Elevated Waist Circumference Research Articles

Obesity, overweight, elevated waist circumference and Insulin differ in their associations with insulin resistance markers- the ERICA study

Obesity, overweight, elevated waist circumference and Insulin differ in their associations with insulin resistance markers- the ERICA study

Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement

Loss of skeletal muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) is common in individuals with obesity due to metabolic changes associated with a sedentary lifestyle, adipose tissue derangements, comorbidities (acute and chronic diseases), and during the ageing process. Co-existence of excess adiposity and low muscle mass/function is referred to as sarcopenic obesity (SO), a condition increasingly recognized for its clinical and functional features that negatively influence important patient-centred outcomes. Effective prevention and treatment strategies for SO are urgently needed, but efforts are hampered by the lack of an universally established SO Definition and diagnostic criteria. Resulting inconsistencies in the literature also negatively affect the ability to define prevalence as well as clinical relevance of SO for negative health outcomes. The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) launched an initiative to reach expert consensus on a Definition and diagnostic criteria for SO. The jointly appointed international expert panel proposes that SO is defined as the co-existence of excess adiposity and low muscle mass/function. The diagnosis of SO should be considered in at-risk individuals who screen positive for a co-occurring elevated body mass index or waist circumference, and markers of low skeletal muscle mass and function (risk factors, clinical symptoms, or validated questionnaires). Diagnostic procedures should initially include assessment of skeletal muscle function, followed by assessment of body composition where presence of excess adiposity and low skeletal muscle mass or related body compartments confirm the diagnosis of SO. Individuals with SO should be further stratified into Stage I in the absence of clinical complications, or Stage II if cases are associated with complications linked to altered body composition or skeletal muscle dysfunction. ESPEN and EASO, as well as the expert international panel, advocate that the proposed SO Definition and diagnostic criteria be implemented into routine clinical practice. The panel also encourages prospective studies in addition to secondary analysis of existing datasets, to study the predictive value, treatment efficacy, and clinical impact of this SO definition.

Offering Fiber-Enriched Foods Increases Fiber Intake in Adults With or Without Cardiometabolic Risk: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

IntroductionPrevious efforts to increase fiber intake in the general population were disappointing despite growing awareness of the multiple benefits of a high fiber intake. Aim of the study was to investigate the acceptance and consumption of fiber-enriched foods.MethodsOne hundred and fifteen middle-aged healthy individuals with and without elevated waist circumference (> 102 cm in males and > 88 cm in females) were recruited and randomized to an intervention or an age- and sex-matched control group. Subjects assigned to the intervention group were invited to select fiber-enriched foods from a broad portfolio of products to increase fiber intake by 10 g/day. Control subjects could choose items from the same food basket without fiber enrichment. The primary outcome was the increase in dietary fiber intake, and secondary outcomes were changes in cardiometabolic risk factors, microbiota composition, food choices, and consumer acceptance of the fiber-enriched foods.ResultsCompared to baseline, daily fiber intake increased from 22.5 ± 8.0 to 34.0 ± 9.6 g/day after 4 weeks (p < 0.001) and to 36.0 ± 8.9 g/day after 12 weeks (p < 0.001) in the intervention group, whereas fiber intake remained unchanged in the control group. Participants rated the taste of the food products as pleasant without group differences. In both groups, the most liked foods included popular convenience foods such as pretzel breadstick, pizza salami, and pizza vegetarian. After 12 weeks of intervention, there were minor improvements in plasma lipids and parameters of glucose metabolism in both the intervention and control group compared to baseline, but no differences between the two groups. Increased fiber consumption resulted in an increased (p < 0.001) relative abundance of Tannerellaceae.ConclusionsFiber-enrichment of popular foods increases fiber intake in a middle-aged population with and without cardiometabolic risk and may provide a simple, novel strategy to increase fiber intake in the population.

Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with metabolic syndrome among the elderly population of Birjand, Iran.

With increasing life expectancy and the aging population of most countries, attention to the diseases of old age has also increased. Due to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the elderly, the present study was designed and performed to investigate the relationship between serum vitamin D levels in Iranian elderly with the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study was conducted on an elderly population of Birjand (60 and older) in the urban and rural areas of the city. In 1325 elderly men and women, with age range of 60 and older, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, anthropometric measurements and laboratory variables were measured. Twenty-eight percent of the elderly participants in the study had vitamin D deficiency. We found that participants with higher 25(OH)D had lower odds for elevated waist circumference (WC) (OR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.83-0.98), reduced HDL (OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.86-0.97) and elevated fasting blood sugar (FBS) (OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.89-0.98). We not found any significant association between 25(OH)D levels and other MetS components. Higher 25(OH)D levels in the elderly are linked to a reduced prevalence of MetS and, specifically, higher levels of favorable HDL-C, WC and FBS. Further intervention studies are needed to substantiate the results of this study.

