not improve significantly, so the level 5 is selected in the practical application. In this case, the interference factor of the grid communication system is equal to 0.55, and the resulting system gain is 2.

A 3D printed dual screen-printed electrode separation device for twin electrochemical mini-cell establishment.

We describe a tiny 3D-printed polymethyl-methacrylate-based plastic sleeve that houses two disposable screen-printed electrodes (SPE) and enables each of the working electrodes (WEs) to work independently, on a different side of a thin barrier, in its own electrochemical (EC) mini-cell, while the SPE counter and reference units are shared for electroanalysis. Optical and EC performance tests proved that the plastic divider between WE1 and WE2 efficiently inhibited solution mixing between the mini-cells. The two neighboring, independently operating mini-cells enabled matched differential measurements in the same sample solution, a tactic designed for elimination of electrochemical interference in complex samples. In a proof-of-principle glucose biosensor trial, a glucose oxidase-modified WE2 and an unmodified WE1 delivered the EC data for the removal of anodic ascorbic acid (AA) interference simply by subtracting the WE1 (background) current from the analyte-specific WE2 current (from buffered sample solution supplemented with glucose/AA), at an anodic H2O2 detection potential of +1 V. The microfabricated SPE accessory is cheap and easy to make and use. For the many dual electrode SPE strips on the market for multiple analytical targets the new device widens the options for their exploitation in assays of biological and environmental samples with complex matrix compositions and significant risks of interference.

Rapid determination of the 87Sr/86Sr ratio in water samples using ICP-MS/MS without concentration matching and matrix matching

We present a rapid method for determining the 87Sr/86Sr ratio in water samples using inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) in the oxygen reaction mode, thus eliminating the need for Sr purification. With O2 as the reaction gas, Sr+ ions undergo a mass shift, measured at m/z 102 and 103. Our investigation into the interference elimination, concentration effects, and matrix effects revealed that the 87Sr/86Sr determination method is robust, yielding a value of 0.7101 ± 0.0010 (2SD) for the NIST SRM 987 standard, consistent with the reference value of 0.71034 ± 0.00026 (2SD). This accuracy was maintained even with a Rb/Sr ratio of 100. Further, this method was insensitive to the concentration ratio of Sr in the sample and standard (from 0.1 to 10) and exhibited negligible sample matrix effects, as shown by the average values for an IAPSO seawater standard, calibrated with pure Sr and matrix-matched Sr standard solutions, yielding 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7091 ± 0.0006 (2SD) and 0.7092 ± 0.0008 (2SD) respectively, which were consistent with the literature values. Subsequently, real water samples were analyzed using the proposed method, yielding good results.

Utilizing Low Sample Uptake Rates and A Nitrogen Mixed-gas Plasma for the Elimination of Oxide-based Interferences in ICPMS Analyses

Utilizing Low Sample Uptake Rates and A Nitrogen Mixed-gas Plasma for the Elimination of Oxide-based Interferences in ICPMS Analyses

Asynchronous Code Division Multiplexing-Based Visible Light Positioning and Communication Network Using Successive Interference Cancellation Decoding.

In the evolving landscape of sixth-generation wireless communication, the integration of visible light communication (VLC) and visible light positioning (VLP), known as visible light positioning and communication (VLPC), emerges as a pivotal technology. This study addresses the challenges of asynchronous code division multiplexing (ACDM) in VLPC networks, focusing on the enhancement of data transmission quality and positioning accuracy. Firstly, we propose an orthogonal pseudo-random code (OPRC) for ACDM-based VLP systems. Leveraging its excellent correlation properties, VLP signals preserve orthogonality even amidst asynchronous transmissions, achieving sub-centimeter average positioning errors. Next, by combining OPRC with successive interference cancellation decoding (SICD), we propose an enhanced ACDM-based VLPC system that utilizes OPRC for improved signal orthogonality and SICD for progressive elimination of multiple access interference (MAI) among VLPC signals. The results show substantial improvements in bit-error rate (BER) and positioning error (PE), approaching the performance levels observed in synchronized VLPC systems. Specifically, the SICD-OPRC scheme reduces average BER to 4.3 × 10-4 and average PE to 2.7 cm, demonstrating its robustness and superiority in complex asynchronous scenarios.

