Elevated Blood Glucose Research Articles

The Role of Lifestyle Modification During Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and disruption of all types of metabolism. The number of people with diabetes is increasing every year, affecting all segments of the population and age groups. A particularly rapid rate of increase in incidence concerns type 2 diabetes mellitus. This is largely due to the lifestyle of people in the modern world, where there is poor nutrition and physical inactivity, as well as increased levels of stress. This lifestyle is the main modifiable risk factor for this disease. Lifestyle modification is part of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of diabetes and also plays a major role in preventing its development. This article addresses the mechanism of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, clinical manifestations and risk factors. The influence of lifestyle on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and some recommendations for lifestyle modification in patients are also considered.

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of five children with maturity onset of diabetes of the young 12 subtype

Objective: To analyze the genetic and clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of patients diagnosed with maturity onset of diabetes of the young (MODY) 12 subtype. Methods: This retrospective study collected and analyzed data from 5 children with MODY12 subtype caused by ABCC8 gene variants who underwent inpatient and outpatient genetic testing at Beijing Children's Hospital from January 2016 to December 2023. Their clinical and genetic features, treatment, and follow-up results were analyzed. Results: Among the 5 patients with MODY12 subtype, 4 were male and 1 was female, with an age of 13.4 (5.5, 14.6) years. Four of the patients were born large for gestational age, while one was born small for gestational age. Two patients were overweight or obese. Three patients exhibited typical symptoms of diabetes, while 2 were incidentally found to have elevated blood glucose level. One patient was found to have diabetic ketoacidosis at onset, who was diagnosed with congenital hyperinsulinism during the neonatal period and received diazoxide treatment, and experienced intellectual developmental delay. All 5 patients had autosomal dominant inherited diabetes within 3 generations. The fasting blood glucose at onset was 7.5 (6.5, 10.0) mmol/L, the haemoglobin, A1c (HbA1c) was 11.8% (7.5%, 13.5%), and the fasting C-peptide was 1.2 (1.1, 2.2)μg/L. The duration of follow-up was 15 (9, 32) months. One patient underwent lifestyle intervention, two received metformin orally, one received insulin therapy, and the other received subcutaneous injection of insulin combined with sulfonylurea orally. At the last follow-up, the median fasting blood glucose was 6.1 (5.1, 7.0) mmol/L, the HbA1c was 5.9% (5.7%, 7.1%), and the fasting C-peptide was 1.7 (0.9, 2.9)μg/L. One patient developed diabetic retinopathy. There were 4 missense variations in ABCC8 gene and one in-frame deletion, all of which were maternally inherited heterozygotes. Conclusions: MODY12 subtype is a heterogeneous disorder with the age of onset from infancy to adolescence. It can present as mild hyperglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis, and has a high incidence of obesity. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved through genetic test, and individualized treatment is recommended based on glucose levels.

The significance of precise diabetes diagnosis: a case of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis induced by the introduction of empagliflozin with simultaneous reduction of insulin dosage

Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (euDKA) is a rare but severe metabolic complication of diabetes mellitus characterised by elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis despite normal or mildly elevated blood glucose levels. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have emerged as effective antidiabetic medications, yet their use is associated with an increased risk of euDKA, especially when coupled with insulin dose reduction. We present the case of a 50-year-old male with a 20-year history of diabetes mellitus, initially managed with insulin and metformin, who developed euDKA following the introduction of empagliflozin and sitagliptin alongside a reduction in insulin therapy. Despite normoglycaemia the patient exhibited symptoms of ketoacidosis, including chronic fatigue, polydipsia, and polyuria. Diagnostic workup revealed metabolic acidosis, elevated inflammatory markers, acute kidney injury and ketonuria. Subsequent specialised laboratory tests confirmed type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with the presence of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibodies and the absence of C-peptide secretion. Management involved fluid therapy, intravenous insulin and glucose administration. This case underscores the diagnostic challenges of euDKA and emphasises the importance of differentiating between T1DM and T2DM, as management strategies vary significantly. Patient education on insulin therapy and injection techniques is crucial to prevent complications such as improper insulin delivery and dose reduction, which can precipitate euDKA. In conclusion, clinicians should be vigilant for euDKA in patients on SGLT2 inhibitors, particularly when insulin dose reduction is involved. Comprehensive patient education and accurate differentiation between diabetes types are essential for timely diagnosis and optimal management, thereby reducing the risk of severe complications.