Consumption of alcoholic beverages and abdominal obesity: cross-sectional analysis of ELSA-Brasil.

The objective was to analyze the association between alcohol consumption and abdominal adiposity in adults. Cross-sectional study conducted at baseline data from ELSA-Brasil (2008- 2010). The sample consisted of 15,065 civil servants from six education and research institutions (35 to 74 years old, both sexes). To identify central adiposity by measuring waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), the cutoff points recommended by the World Health Organization were used. Poisson regression models adjusted for potentially confounding variables were tested. About 40% of the sample had elevated WC and WHR. The probability of having elevated WC was 5% and 3% higher in the most exposed group of beer consumption in men and women when compared to the reference group [PR= 1.05 (95% CI 1.02-1.08) and P R= 1.03 (95% CI 1.00-1.07)]. A higher probability of having a high WHR was also found among the highest beer consumers [PR = 1.03 (95% CI 1.00-1.07) in men and PR = 1.10 (95% CI 1.04-1.15) in women]. A greater number of doses/week of alcoholic drink increased the probability of occurrence of high WC and WHR, with the beer contribution being more important.

Personality traits at age 16 and risk of metabolic syndrome at age 46

ObjectiveTo examine whether five-factor model personality traits at age 16 are associated with risk of metabolic syndrome 30 years later at age 46 and whether adolescent personality mediates the association between childhood social class and midlife metabolic health. MethodsParticipants were from the British Cohort Study 1970, a birth cohort study of participants all born in the same week in 1970. Personality was assessed by participants' mothers (n = 3819) and participants' themselves (n = 2697) at age 16. The five components of the metabolic syndrome were measured at the age 46 assessment: elevated blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides, waist circumference and lower HDL cholesterol. ResultsMother-rated neuroticism and mother-rated conscientiousness at age 16 were associated with risk of metabolic syndrome at age 46 (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.36 and OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.62, 0.78, respectively). Self-reported neuroticism was also associated with metabolic syndrome risk (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.08, 1.91). Mother-rated conscientiousness at age 16 accounted for 10% of the association between childhood social class and metabolic health at age 46. None of the other traits were significant mediators. ConclusionConsistent with lifespan models of personality and health, age 16 personality traits were associated with metabolic health measured 30 years later. Personality traits may also function as a mechanism through which early-life socioeconomic status contributes to midlife health.

The association of hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype with hypertension: A cross-sectional study in a Chinese middle aged-old population.

The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype and hypertension. We undertook a cross‐sectional study with a sample of 9015 adults from China. The HTGW phenotype was defined as elevated waist circumference (WC) and elevated triglyceride (TG) concentration. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the HTGW phenotype and hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in individuals with the HTGW phenotype, than in those with the normal waist normal triglyceride (NWNT) phenotype (89.9% vs 75.3%, respectively, P < .001). After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, current smoker, and current alcohol consumption, the HTGW phenotype was associated with hypertension (Odds Ratio (OR)1.53; 95% CI 1.25–1.87). After further adjustment for potential confounders, the HTGW phenotype was still significantly associated with hypertension (adjusted OR1.28; 95% CI 1.04‐1.58) regardless of sex. The subgroup analyses generally revealed similar associations across all subgroups. This study indicated that the HTGW phenotype was strongly associated with hypertension, and blood pressure should be clinically monitored in individuals with the HTGW phenotype. We suggested a combined use of hypertriglyceridemia waist phenotype in identifying participants who are at high risk of hypertension.

Association between periodontitis and metabolic syndrome in the Hamburg City Health Study.

