Elimination Of Child Labour Research Articles

Why are Children Still Working?

This study aims to determine the effect of household characteristics and children's living environment on child labor to reduce the likelihood of child labor occurrence. The data source of this research is Sakernas (Indonesian National Labor Force Survey) of August 2018, including school accreditation, household head gender, age, working sector, employment status, household size, dependency ratio, location, and school quality, towards the probability of child labor occurrence in Indonesia. Results suggest that the government must prioritize welfare programs for women household heads, asses the minimum age for marriage, improve education facilities, and increase parental awareness to eliminate child labor. The government needs to improve education infrastructure. This infrastructure improvement should be accompanied by the convenience of school access and its costs. The lack of education infrastructure, especialy in rural areas makes it difficult for children there to attend formal schooling.

Re-thinking ‘harm’ in relation to children’s work: a ‘situated,’ multi-disciplinary perspective

ABSTRACT The UN calls for the elimination of child labour by 2030, and its ‘worst forms’ by 2025. Implicit in this mandate is the assumption that children’s work is harmful, yet no coherent theory of harm exists within the child labour field. Moreover, evidence suggests that simply removing children from supposedly harmful work is often damaging. This paper explores how harm may be understood and identified in the context of children’s work. It reviews and synthesises literature from multiple disciplines, pointing towards a more situated and nuanced approach to harm that incorporates both ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ dimensions.

Impact of Economic Downturn on Child Labor in Vietnam

The economic recession led to the economic downturn, loss of jobs and income, and the risk of falling back into the poverty of near-poor and poor households. This recession caused an increase in child labor. This study aimed to analyze the concept of child and child labor under a regulatory framework and assess how the economic downturn affects child labor in Vietnam. This study used analytical research methods through synthesis, comparison, and legal analysis, emphasizing literary research based on secondary research data. This study showed that the economic downturn increased the proportion of child labor because the parents and the family's breadwinner are unemployed or cut down on their income. Children were out of school to help household businesses or look for work for extra income. The economic downturn increased the number of children working in unsafe working conditions. It increased the risk of children being forced into illegal jobs prohibited and exposing children to labor to risk forced labor. It resulted in difficulties preventing and eliminating child labor, especially in a developing country like Vietnam, due to the high number of employees working in the informal sector, who were often unsupported by social security policies such as unemployment insurance and social insurance. This study suggested that the Government should establish policies to promote sustainable economic development and promulgate appropriate social security policies to promptly support workers and their families out of difficulties caused by job loss. Also, it should organize the effective implementation of regulations on eliminating child labor and raise social awareness in preventing and eliminating child labor.
 KEYWORDS: Economic Downturn, Child Labor, COVID-19 Pandemic.

Child Labor and Poverty Reduction in Vietnam: Issues and Policy Implications

There is a relationship between child labor and poverty. The unaffordable financial state of households is the main reason to force children to become workers at an early age. One of the main points to respond to eliminating and preventing child labor is how to reduce poverty. Accordingly, many legal tools are designed and applied, such as forming regulations in finance supports and vocational training programs. This study provided practical evidence on the link between child labor and poverty in Vietnam as well as analysis on which legal measures the Vietnamese Government has done to tackle child labor based on the poverty approach. It was followed by some recommendations to eliminate child labor, especially in the context that negative impacts of COVID-19 pandemic push children to fall into poverty again and force them to continue to work in early-stage in most countries, including Vietnam. The study used a qualitative approach, including on desk review and a second-date analysis on regulations on child labor and poverty reduction policies in Vietnam. This study found that there existed a gap between policies on poverty to reduce child labor and practices. Comprehensive approaches in making policies, as well as law enforcement, are the core reasons. The gap should be overcome by providing unified action plans with an effective governmental authority system.
 KEYWORDS: Child Labor, Children Rights, Poverty Reduction.

(LAMBANG) PENARIKAN PEKERJA ANAK MELALUI PENDIDIKAN KESETARAAN STUDI PADA PERKUMPULAN LAMPUNG MEMBANGUN

Abstract
 Based on the description of the agricultural sector in Indonesia in general and in particular Lampung, which certainly cannot be separated from the various risks of empirical findings related to child labor in the agricultural sector. It is deemed necessary to be able to provide breakthroughs and solutions in minimizing and even eliminating child labor in the agricultural sector. For this reason, what Lambang does is an effort to minimize and restore children to school and provide views and perspectives on families. Until the family can get out of economic misfortune. And deliver children to the maximum extent possible to get education in school.
 PKBM is an alternative for dropout children and some children who are constrained from continuing their education. PKBM is a non-formal education in which there is what is known as Package A which is equivalent to SD, Package B is equivalent to SLTP and Package C is equivalent to SLTA. PKBM school graduates are equivalent to SD, SLTP and SLTA education as it refers to the National Education Standards.