The Association between Dietary Intake and Lifestyle Patterns of People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Manipur, India

The aim of the study was to examine the association between dietary intake and lifestyle pattern of diabetes patients in Manipur. Tribal and non tribal respondents between 45-64 years of age were randomly selected from the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) Hospital Manipur. Total number of 200 study subjects, 100 tribal and 100 non tribal subjects constituted the study. The information was collected on socio-demographic profile, clinical, anthropometric measurements and dietary intakes of the patients by using interview schedule and 24-hour dietary recall methods. The data were analyzed and tabulated using statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and Pearson’s correlation test. The key results indicate that alcohol consumption, elevated triglycerides levels, low energy, oils and sugar intake were notably linked with the prevalence of diabetes. Additionally, low calcium intake, particularly among non tribal individuals, demonstrated a significant correlation with elevated Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels, suggesting a potential risk factor for Type 2 diabetes. Moreover, low calcium intake among the non-tribal community was associated with increased Post Prandial (PP) test results, indicating a rise in post-meal glucose levels. Notably, tribal energy intake and non-tribal protein consumption were significantly associated with HbA1c levels, reflecting their impact on glycemic control.

Effect of Elevated Blood Glucose on Postoperative Complications Among Diabetic Patients After Surgical Treatment of Torsional Ankle Fracture.

This study aims to evaluate the association of elevated blood glucose and postoperative complications among diabetic patients after surgical treatment of torsional ankle fracture. This was a retrospective study of consecutive diabetic patients treated surgically for a torsional ankle injury between January 2017 and December 2021 at a large tertiary hospital. All patients who met inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided into a high-HbA1c group or a low-HbA1c group according to the HbA1c cutoff of 7.0% within 3 months of operation, then a propensity score match was performed to control potential confounding factors. The primary outcomes were postoperative complications, and secondary outcomes were unplanned secondary procedures. A matched cohort of 238 patients was finally included, with 119 patients with high HbA1c levels and 119 with low HbA1c levels. Patients with high HbA1c levels experienced more complications (31.1% vs 18.5%, P < .01) and more secondary procedures (22.7% and 8.4%, P < .01) than those with low HbA1c levels. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that patients with high HbA1c levels were significantly associated with higher proportions of any complications (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.08-4.69; P = .03), superficial infection (OR 4.03, 95% CI 2.13-5.41; P < .01), deep infection (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.23-2.02; P < .01), and any unplanned secondary operations (OR 3.72, 95% CI 1.62-8.52; P < .01) compared with those with low HbA1c levels after controlling for potential confounders. Multivariate linear regression showed that high HbA1c levels were significantly associated with a higher number of complications (β = 4.61, 95% CI 2.63-18.18; P < .01) and a higher number of secondary procedures (β = 4.44, 95% CI 2.79-10.87; P < .01). Patients with an HbA1c >7.0% within 3 months of operation are more likely to have a wound issue/infection and more likely to undergo a secondary procedure after surgical treatment of torsional ankle fractures in diabetic patients than patients with an HbA1c ≤7.0% within 3 months of operation.