Previous studies demonstrated an association between severe chronic periodontitis (CP) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, these studies mostly used the outdated National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP) III case definition of MetS. Additionally, CP was rarely diagnosed based on a full-mouth examination. Thus, the aim of the current study was to re-evaluate the potential association between CP and MetS in the Hamburg City Health Study (HCHS), a large population-based survey of middle-aged and elderly men and women in Germany, in view of more current definitions of MetS and CP. A cross-sectional study was performed with baseline-data from participants of the HCHS. Periodontitis severity grades were determined in a random sample of 6,209 participants of which 5,456 had sufficient data to call absence or presence of MetS. Variables defining MetS according to the currently valid harmonized definition were determined and a full-mouth examination was performed, including determination of the clinical attachment loss, bleeding on probing, and dental plaque index. CP was classified in three grades of severity (none/mild, moderate, and severe). The Kruskal-Wallis test or the Chi-squared test were used for descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression models with and without adjustments for potential confounders (age, sex, smoking, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP], energy intake, and physical activity) were used to test for associations. The prevalence of MetS (39.0%) increased according to the severity grades of periodontitis (none/mild: 33.6%; moderate: 38.7%, and severe: 46.8%). Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that severe but not moderate CP was associated with MetS after adjusting for age and sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 to 1.48; P=0.02). However, the association was attenuated after additional adjustment for smoking (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.43; P=0.058) and hsCRP, energy intake, and physical activity (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.36; P=0.294). The use of the more current definitions for MetS and CP confirmed previous observations of an age- and sex-adjusted association between severe CP and MetS. Smoking, high-energy intake, and low physical activity were identified as important lifestyle-related confounders. Abdominal obesity, as indicated by elevated waist circumference, was determined as the most important component of MetS in relationship to CP.

Diets high in glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome among Korean women

Background and aimsAccurate estimation of the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) of diets is essential when assessing health implications of dietary GI and GL. The present study aimed to estimate dietary GI and GL utilizing the updated GI tables with a large number of new, reliable GI values and assess their associations with metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. Methods and resultsWe analyzed data from 3317 men and 6191 women for this cross-sectional study. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Metabolic syndrome and its components were defined based on the harmonized criteria with Korean-specific cutoffs for waist circumference. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Compared with women in the lowest quintiles of energy-adjusted dietary GI and GL, women in the highest quintiles had significantly greater risks of metabolic syndrome (GI, OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.18–2.06; GL, OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.27–2.57), elevated blood pressure, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, both GI and GL), elevated triglycerides (GI only), elevated waist circumference, and elevated fasting glucose (GL only). Among men, no significant association was noted except for a higher risk of reduced HDL-C (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.01–2.29) in the highest quintile of energy-adjusted dietary GI than in the lowest quintile. ConclusionOur findings suggest that dietary GI and GL are positively associated with metabolic syndrome risk among women, but not men, in Korea.

The associations of plant-based food and metabolic syndrome using NHANES 2015-16 data.

Consuming a diet rich in plant-based foods (PBFs) may be protective for risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and chronic disease. However, the impact of consuming healthy versus all types of PBF on MetS is unknown. The relationship between consumption of PBF (both healthy and all) was examined using data from the 2015 to 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The amount of PBFs consumed was calculated as average daily servings, whereas dichotomous MetS variables were based on the National Cholesterol Education Adult Program Treatment Panel III (2005). After weighting and multiple imputation, adjusted associations were examined using logistic regression and marginal probabilities. Consumption of healthy PBF was significantly associated with reduced risk for elevated waist circumference (P=0.017; odds ratio, OR 0.96, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.94-0.98) and MetS (P=0.006; OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93-0.99). Interactions revealed significant protective effects for females who were $\ge$ 60years. In the adjusted model, a 1-unit increase in daily servings of healthy PBF was associated with a 4% lower risk for prevalence of elevated waist circumference and a 4% decrease in risk for prevalence of MetS. Increasing consumption of PBF may offer a viable strategy for reducing risk of MetS.

Dose-response relationships between urinary cobalt concentrations and obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic-related disorders in the general population.

Excessive cobalt exposure has been shown to induce various adverse health effects in animal and human toxicity studies. However, the relationships between cobalt exposure and obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic-related disorders are rarely studied in epidemiological studies. This study aimed to explore the dose-response relationships between urinary cobalt concentrations and obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic-related disorders. Adult participants (≥20 years) from the 2005 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included. Restricted cubic splines and the log-binomial regression were adopted. Multivariate adjusted prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals) comparing extreme quartiles of urinary cobalt concentrations were 1.43 (1.29-1.57) for obesity, 1.43 (1.10-1.86) for insulin resistance, 1.21 (1.09-1.34) for metabolic syndrome, 1.16 (1.10-1.23) for elevated waist circumference, 1.20 (1.09-1.33) for elevated triglycerides, 1.14 (1.01-1.29) for reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 1.06 (0.98-1.15) for elevated blood pressure, and 0.91 (0.79-1.06) for elevated fasting glucose, respectively. Results from the restricted cubic splines showed that an initial steep increase in risk was followed by a weaker increase in risk or a platform beyond 1.0 µg/L for obesity (prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.41 (1.29-1.55)), insulin resistance (1.33 (1.07-1.65)), metabolic syndrome (1.18 (1.11-1.31)), elevated waist circumference (1.18 (1.11-1.25)), elevated triglycerides (1.21 (1.11-1.33)), and reduced HDL-C (1.15 (1.01-1.30)), respectively. In conclusion, the prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, elevated waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, and reduced HDL-C progressively increased with increasing urinary cobalt concentrations. The above associations are non-linear and there is not a "safe threshold" below which there are no toxic effects of cobalt.