CHALLENGES IN COMBATING CHILD LABOUR IN SMALL-SCALE GOLD MINING COMMUNITIES IN SHINYANGA REGION, TANZANIA

Combating child labour in Tanzania is a challenging endeavour especially in small-scale gold mining communities. Studies on child labour in Tanzania indicate that the government in partnership with international actors has undertaken several intervention actions to control and eliminate child labour in the country. Yet, child labour continues to be dominant in virtually all economic sectors including small-scale gold mining for reasons not sufficiently known. This research sets out to explore the challenges that face anti-child labour actors in their efforts to control and reduce child labour in Kahama district in Shinyanga region. The study uses a qualitative methodology in order to gain an in-depth insight of the context, cultural realities, community members’ views and experiences relating to child labour in small-scale gold mining communities. A sample size of 38 participants was drawn from among regional and district government officials, non-governmental organization (NGO) workers and community-based organization (CBO) activists responsible for combating child labour, small-scale gold miners, parents and children in Shinyanga region. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and documents review. Findings revealed seven challenges facing anti-child labour actors in their efforts to combat child labour in small-scale gold mining communities all arising from within the household, local community and government contexts. The study recommends that the government, policy makers and other stakeholders should develop policy interventions that effectively address these challenges in order to eradicate child labour in small-scale gold mining communities in the country. Keywords: Child Labour, Small-Scale Gold Mining, Anti-Child Labour Actors, Challenges.

Child labor, social capital, and economic development*

AbstractGlobally, 152 million children are involved in economic activities. Poverty is the main cause of child labor, and the lack of social norms and inadequate legal systems are contributing factors. In order to understand the cause of child labor and provide appropriate assistance, this paper focuses on the accumulation of human capital and social capital. The first part of the paper shows that, historically, child labor has been highly dependent on the initial endowments of human capital and social capital. We also show that the condition of bifurcation from an identical initial condition depends on the productivity derived from social capital. The second part of the paper examines the effect of development aid in recipient countries, particularly the effect of two types of programs that attempt to eliminate child labor and provide support to strengthen social capital. We show that both programs are effective at making the economy better off. However, large amounts of development aid for the program that strengthens social capital can make the economy of middle‐income countries worse off.

Policy Implementation of the Elimination on Child Labor: Could Indonesia Be Achieve of Free Child Labor in 2022?

Currently it’s estimated that more than 152 million people are child laborers, around 10 percent of children worldwide. Most (71 percent) work in the agricultural sector. As many as 69 percent do unpaid work because they work in their own homes and nearly half (73 million people) work in jobs that endanger their health, safety and moral development. The objective of the paper is exploring the factors why a child of a child must work, policies in control the growth rate of child labor and finally in eliminating child labor in Indonesia. This study found the issue of child labor which involves many parties becomes a challenge for the parties to work together effectively to harmonize laws and regulations and law enforcement, expand and increase access to compulsory education and training, social protection and make effective policies to support an active labor market, and to create decent and productive jobs for adults. Moreover, coordination and synchronization between related parties in forms of social workers, government, community and stakeholders are needed.

CHILD LABOUR IN WESTERN ODISHA & CASE STUDIES

The traditional concept of factors of production namely land, labour, capital and organisation are no more accepted phenomenon. Apart from land, the manpower, machine and management are the actual partners of production in modern economic system. Inclusion of various labour laws, schemes by the Government have enriched the labour scenario of Odisha since its inception. National Child Labour Project plays a vital role for the identification, rehabilitation and mainstreaming of the child labour during last three decades. Based upon research in the state of Odisha in India, this article describes the child labour scenario in the state of Odisha. Odisha became separate state on 1st April 1936.Eighty-two years since the momentous day, much has changed in the Labour relation, Juveniles, Child Labour problem & Migrant Workers of Odisha. This article also explains the magnitude of child labour and steps taken by the Government to eliminate child labour Problem of child labour is very sensitive.