NF-κB pathway as a molecular target for curcumin in diabetes mellitus treatment: Focusing on oxidative stress and inflammation.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a collection of metabolic disorder that is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Recent studies have demonstrated the crucial involvement of oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory reactions in the development of DM. Curcumin (CUR), a natural compound derived from turmeric, exerts beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus through its interaction with the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Research indicates that CUR targets inflammatory mediators in diabetes, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), by modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. By reducing the expression of these inflammatory factors, CUR demonstrates protective effects in DM by improving pancreatic β-cells function, normalizing inflammatory cytokines, reducing OS and enhancing insulin sensitivity. The findings reveal that CUR administration effectively lowered blood glucose elevation, reinstated diminished serum insulin levels, and enhanced body weight in Streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats. CUR exerts its beneficial effects in management of diabetic complications through regulation of signaling pathways, such as calcium-calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), NF-κB, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1). Moreover, CUR reversed the heightened expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6) and chemokines like MCP-1 in diabetic specimens, vindicating its anti-inflammatory potency in counteracting hyperglycemia-induced alterations. CUR diminishes OS, avert structural kidney damage linked to diabetic nephropathy, and suppress NF-κB activity. Furthermore, CUR exhibited a protective effect against diabetic cardiomyopathy, lung injury, and diabetic gastroparesis. Conclusively, the study posits that CUR could potentially offer therapeutic benefits in relieving diabetic complications through its influence on the NF-κB pathway.

A comparative study of urinary levels of multiple metals and neurotransmitter correlations between GDM and T2DM populations

ObjectiveThe pathogenesis of GDM and T2DM are closely related to various metals in vivo, and changes in the concentration of these metal exposures can lead to neuropathy through the DNA damage pathway caused by the accumulation of ROS. MethodUrine samples were analyzed for heavy metals and trace elements by ICP-MS, neurotransmitter metabolites by HPLC, 8-OH-dG by HPLC-MS and metabolomics by UPLC-MS. ResultCd and Hg were risk factors for T2DM. There was a positive correlation between 8-OH-dG and neurotransmitter metabolites in both two populations. For GDM, the metabolite with the largest down-regulation effect was desloratadine and the largest up-regulation effect was D-glycine. That tyrosine and carbon metabolites were upregulated in the GDM population and downregulated in the T2DM population. ConclusionThe BMI, urinary Cd and Hg endo-exposure levels correlated with elevated blood glucose, and the latter may cause changes in the DNA damage marker 8-OH-dG in both study populations and trigger common responses to neurological alterations changes in the neurotransmitter. Tyrosine, carbonin metabolites, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate were signature metabolites that were altered in both study populations. These indicators and markers have clinical implications for monitoring and prevention of neurological injury in patients with GDM and T2DM.

Interaction of serotonin/GLP-1 circuitry in a dual preclinical model for psychiatric disorders and metabolic dysfunction

Isolation of rodents throughout adolescence is known to induce many behavioral abnormalities which resemble neuropsychiatric disorders. Separately, this paradigm has also been shown to induce long-term metabolic changes consistent with a pre-diabetic state. Here, we investigate changes in central serotonin (5-HT) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) neurobiology that dually accompany behavioral and metabolic outcomes following social isolation stress throughout adolescence. We find that adolescent-isolation mice exhibit elevated blood glucose levels, impaired peripheral insulin signaling, altered pancreatic function, and fattier body composition without changes in bodyweight. These mice further exhibited disruptions in sleep and enhanced nociception. Using bulk and spatial transcriptomic techniques, we observe broad changes in neural 5-HT, GLP-1, and appetitive circuits. We find 5-HT neurons of adolescent-isolation mice to be more excitable, transcribe fewer copies of Glp1r (mRNA; GLP-1 receptor), and demonstrate resistance to the inhibitory effects of the GLP-1R agonist semaglutide on action potential thresholds. Surprisingly, we find that administration of semaglutide, commonly prescribed to treat metabolic syndrome, induced deficits in social interaction in group-housed mice and rescued social deficits in isolated mice. Overall, we find that central 5-HT circuitry may simultaneously influence mental well-being and metabolic health in this model, via interactions with GLP-1 and proopiomelanocortin circuitry.

Effect of High-Sucrose Diet on the Occurrence and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy and Dietary Modification Strategies.