Cardiorespiratory fitness, screen time and cardiometabolic risk in South Brazilian school children

Background Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is considered a beneficial effect of physical activity (PA). PA and excessive screen time have implications for cardiometabolic risk. Objective To verify the association between screen time and CRF grouped by cardiometabolic risk factors. Subjects and methods Cross-sectional study evaluated 1,253 schoolchildren (54.2% girls) aged seven to 17 years from southern Brazil. The outcomes were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic (DBP), glucose, and lipid profile. Exposure was a combined variable of self-reported screen time (television, video game, computer) and CRF. Results The main result is that CRF had a more consistent association with anthropometric factors than with metabolic variables. Low CRF students, regardless of screen time, showed a 15% increase in the risk of elevated WC (p < 0.001) and a 24% (<2 h screen time) and 19% (≥2 h) higher risk of overweight (p < 0.001). Second, the increase in SBP was associated with a combination of the two risk factors, ≥2 h screen time/low CRF was associated with a 7% increase in elevated SBP (p = 0.025). Conclusion Low CRF was a risk factor for elevated BMI and WC, regardless of screen time. High screen time and low CRF were associated with higher SBP values.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Specific Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Older Persons in the Philippines: Results from the 8th Philippine National Nutrition Survey.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of deaths among adults in the Philippines, and this is true also among older persons aged 60 years and above. Identification of risk factors and diseases that lead to cardiovascular mortality among the elderly is important to have an impact on longevity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and specific cardiovascular risk factors among older persons in the Philippines. A cross sectional design was used, with data taken from the results of the 8th Philippine National Nutrition Survey (NNS) Clinical and Health Survey done in 2013. Although there is a more recent survey, only the 2013 data is complete and available for secondary analyses. There were 1,835 older persons who were participants in the 8th Philippine NNS who had complete clinical data. The prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome was 52.6% in this population with the distribution of the components as follows: 33.5% have elevated waist circumference; 59.25 had elevated BP >130/85 mm Hg; 30.1% had fasting blood glucose ≥100 mg/dL (includes prediabetes and diabetes); 63% have low HDL, and 39% have elevated triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL.The results for other cardiovascular diseases and risk factors are as follows: 44% had hypertension using the criterion of the JNC VII report (BP ≥140/90 mm Hg); 85% had LDL cholesterol ≥100 mg/dL; 31% are current alcohol drinkers; 22% are current smokers; 53.7% have low physical activity; and 82% have an unhealthy diet. Fifty-two percent (52%) of older Filipinos have metabolic syndrome and have a high prevalence of cardio-vascular risk factors, foremost of which are elevated LDL-cholesterol at 85%, hypertension at 44% based on JNC VII, approximately 10% with diabetes mellitus, but with a double burden of overweight/obesity and undernutrition. This data can help plan for public health approaches to improve quality of life and increase longevity of Filipinos.

Abstract PO-165: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among cancer survivors: An NHANES study