CHILD LABOUR IN WESTERN ODISHA & CASE STUDIES

The traditional concept of factors of production namely land, labour, capital and organisation are no more accepted phenomenon. Apart from land, the manpower, machine and management are the actual partners of production in modern economic system. Inclusion of various labour laws, schemes by the Government have enriched the labour scenario of Odisha since its inception. National Child Labour Project plays a vital role for the identification, rehabilitation and mainstreaming of the child labour during last three decades. Based upon research in the state of Odisha in India, this article describes the child labour scenario in the state of Odisha. Odisha became separate state on 1st April 1936.Eighty-two years since the momentous day, much has changed in the Labour relation, Juveniles, Child Labour problem & Migrant Workers of Odisha. This article also explains the magnitude of child labour and steps taken by the Government to eliminate child labour Problem of child labour is very sensitive.

Child labor in Tehran, Iran: Abuses experienced in work environments

BackgroundChild labor is exploitative and harmful and deprives children of opportunities for a healthy life. Nonetheless, child labor is prevalent worldwide. Abusive working conditions are common, especially in developing countries. ObjectiveThis study was designed both to measure the prevalence of abuse in work environments and to identify possible risk and protective factors for such abuse in child laborers in Tehran, Iran. MethodThe researchers conducted this cross-sectional study from September 2018 to May 2019 in Tehran and recruited 250 children from seven child labor support centers. ResultsThe results demonstrated a relatively high rate of abuses experienced in work environments among Iranian child laborers: 77.6 % of children experienced at least one type of abuse, with emotional abuse (70.4 %) as the most frequently experienced abuse followed by neglect (52 %), physical abuse (5.8 %), and sexual abuse (3.6 %). Furthermore, living alone or with a single parent (OR = 3.15, CI 95 %: 1.33–7.45) was a risk factor, while working in home jobs (OR = 2.08, CI 95 %: 1.19–3.63), being male (OR = 0.19, CI 95 %: 0.06−0.55), and being older (OR = 0.32, CI 95 %: 0.17−0.60) were the protective factors of abuses experienced at work among child laborers. ConclusionThe findings of this study have implications for designing and implementing early interventions to provide less harmful work environments for child laborers. Further, advocacy efforts to prevent and eliminate child labor should be pursued.

Sustainable Cotton Makes Changes to Eliminate Child Labour

Sustainable Cotton Makes Changes to Eliminate Child Labour

The Impact Of Covid_19 On Child Labor In Vietnam

In recent years, Vietnam is joining hands with various international organizations to eliminate child labor and achieve certain results. However, such results are being threatened by the severe effects of acute respiratory infections caused by the new strains of coronavirus (COVID-19). The COVID-19 pandemic has forced countries around the world, including Vietnam, to take instantaneous action to protect children from child labor and sustain national efforts to abolish it. By researching different studies, this article will suggest some ideas that conform with Vietnam's policy to combat child labor.

Determinants of Child Labor and Schooling in Damot Gale Woreda, Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia

Child labor becomes a usual problem in developing countries to affect the schooling performances of most of children as they miss important lessons and fall behind academically. The objective of this study was to examine the determinant factors of child labor and schooling in Damot Gale Woreda, Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. The study employed both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data was collected from 203 respondent households through interview schedules. Various documents were reviewed to collect the secondary data in order to supplement primary data. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the sampled households. Data was analyzed using both descriptive statistics and econometric model analysis. Multinomial logistic regression model result revealed that the relative probability of a child being in child labor is significantly and positively determined by factors such as sex of a child being male, having larger number of pre-school-aged children in the household, larger family size, holding larger farm size, owning large number of livestock, and travelling long distance to fetch pipe water but it is negatively affected by having larger number of school-aged children in the household and higher level of household head education. So, the researchers recommend Government and Non-governmental organizations to play an important role on creating awareness on issues like promoting adult education through formal and informal means, developing programs that target poor households for elimination of child labor and empowering their economic status, and strengthening of social programs that help in fighting against child labor. Keywords: Child labor, schooling, factors, Multinomial logistic model DOI: 10.7176/DCS/10-10-01 Publication date: October 31 st 2020

Is Child Labor an Issue Today? Factors and Policy-Related

The world has accomplished progress in human right and child education under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); the goal that comprises end modern slavery and human trafficking and secures the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labor, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labor in all its forms, nevertheless, child labor issues are continuing to spread to many countries in the world. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to address the issue of child labor and factor that help to eliminate child labor issues in Malaysia. Data were collected through an online survey; the participants included twenty-nine (29) Malaysian civil services. The finding of this research indicated that, although the cost for hiring the children is low compare to the adult as highlighted in supply and demand side, few factors preventing community to use the child as a laborer like religion, awareness/knowledge, humanity, ethic, and culture, therefore, there must be a child labor policy that eliminates all forms of child labor in Malaysia. This research is carried values to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in enhancing the policy to end child labor, reduce poverty and hunger, and improves the quality of education; thus, this research carries values to the minister of labor and social affairs in enhancing the policy on human resources development.