As the most serious of the many worse new pathological changes caused by diabetes, there are many risk factors for the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). They mainly include hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and so on. Among them, hyperglycemia is the most critical cause, and plays a vital role in the pathological changes of DR. High-sucrose diets (HSDs) lead to elevated blood glucose levels in vivo, which, through oxidative stress, inflammation, the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cause plenty of pathological damages to the retina and ultimately bring about loss of vision. The existing therapies for DR primarily target the terminal stage of the disease, when irreversible visual impairment has appeared. Therefore, early prevention is particularly critical. The early prevention of DR-related vision loss requires adjustments to dietary habits, mainly by reducing sugar intake. This article primarily discusses the risk factors, pathophysiological processes and molecular mechanisms associated with the development of DR caused by HSDs. It aims to raise awareness of the crucial role of diet in the occurrence and progression of DR, promote timely changes in dietary habits, prevent vision loss and improve the quality of life. The aim is to make people aware of the importance of diet in the occurrence and progression of DR. According to the dietary modification strategies that we give, patients can change their poor eating habits in a timely manner to avoid theoretically avoidable retinopathy and obtain an excellent prognosis.

Association of clinical variables and thyroid-stimulating hormone with psychotic symptoms in patients with first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder with elevated fasting blood glucose: preliminary exploratory study with a large sample.

Psychotic symptoms and elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) are frequently observed in people with major depressive disorder (MDD), but there is a lack of research into this relationship within this cohort. This study aimed to preliminarily explore the prevalence of psychotic symptoms and their predictors among patients with MDD and elevated FBG. This study enrolled 1718 patients with first-episode and drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD. Sociodemographic data and physical and biochemical indicators were collected. Clinical symptoms were assessed with tools such as the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive subscale. The odds ratio for psychotic symptoms in those with MDD and elevated FBG (18.7%) was 2.33 times higher than those with MDD without elevated FBG. Presence of psychotic symptoms was significantly correlated with HRSD score, suicide attempts, and total cholesterol and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. The combination of HRSD score, suicide attempts and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels among patients with MDD and elevated FBG effectively distinguished between individuals with and without psychotic symptoms, achieving an area under the curve of 0.87. Psychotic symptoms are frequently observed among FEDN MDD patients with elevated FBG, and depressive symptoms, suicide attempts and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels are related to psychotic symptoms in this cohort.

Pre-Existing Metabolic Conditions Impair the Beneficial Effects of Estrogen on Memory and Cognition in Ovariectomized Mice

Loss of estrogen, as a result of menopause, has been associated with cognitive decline and memory loss. Intriguingly, studies conducted with postmenopausal healthy women suggest that hormone replacement therapy improves cognitive functions. In contrast, clinical data involving subjects with a wide range of health conditions indicate that the effect of estrogen treatment varies. In addition to the cognitive decline, postmenopausal women have an increased risk of developing metabolic disorders including obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that pre-existing metabolic conditions reduce the beneficial effects of estradiol treatment and are responsible for the conflicting findings in cognitive functions after menopause. Female, seven-month-old C57BL/6J mice were fed with either a high-fat diet (HFD, BioServ #F3282) or a control diet (LFD, BioServ #F4031) for 10 to 14 weeks, then ovariectomized (OVX). In a randomized manner, mice received a silastic tube implant containing either 17β-estradiol (E2) or vehicle (VEH, cholesterol) and stayed on their respective diets. Body composition and metabolic parameters were measured in the four groups (HFD+VEH, HFD+E2, LFD+VEH, LFD+E2) to assess metabolic status, and novel object recognition test was performed to assess memory and cognition. Before OVX, HFD fed mice had significantly increased body weight, fat mass, basal blood glucose and insulin levels compared to mice fed with LFD. After OVX, LFD-VEH mice developed obesity and had elevated blood glucose and insulin levels, whereas E2 treatment prevented the metabolic changes. Interestingly, HFD-VEH mice had a reduction in fat mass after OVX, which was further decreased with E2 treatment. Overall, mice treated with E2 had lower body weight, fat mass, blood glucose and insulin levels compared to VEH treated mice regardless of their diet, and HFD fed mice had a higher body weight than mice fed the LFD, irrespective of their treatment. The novel object recognition test revealed that LFD-E2 mice spent significantly more time exploring the novel object than LFD-VEH mice. In contrast, there was no difference in exploration time between HFD-VEH and HFD-E2 treated mice. These preliminary results suggest that 1) E2 treatment may be beneficial to prevent the development of metabolic changes and improve cognitive function in LFD fed mice; 2) OVX alone did not worsen the metabolic status of diet-induced obese mice; 3) E2 treatment partially improved the metabolic status of HFD fed mice by decreasing fat mass, blood glucose and insulin levels; and 4) E2 treatment did not improve memory and cognition of HFD fed mice. Source of funding: P01AG071746 8456. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Effects of High-protein and High-fiber Diets on Weight and Glucose Regulation in Spiny Mice (Acomys cahirinus).