Extraction of Underwater Acoustic Signals across Sea–Air Media Using Butterworth Filtering

Direct wireless communication through sea–air media is essential for constructing an integrated communication network that spans space, air, land, and sea. The amplitude of acoustically induced micromotion surface waves is much smaller than the noise interference in complex sea states, making the accurate extraction of these signals from the raw signals detected by an FMCW millimeter-wave radar a major challenge. In this paper, Butterworth filtering is used to extract underwater acoustic signals from the surface waves detected by radar. The physical processes of the channel were simulated theoretically and verified experimentally. The results demonstrate a fitting coefficient of 0.99 between the radar-detected water surface waves and the simulation outcomes, enabling the effective elimination of noise interference and the extraction of acoustically induced micromotion signals in environments with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of −20 dB to −10 dB. Experiments modifying frequency and linear frequency modulation have verified that the usable frequency range for underwater acoustic signals is at least 400 Hz, meeting the frequency requirements of Binary Frequency Shift Keying (2FSK) modulation encoding methods. This research confirms the accuracy of the simulation results and the feasibility of filtering and extracting underwater acoustic signals, providing a theoretical basis and an experimental foundation for building cross-media communication links.

Measurements of Atmospheric HO2 Radicals Using Br-CIMS with Elimination of Potential Interferences from Ambient Peroxynitric Acid.

As a promising direct measurement method of atmospheric hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2), bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometry (Br-CIMS) has been first demonstrated by Sanchez et al. (Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2016, 9, 3851-3861). However, field application of this method is currently still sparse, and there is still a gap between measured HO2 concentrations and calculated ones derived from the atmospheric equilibrium between HO2 and peroxynitric acid (HO2NO2). In this work, we constructed an improved Br-CIMS with optimizations of custom-built front-end devices, chamber pressures, and instrumental voltages to achieve a 3σ detection limit of 0.5 ppt at an integration time of 60 s and a sensitivity of 1-3 cps ppt-1 under a total reagent ion signal of 0.2 MHz for HO2 detection. HO2NO2, a product from atmospheric reactions between HO2 and NO2, can also be detected by Br-CIMS, whose interference on the HO2 measurement was found but nearly eliminated by regulating key CIMS voltages to minimize the decomposition of (BrHO2NO2)- ions in the MS. In addition, a 2 week field campaign was carried out in urban Shanghai, demonstrating that the interference of HO2 from ambient HO2NO2 was less than 10% of the true HO2 signal under our optimized CIMS voltage setting. Our study suggests that Br-CIMS is a reliable technique for atmospheric HO2 measurements.

Sensitive and isotopic interference-free analysis of Sb using hydride generation-microwave plasma torch-mass spectrometry under ambient condition

A sensitive and isotopic interference-free analysis method for Sb was developed based on hydride generation-microwave plasma torch-mass spectrometry (HG-MPT-MS). Compared to the conventional ICP-MS, MPT coupled to an ion trap mass spectrometer enabled much “softer” ionization of Sb under ambient condition, which provided multi-detection modes and various ion forms, such as Sb+, SbO+, SbO2−, SbO++H2O and so on. These ion formations can be easily regulated by tuning capillary voltage and tube lens voltage, which facilitated elimination of isotopic interference during analysis, for instance the interference of 123Te on 123Sb could be effectively excluded by optimizing parameters of capillary voltage and tube lens voltage. The potential application of HG-MPT-MS for Sb isotope ratio analysis was also demonstrated, which could be determined in different forms, e.g., 123Sb/121Sb or 123Sb16O/121Sb16O. The value of 123Sb/121Sb was determined to be 0.75110 ± 0.00038 (2σ, n > 50). In addition, the detection limit, linearity and spike recovery were also studied. Overall, HG-MPT-MS performed equally well on detection limit (0.05 μg/L) with ICP-MS or HG-AFS. The linearity (R2 = 0.998) was checked in the concentration range of 10–500 μg/L. Spike recovery were evaluated with two soil samples, and the obtained spike recovery ranged 90–100 %. In general, HG-MPT-MS was expected to be a versatile tool for study the biochemical or geochemical behaviors of Sb and other hydride forming elements under ambient condition in a much simpler and more efficient way.