Children’s work in African agriculture: Time for a rethink

This article outlines a tension that plays itself out in rural areas throughout Africa. On the one hand, it is recognized that children throughout the world engage in economic activity, and this is particularly so in rural areas. On the other hand, is the policy, corporate and NGO focus on the elimination of child labour from the production of a small number of African export commodities. We argue that a key to resolving this tension and opening the door to more effective interventions to address children’s harmful work is to reframe the problem of, and debates around, child labour by changing the focus to children’s work. The article briefly explores some implications of this shift.

SDG 8 and Elimination of Child Labour in the Cocoa Industry in Ghana: Can WTO Law and Private Sector Responsible Business Initiatives Help?

The issue of child labour in the cocoa industries of producer countries like Ghana has come to the forefront of the discourse on trade related problems in international trade and how the World Trade Organisation (WTO) rules can be used to address them. Though the WTO rules are fundamentally aimed at non-discrimination and liberalisation of international trade, they also provide for exceptions that allow member states to impose restrictions or total bans on imports of products that are not in consonance with non-economic objectives like public morals, public health and the conservation of natural resources. This paper conducts analysis of some exceptions to the WTO rules on non-discrimination and trade liberalisation. Using the problem of child labour in the cocoa industry in Ghana as an example, the paper discusses how these exceptions in the WTO rules could be used by an importing country to influence action against the use of child labour in cocoa exporting countries like Ghana. Where either the WTO rules or state action cannot or does not address the problem of child labour adequately, the paper analysis the viability of private sector responsible business initiatives inspired by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) as substitutes or complements to the WTO rules and state action.

Recommendations: putting an end to child labour in Pakistan!

Child labour is rampant in Pakistan since ages. Laws, policies, programmes and strategies to eliminate child labour have been in place with little gain. Implementation of laws and sustainability of programmes offer barriers to eliminate the menace. We recommend a new approach of regulating child labour as a strategy to eliminate it in the longer run. Model districts with drop-in-centres offering free education to the working children should be constructed. The key stakeholders should unite on a common platform to formulate guidelines defining the nature and duration of work for children in various sectors such that they have sufficient time to visit the drop-incentres. Once a generation of children is educated, the cycle will start to break itself and gradually we will overcome child labour.

Minimum Age Regulation and Child Labor: New Evidence from Brazil

Abstract This study presents new evidence on the effects of minimum age regulations obtained from a natural experiment. In 1998, a constitutional reform in Brazil changed the minimum working age from 14 to 16. The reform was the legislative counterpart of a broad set of measures taken by a government strongly committed to eliminating child labor. This article investigates the role of the minimum working age in this context. The setting allows for improvements upon past approaches based on comparing employment rates of children at different ages. A discontinuity in treatment is exploited, namely the fact that only children who turned 14 after the enactment date (mid-December 1998) are banned from work. According to regression discontinuity and difference-in-discontinuity designs, the null hypothesis of no overall effect of the ban cannot be rejected. Throughout the methods and specifications, an employment effect in a confidence interval of $[-0.06, \, 0.03]$ (in percentage points) is found. A detailed heterogeneity analysis is performed and provides suggestive evidence of diminishing child labor trends in regions characterized by higher labor inspection intensity, which is interpreted as a trace of there being a law. However, contrary to what has been claimed in recent studies, the law seems not to have produced sizeable effects overall, at least in the short run. Power calculations and extensive sensitivity checks support these conclusions.

CHILD & LABOUR SCENARIO IN ODISHA

Based upon research in the state of Odisha in India, this article describes the labour scenario in the state of Odisha during the last 82 years. Odisha became separate state on 1st April 1936. Eighty-two years since the momentous day, much has changed in the Labour relation, Juveniles, Child Labour problem & Migrant Workers of Odisha. This article also explains the magnitude of child labour and steps taken by the Government to eliminate child labour, formation of Labour Union, status of migrant workers and bonded labour in the state of Odisha. Here an effort has been made to analyse the status of child labours as well as other labours in Odisha. Identification of the area of concentration of child labour & evaluations of dimensions of the problem has been made.