Despite the long-term contributions of the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) to research, basic knowledge of appropriate nutrition is lacking for this species. In the wild, spiny mice eat a high-fiber, high-protein food source. In the research setting, spiny mice are prone to obesity that can lead to diabetes mellitus. Common dietary modifications for weight control in humans with diabetes mellitus consist of increased fiber and protein. We hypothesized that increasing the dietary protein or fiber of spiny mice would reduce weight gain and improve their glycemic control, whereas the combination of protein and fiber in the diet would achieve optimal weight management and glycemic control without diet-related pathologic changes. We randomly assigned cages of young adult spiny mice (n = 34) to one of 4 diets: high protein (HP), high fiber (HF), a combination of both high protein and high fiber (HPF), or the base (control) diet (BD). Over the 8-wk study, spiny mice given HF diets maintained baseline weights despite the elevated dietary protein. None of the diets altered blood glucose levels; all diet groups maintained mean blood glucose levels within normal ranges. Spiny mice seem particularly sensitive to changes within their environment, as seen by increased food waste and transient elevated blood glucose levels when the spiny mice were transitioned to novel diets. The short-term elevations in protein and fiber that we tested were well tolerated by spiny mice. Although HF was effective in controlling weight, the ideal percentage of fiber still needs to be determined. The combination diet (HPF) maintained weight and body condition scores and showed a nonsignificant elevation of blood glucose that warrants a longer diet trial before our recommending this specific combination.

Renal tubular (pro)renin receptor deletion does not protect against kidney injury in db/db mice

Background: The (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is a multifunctional protein implicated in blood pressure regulation and kidney fibrosis. Previous studies report enhanced PRR expression in non-diabetic and diabetic kidney disease. In this study, we investigated whether deletion of renal tubular PRR attenuates kidney injury in type 2 diabetes. Methods: Floxed PRR mice were bred with mice expressing Pax8 rtTA and LC1 transgenes and db/db mice (B6.BKS) to obtain renal tubular PRR knockout (KO)-db/db mice. Age matched non-diabetic floxed controls, db/db mice and PRRKO-db/db mice were studied at 16, 20, 26 and 30 weeks of age. To induce PRR deletion, PRRKO-db/db mice were treated with 2 mg/ml doxycycline for 12 days at 8-10 weeks of age. Only male mice were included in this study. Results: All mice survived until the end of the study (N=5-7 mice/group). Compared to controls, db/db mice and PRRKO-db/db mice had higher body weights despite similar food intake throughout the study (p&lt;0.001 by one-way ANOVA). PRRKO-db/db mice had higher urine volume and water intake compared to controls and db/db mice (p &lt;0.01 by ANOVA). Db/db mice had elevated non-fasting blood glucose levels (average: 472 mg/dl at 16 weeks, 292 mg/dl at 30 weeks) while PRR KO-db/db mice had modestly elevated blood glucose levels (average 255 mg/dl at 20 and 30 weeks) relative to controls (average: 150 mg/dl). Urinary albumin excretion was markedly elevated in PRRKO-db/db mice relative to db/db mice and controls throughout the study (950 ug/day vs db/db:145 ug/day, controls: 50 ug/day, p&lt;0.001). At 30 weeks, kidney histology by PAS stain showed minimal tubular injury, glomerulosclerosis or interstitial inflammation among all 3 groups. Interestingly, podocin staining by immunofluorescence was reduced in db/db mice but not PRR-KO db/db mice. Compared to control mice, db/db mice had similar KIM-1, NGAL and collagen-1 mRNA expression in kidney cortex and inner medulla. PRR KO db/db mice had increased cortical KIM-1, NGAL and collagen-I expression compared to control and db/db mice (p&lt;0.01 by ANOVA). Plasma sPRR levels were almost two-fold higher in diabetic mice relative to controls with no difference between db/db mice and PRR KO-db/db mice. Urinary sPRR levels were undetectable in controls and mildly elevated in db/db mice (7.6 ± 0.7 pg/day) and PRR KO-db/db mice (47.6 ± 22.3 pg/ml). No differences in plasma prorenin/renin concentration was noted among the 3 groups while urinary prorenin/renin excretion was higher in PRRKO-db/db mice. Conclusion: Renal tubular deletion of PRR does not protect against kidney injury in type 2 diabetes. It is possible that loss of PRR impairs baseline tubular function which is exacerbated by type 2 diabetes. American Diabetes Association. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Non-adherence to Anti-diabetic Prescriptions Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