A model for preventing radio interference in the communication system of unmanned aerial vehicles

Problem statement. The communication network of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has proven to be a promising model capable of operating independently and as a repeater to increase coverage and communication efficiency. However, densely distributed ground base stations with common communication frequencies inevitably generate interference within the transmission channel. The influence of interference can be effectively eliminated by implementing optical communication in free space in the communication network of an unmanned aerial vehicle. Goal. Development of a modal for effective elimination of radio interference for unmanned aerial vehicles through the use of a mixed millimeter-wave radio frequency communication system. Results. The simulation results show that the proposed network significantly increases the probability of troubleshooting and achieves an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio by approximately 4.6 dB at an average frequency of character errors, especially in scenarios where radio frequency lines are subject to severe interference or unfavorable weather conditions, unlike a fully radio frequency communication network. Practical significance. Improved communication reliability for UAV systems with an effective signal-to-noise ratio reduces the likelihood of packet loss and the bit error rate (BER) of transmitted data.

Highly compact UWB-MIMO antenna with sharp multi-stop band characteristics

With multi-band rejection characteristics, a new low-profile antenna of size 34 × 34 mm2 is conferred in this article. It consists of quad identical monopole elements (originated orthogonally), contributing ultra-wideband characteristics in the system. The single unit of the proposed design consists of a modified spinning-top shape radiator (MSTSR), excited by a tapered microstrip line feed (TMLF) and semi-circular ground. An excellent bandwidth of 3–12.9 GHz (where S11 < − 10 dB) is obtained at each port. By inserting the structure of four spiral coils, a sharp notch ranging from 7.9 to 8.5 GHz is achieved to filter the X-band satellite communication uplink. In addition, a circular spiral slot in the radiator near the ground plane creates a stop band at 7.35–7.565 GHz band (satellite communication downlink band). Furthermore, symmetrical rectangular trapezoid resonators and inverted symmetrical rectangular trapezoid structures near the feed line are responsible for the elimination of interferences at 5.5 GHz lower WLAN and 3.5 GHz WiMAX respectively. The FR-4 substrate used for the UWB-MIMO design fabrication process and fabricated results are found in good match with the simulated results. Also, the design provides good performance metrics such as total active reflection coefficient, diversity gain, channel capacity loss, isolation, and envelope correlation coefficient.

A Novel Ratiometric Photoelectrochemical Biosensor Based on Front and Back Illumination for Sensitive and Accurate Glutathione Sensing.

The ratiometric detection method has a strong attraction for photoelectrochemical bioanalysis due to its high reliability and real-time calibration. However, its implementation typically depends on the spatial resolution of equipment and the pairing of wavelength/potential with photoactive materials. In this paper, a novel ratiometric photoelectrochemical biosensor based on front and back illumination was prepared for the detection of glutathione (GSH). Unlike traditional ratio methods, this ratiometric biosensor does not require voltage and wavelength modulation, thereby avoiding potential crosstalk caused by voltage and wavelength modulation. Additionally, the formation of a heterojunction between mTiO2 and Ag2S is conducive to enhancing light absorption and promoting charge separation, thereby boosting the photocurrent signal. Apart from forming a heterojunction with TiO2, Ag2S also shows a specific affinity towards GSH, thus enhancing the selectivity of the mTiO2/Ag2S ratiometric photoelectrochemical biosensor. The results demonstrate that the ratiometric photoelectrochemical biosensor exhibits a good detection range and a low detection limit for GSH, while also possessing significant interference elimination capability. The GSH detection range is 0.01-10 mmol L-1 with a detection limit of 6.39 × 10-3 mmol·L-1. The relative standard deviation of 20 repeated detections is 0.664%. Impressively, the proposed novel ratiometric PEC biosensor demonstrates enviable universality, providing new insights for the design and construction of PEC ratiometric sensing platforms.

Confidential multiple-input multiple-output optical camera communication aided by a two-dimensional pilot.

Optical camera communication (OCC) has attracted increased attention for its inherent security advantage. However, there still exists the risk of eavesdropping on the broadcasting channel of OCC. To achieve confidential communication, we propose the confidentiality-interference dual light-emitting diode (LED) communication (CIDLC) scheme at the transmitter (TX) and elimination of interference (EI) scheme at the receiver (RX). Meanwhile, interference signals refer to the bit shift of confidential signals. Further, we propose the two-dimensional pilot-aided channel estimation (2D-PACE) scheme to enhance the reliability of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) OCC. Experiment results validate the effectiveness of our schemes, which guarantee confidentiality while performing well at a 2 m non-line-of-sight (NLOS) distance. Finally, the communication-illumination integration OCC is constructed via the energy equalization coding (EEC) scheme.