Treatment adherence is a primary key in controlling diabetes disease. The study aims to determine the prevalence of treatment adherence in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, investigate the potential influence of adherence on elevated blood glucose levels, and identify the key factors which play a role in non-adherence to the prescribed drugs. A cross-sectional study method was utilized to collect data from all T2DM patients at the Diabetic and Endocrine Centre and Shar Hospital inSulaymaniyah city in the Kurdistan region of Iraq from February 2022 to April 2022. The data collection was performed through a structured questionnaire. The prevalence of drug adherence was assessed using the Morisky Medication-Taking Adherence Scale (4-item), and the glycated hemoglobin test (A1C) was used to determine the blood glucose level. A total of 300 participants were studied, and more than half of them (192; 64%) revealed that they did not adhere to their anti-diabetic medications. Non-adherence was significantly associated with higher A1C. Several barriers to non-adherence were identified as multiple medications, feeling the dose given is high, lack of finance, and side effects by 209 (70%), 116 (39%), 113 (38%), and 103 (34%), respectively. The current study's result revealed that most T2DM patients have no adherence to their medication. This non-adherence is significantly linked to higher A1C levels, emphasizing the critical role of medication compliance in managing diabetes effectively. The study also sheds light on the multiple barriers such as taking multiple prescriptions, the perception that the dose is excessive, lack of finances, and experiencing side effects, which contribute to non-adherence among diabetes patients. These findings underscore the need for healthcare providers to address these barriers and develop tailored strategies to enhance medication adherence among individuals with diabetes.

Comparatively tested potential risk factors across survivors and non-survivors critically patients

Background: The risk factors associated with mortality in critically ill patients have been the subject of numerous studies. However, a considerable amount of variation is evident when one considers the dispersion of patients, the geographical spread, and the classification of healthcare establishments. Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare potential risk factors between Survivors and Non-Survivors, including demographics, anthropometrics, kidney and liver indices, complete blood counts, and biochemical assays. Patients whose condition is critical. Methods: An ICU retrospective investigation was conducted in Jordan, where critically ill patients with surgical and medical conditions were examined. Using the Electronic Medical Record System (Hakeem), the study analysed data and classified patients into two cohorts according to their survival status. Demographic information, clinical characteristics, insulin administration rate, blood glucose levels, dosing schedules for vasopressors, and the burden of comorbidities were all included in the data. The research was granted approval by the Institutional Review Board committee of the Royal Medical Services, Jordan. Results: The research examined the male-to-female ratios among COVID-19 patients and classified them into six distinct age groups. A significant proportion of critical patients, ranging in age from 50 to 60, exhibited elevated corrected sodium levels and a diminished normontraemia status. Higher albumin levels and mean arterial pressures were associated with survivors, whereas a greater proportion of non-survivors were underweight and had a low BMI. A normal temperature was observed in the majority of critically ill patients, whereas non-survivors exhibited elevated fractional blood glucose levels and estimated creatinine clearances. The research emphasises the significance of treatment outcomes and patient demographics. Conclusion: SI may be a more accurate prognostic indicator than non-septic patients due to the effect of norepinephrine, a vasopressor, on heart rate and systolic blood pressure, which may account for the difference in SI values between the two groups.

Perbandingan Klasifikasi antara Naives Bayes dan Decision Tree dalam Prediksi Penyakit Diabetes Tahap Awal

Diabetes is a health condition characterized by an elevated blood glucose level. There are two types, namely diabetes type 1 and diabetes type 2. Diabetes type 1 is caused by a lack of insulin production by the pancreas. Symptoms of diabetes include excessive thirst, frequent urination, and constant hunger. Classification is a process that helps us group data or information into categories based on similar characteristics. In the context of diabetes, classification methods can be used to group individuals based on their risk levels of developing diabetes. By using classification methods, doctors can determine an individual's risk of diabetes and design an appropriate treatment plan. This study involves a comparison between the Naïve Bayes and Decision Tree methods. The results of this research indicate that the algorithm generated is the best among the two algorithms in identifying diabetes patients. An accuracy of 66.67% was obtained for Naïve Bayes, while an accuracy of 91.67% was obtained for Decision Tree. In this study, it was found that the Decision Tree method has a higher accuracy rate than the Naïve Bayes method in the case study and data testing.

Platycodin D Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes-Induced Myocardial Injury by Activating the AMPK Signaling Pathway.

The current study aimed to assess the effectiveness of pharmacological intervention with Platycodin D (PD), a critically active compound isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, in mitigating cardiotoxicity in a murine model of type 2 diabetes-induced cardiac injury and in H9c2 cells in vitro. Following oral administration for 4 weeks, PD (2.5 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the elevation of fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, improved dyslipidemia, and effectively inhibited the rise of the cardiac injury markers creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT). PD treatment could ameliorate energy metabolism disorders induced by impaired glucose uptake by activating AMPK protein expression in the DCM mouse model, thereby promoting the GLUT4 transporter and further activating autophagy-related proteins. Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrated that PD exerted a concentration-dependent increase in cell viability while also inhibiting palmitic acid and glucose (HG-PA)-stimulated H9c2 cytotoxicity and activating AMPK protein expression. Notably, the AMPK activator AICAR (1 mM) was observed to upregulate the expression of AMPK in H9c2 cells after high-glucose and -fat exposure. Meanwhile, we used AMPK inhibitor Compound C (20 μM) to investigate the effect of PD activation of AMPK on cells. In addition, the molecular docking approach was employed to dock PD with AMPK, revealing a binding energy of -8.2 kcal/mol and indicating a tight interaction between the components and the target. PD could reduce the expression of autophagy-related protein p62, reduce the accumulation of autophagy products, promote the flow of autophagy, and improve myocardial cell injury. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that PD effectively inhibits cardiac injury-induced type 2 diabetes in mice and enhances energy metabolism in HG-PA-stimulated H9c2 cells by activating the AMPK signaling pathway. These findings collectively unveil the potential cardioprotective effects of PD via modulation of the AMPK signaling pathway.

In Vitro Test of Leilem Leaf Ethanol Activity on β-Glucosidase Enzyme Inhibition

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease with signs of elevated blood glucose levels. One of the targets of antidiabetic drugs is to inhibit the enzyme α-/β-glucosidase which works in the process of glucose absorption. Leilem plant (Clerodendrum minahassae Teisjm. &amp; Binn.) is well known and used as a dish and medicine for several diseases in Minahasa and has potential as an antidiabetic agent. This study aimed to determine the activity of ethanolic extract of leilem leaves in inhibiting β-glucosidase enzyme. The extract was prepared with 96% ethanol. Antidiabetic properties were measured by β-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of the extract compared tp acarbose were 28,229 and 13,716. Ethanol extract of leilem leaves inhibits β-glucosidase enzyme. Keywords : β-glucosidase; ethanol extract; in vitro; leilem leaf