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging at 0.05 Tesla.

Despite a half-century of advancements, global magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) accessibility remains limited and uneven, hindering its full potential in health care. Initially, MRI development focused on low fields around 0.05 Tesla, but progress halted after the introduction of the 1.5 Tesla whole-body superconducting scanner in 1983. Using a permanent 0.05 Tesla magnet and deep learning for electromagnetic interference elimination, we developed a whole-body scanner that operates using a standard wall power outlet and without radiofrequency and magnetic shielding. We demonstrated its wide-ranging applicability for imaging various anatomical structures. Furthermore, we developed three-dimensional deep learning reconstruction to boost image quality by harnessing extensive high-field MRI data. These advances pave the way for affordable deep learning-powered ultra-low-field MRI scanners, addressing unmet clinical needs in diverse health care settings worldwide.

MOF derivatization of multifunctional nanozyme: Peroxidase-like catalytic activity combined with magnetic solid phase extraction for colorimetric detection of Hg2+

Nanozyme-based colorimetric sensing has drawn immense attention due to the rapid development of nanozyme in recent years. However, the selectivity of nanozyme-based colorimetric sensing greatly limits its subsequent practical application. It is well known that sample pretreatment can not only improve selectivity by eliminating the sample matrix interference, but also improve sensitivity by enriching trace targets. Based on the easy facile surface modification properties of nanozyme, we rationally designed nanozyme combined with sample pretreatment for colorimetric biosensing, through separation and enrichment, thereby improving the selectivity and sensitivity of the nanozyme colorimetric biosensing. As a proof of concept, the detection of Hg2+ by nanozyme-based colorimetric sensing was used as an example. Magnetic peroxidase-like nanozyme Fe3S4 was designed and synthesized. The selectivity is improved by the specific adsorption of S-Hg bond and the interference elimination after magnetic separation. In addition, the sensitivity is improved by magnetic solid-phase extraction enrichment. Our established colorimetric sensing based on Fe3S4 nanozyme integrated sample pretreatment with an enrichment factor of 100 and the limit of detection (LOD) is 26 nM. In addition, this strategy was successfully applied to detect Hg2+ in environmental water samples. Overall, the strategy showed good selectivity and sensitivity, providing a new practical method for the application of nanozyme-based biosensing in sample pretreatment.

Quantitative determination of nitrous oxide in human blood by HS-GC–MS: forensic application of two fatal poisoning cases

Nitrous oxide (N2O), also known as laughing gas, has a euphoric effect and is becoming increasingly popular as a recreational inhalant drug. Deaths caused by recreational nitrous oxide abuse are rare, but may still occur. Although some methods for the quantification of N2O by GC-MS have been reported, elimination of carbon dioxide interference and the choice of a suitable internal standard remain current limitations to accurate N2O quantification. Here, a validated method using headspace-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-GC–MS) is described that allows the quantification of N2O in human blood samples: sodium hydroxide is used to remove carbon dioxide, and n-pentane is chosen as a suitable internal standard. Collectively, the validation results show a good linear relationship of N2O in blood within the concentration range of 0.02 ∼ 0.5 mL/mL and an LOD of 0.005 mL/mL. Subsequent application of the validated method to two real mortality cases due to N2O intoxication provided reference values for blood concentrations in forensic cases. Other biological specimens (gaseous samples and tissues) of the deceased were also analyzed to demonstrate that the deaths were caused by asphyxia due to the inhalation of N2O.

Rational design of nanozyme with integrated sample pretreatment for colorimetric biosensing

Nanozymes have been widely used in the field of biosensing owing to their high stability, low cost, adjustable catalytic activity, and convenient modification. However, achieving high selectivity and sensitivity simultaneously in nanozyme-based colorimetric sensing remains a major challenge. Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-simulating activity that are often used as solid-phase adsorbents for sample pretreatment. Our design strategy integrated sample pretreatment function into the nanozyme through separation and enrichment, thereby improving the selectivity and sensitivity of nanozyme-based colorimetric biosensing. As a proof-of-concept, glucose was used as the model analyte in this study. A phenylboric acid-modified magnetic nanozyme (Cu/Fe3O4@BA) was rationally designed and synthesized. Selectivity was enhanced by boronate-affinity specific adsorption and the elimination of interference after magnetic separation. In addition, magnetic solid-phase extraction enrichment was used to improve the sensitivity. A recovery rate of more than 80% was reached when the enrichment factor was 50. The synthesized magnetic Cu/Fe3O4@BA was recyclable at least five times. The proposed method exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity, simple operation, and recyclability, providing a novel and practical strategy for designing multifunctional nanozymes for biosensing.