Knowledge and Attitude Towards Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Associated Factors at an Adult Endocrine Clinic of SPHMMC Addis Ababa Ethiopia

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Background:&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Diabetes Mellitus (DM), a chronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, is associated with severe complications. Type 2 DM (T2DM), the most prevalent form of DM in adults, is characterized by varying degrees of insulin deficiency or resistance. The prevention or delay of macrovascular and microvascular problems associated with DM depends on achieving appropriate glycemic control. The percentage of T2DM patients failing to reach glycemic targets keeps rising even with the expanded availability of numerous anti-hyperglycemic drugs and evidence-based treatment guidelines. The delay in treatment intensification despite inadequate glucose control—often referred to as clinical or therapeutic inertia-contributes significantly to this trend.&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; Objective:&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; This study aims to evaluate the understanding and perceptions of insulin therapy among patients with T2DM. The study focuses on patients under follow-up care at the Adult Endocrine Clinic of St. Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College.&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; Method and Material:&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; An institutional-based, cross-sectional study was carried out from January to March 2021 to evaluate knowledge and attitudes regarding insulin therapy and related factors. A structured questionnaire was used for interviews with a representative sample of 271 T2DM patients who are receiving follow-up care at the endocrine clinic at SPHMMC. The SPSS, version 25, was the software utilized. The statistical significance of the relationship between the dependent and independent variables was assessed using a 95% confidence interval and a p-value less than 0.05.&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; Results:&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; The majority of the respondents were between the ages of 56 and 65, with a mean age of 57.35 years. More than half of the participants, accounting for 231 (85.2%) of the total, were from urban areas. Out of the 271 respondents, approximately 85.6% demonstrated poor knowledge of insulin therapy, and around 37.6% exhibited negative attitudes towards it. Factors such as age, occupation, and a history of long-term Oral Antidiabetic Drug use were found to be associated with the level of knowledge about insulin. In addition to these factors, marital status and a family history of insulin use were found to be associated with patients’ attitudes towards insulin. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Conclusions:&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Our study identified a significant knowledge gap about insulin usage among T2DM patients in the designated study area. We recommend the implementation of regular, structured health education programs, delivered by trained health professionals. This approach is expected to enhance both the knowledge and attitudes toward insulin usage among patients attending follow-up sessions at the SPHMMC diabetic clinic.

Blood glucose fluctuation and in-hospital mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction: eICU collaborative research database.

To assess the relationship between glycemic variability, glucose fluctuation trajectory and the risk of in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This retrospective cohort study included AMI patients from eICU Collaborative Research Database. In-hospital mortality of AMI patients was primary endpoint. Blood glucose levels at admission, glycemic variability, and glucose fluctuation trajectory were three main study variables. Blood glucose levels at admission were stratified into: normal, intermediate, and high. Glycemic variability was evaluated using the coefficient of variation (CV), divided into four groups based on quartiles: quartile 1: CV≤10; quartile 2: 10<CV≤20; quartile 3: 20<CV≤30; quartile 4: CV>30. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models to assess the relationship between blood glucose levels at admission, glycemic variability, glucose fluctuation trajectory, and in-hospital mortality in patients with AMI. 2590 participants were eventually included in this study. There was a positive relationship between high blood glucose level at admission and in-hospital mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.42, 95%confidence interval (CI): 1.06-1.89]. The fourth quartile (CV>30) of CV was associated with increased in-hospital mortality (HR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.25-3.40). The findings indicated that only AMI individuals in the fourth quartile of glycemic variability, exhibited an elevated in-hospital mortality among those with normal blood glucose levels at admission (HR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.11-4.87). Additionally, elevated blood glucose level was a risk factor for in-hospital mortality in AMI patients. Glycemic variability was correlated with in-hospital mortality, particularly among AMI patients who had normal blood glucose levels at admission. Our study findings also suggest early intervention should be implemented to normalize high blood glucose levels at admission of AMI.