An analysis of elimination of interferences in the supply system of an industrial plant

An analysis of elimination of interferences in the supply system of an industrial plant

Development of an ELISA with acidification treatment for an antibody conjugate incorporating Exatecans

The successful development of Sacituzumab Govitecan and Trastuzumab Deruxtecan has made camptothecin derivatives one of the most popular payloads for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Camptothecin and its derivatives all exist in a pH-dependent equilibrium between the carboxylate and lactone forms. Such transformation may lead to differences in the ratio of the two molecular forms in calibration standards and biological matrix (bio-matrix) samples, thereby leading to inaccurate conjugated antibody results. In this study, we reported an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) free of the aforementioned influence for the detection of the Exatecans-conjugated antibody (conjugated SM001) in cynomolgus monkey serum. The assay was developed by first acidifying all samples with glacial acetic acid (HAc), then performing neutralization and thereafter capturing conjugated SM001 with anti-Exatecan monoclonal antibody (mAb) and detecting it with biotinylated Nectin4 (hNectin4-Bio) and horseradish peroxidase-labeled streptavidin (SA-HRP). Results showed that all tested performance parameters met the acceptance criteria. The conjugated SM001 concentrations obtained were in parallel to but slightly lower than total antibody (TAb) throughout the pharmacokinetic (PK) study, revealing that the assay strategy implemented for conjugated SM001 measurement worked well for the elimination of interference triggered by the heterogeneous existence of the lactone and carboxylate forms of Exatecan (lactone-Exatecan and carboxylate-Exatecan).

FPGA-based interference elimination for health monitoring in dynamic environments

Since flexible wearable sensing devices are mostly used to acquire the human health information by fitting, the vibration generated by the wearer’s movement, physiological state, environment, and other dynamic factors will interfere the accuracy of collected signals. In order to solve the signal interference problem in dynamic environments, a system is needed to eliminate the strong interfering signals in disturbing scenarios in order to acquire the target signal. In this paper, a FPGA-based system is designed to eliminate the signal interference, where a PFGA chipset is served as the core hardware part, an adaptive notch filter is used to process the sensing signals and the FPGA and the host computer are interacted in real time, thus various vibration noises suffered by the flexible sensing device could be eliminated when it is applied to health monitoring in dynamic environments.

The importance of removing interference caused by Darzalex® (daratumumab) in pre-transfusion testing

Introduction: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignacy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow. Darzalex® (daratumumab) has emerged as a highly effective therapeutic agent for MM, offering an additional treatment option for patients who have developed resistance to other therapies. However, the use of Darzalex® poses challenges in pre-transfusion testing due to its strong binding affinity of the monoclonal anti-CD38 antibody to CD38 protein, resulting in panreactivity with test erythrocytes and complicating the detection of erythrocyte alloantibodies. The objective of this case report is to outline the procedures, significance, and methodologies for mitigating this interference using the DaraEx® reagent. Case Report: We present the cases of three patients diagnosed with MM and treated with Darzalex® at our institution in 2023. Following the administration of Darzalex®, all three patients exhibited positive results on indirect antiglobulin tests (IAT). Cross-matching tests conducted with red blood cell concentrates also yielded positive results, with strengths ranging from 2+ to 3+. To eliminate interference, we used a specific DaraEx® reagent that utilizes Fab fragments of anti-CD38 to mitigate interference by masking CD38 on the cell surface. Subsequent application of this reagent resulted in negative IAT results for all three patients. However, one patient still displayed a weakly positive cross-matching test (&lt;1+), suggesting that complete elimination of interference may not always be achievable with the DaraEx® method. Conclusion: Despite the availability of reliable methods such as dithiothreitol and the DaraEx® reagent for mitigating interference, complete success in eliminating interference remains elusive. This underscores the importance of implementing proactive measures to prevent interference. Patients undergoing Darzalex® therapy should undergo comprehensive immunohematological testing before medication administration. Given the increased need for blood transfusions in MM patients, ensuring the compatibility of blood products is essential for safe transfusion practices.