Abstract INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components by race and ethnicity in cancer survivors (CS) compared to participants without a self-reported history of cancer with (CD) and without (NCD) a chronic disease diagnosis. METHODS Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2015 to 2018, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was evaluated among respondents 50 years and older. MetS criteria was based on the 2005 National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III. MetS is diagnosed when three of the following five factors are present: low HDL, elevated triglycerides, elevated blood pressure, impaired fasting glucose, and elevated waist circumference. Weighted data were used to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, stratified by gender, sex, and race/ethnicity. Chi-square test was used to assess group comparisons respectively. RESULTS Approximately, two thirds of all respondents met the criteria for MetS, of which 37% were Non-Hispanic White (NHW), 30.2% were Non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB), and 25.7% were Hispanic or Mexican Americans (Hisp) (p&amp;lt;0.001). Of the five factors in the MetS criteria, elevated TG (p=0.012), elevated glucose (p=0.009), and elevated blood pressure (p&amp;lt;0.001) were significantly associated with NHW, NHB, and Hisp participants who met the MetS criteria. Among those with MetS, 61.5% of NHW, 68.0% of NHB, and 65.6% of Hisp participants had at least one chronic disease (CD), whereas 22.1% of NHW, 10.9% of NHB, and 9.3% of Hisp were cancer survivors (CS) (p&amp;lt;0.001). Of the CS with MetS, the highest reported cancer was non-melanoma skin cancer (35.2%) in NHW, prostate cancer (39.5%) in NHB, and breast cancer (28.5%) in Hisp (p&amp;lt;0.001). CONCLUSION Due to increasing numbers of CS, comorbidities such as MetS have become a concern for healthcare providers. A better understanding of the association between MetS, its factors, and specific cancer sites can provide insight into providing complete clinical care to CS, especially if there are differences by race or ethnicity. Citation Format: Adaora Ezeani, Tanya Agurs-Collins. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among cancer survivors: An NHANES study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: 14th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2021 Oct 6-8. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-165.

Diverse effect of MC4R risk alleles on obesity-related traits over a lifetime: Evidence from a well-designed cohort study.

This population-based longitudinal study is the first investigation that assesses the association of common MC4R SNPs with the obesity-related parameters over time and determines the effect of risk alleles during the three adulthood life periods (early, middle, and late) in a large Iranian cohort, a population with a unique genetic make-up that has been understudied and relatively unexplored. We obtained the genotype of 5370 unrelated adults who participated in the ongoing Tehran Cardiometabolic Genetic Study (TCGS) cohort project for the common MC4R SNPs. Linear regression and linear mixed model analyses were performed to examine the effect of MC4R polymorphisms on maximum BMI and other obesity-related factors over time. We recognized that several SNPs associated with the maximum BMI and the increased BMI, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio across Iranian adults over a lifetime. Interestingly, we found that rs9954571-A has a yet unreported protective role against obesity-related factors, including BMI, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and triglyceride level. Additionally, a survey of the impact of the MC4R risk score throughout the adulthood life periods indicated that the MC4R risk score is influenced both the elevated BMI and waist circumference only during the early adulthood period. Our findings can expand our knowledge about the MC4R genetic variant's contributions to adulthood obesity and highlight the importance of evaluating the genetic components affecting obesity over a lifetime, which could be considered for obesity clinical screening and treatment.

Association of the leptin receptor rs 1805134 polymorphism with obesity parameters, dietary intakes, and metabolic syndrome in Caucasian obese subjects.

some studies have evaluated the association of the rs1805134 genetic variant of the LEPR gene with obesity. the objective was to explore the association of the rs1805134 genetic variant of the LEPR gene with obesity measures and metabolic syndrome in obese Caucasian adults. we conducted a cross-sectional study in 212 obese subjects with body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2. Measurements of adiposity parameters, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, C-reactive protein, and prevalence of metabolic syndrome were determined. the distribution of rs1805134 was 128 TT (60.4 %), 77 TC (36.3 %), and 7 CC (3.3 %). C-allele carriers showed higher levels of BMI, body weight, body fat mass, waist circumference, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, total energy intake, and carbohydrate intake than non-C-allele carriers. A logistic regression analysis reported a high percentage of elevated waist circumference (OR = 2.22, 95 % CI = 1.201-4.97; p = 0.02), hyperglycemia (OR = 1.54, 95 % CI = 1.01-5.44; p = 0.01), and metabolic syndrome percentage (OR = 1.41, 95 % CI = 1.04-5.39; p = 0.03) in C-allele carriers. subjects with the C-allele of the rs1805134 variant of the LEPR gene showed a worse metabolic pattern with a higher percentage of metabolic syndrome, central obesity and hyperglycaemia, probably related to higher energy intake.

Overweight and Obesity, Body Fat, Waist Circumference, and Anemia in Peruvian University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The university represents a critical space for students in terms of prevalence of malnutrition. The objective of this study was to determine the body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (% BF), waist circumference (WC), and anemia in university students. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2,285 university students from Lima, Peru. The sample was selected by nonprobability convenience sampling. Anthropometric data and hemoglobin levels were measured. The Chi-square test was used. The analysis of the associated factors was done using binary logistic regression. A significance level of 5% was considered. There were no significant differences between men and women in BMI (p > 0.05). The men presented significantly high and very high levels of % BF (p < 0.001). The proportion of women who presented anemia and high and very high WC was significantly higher compared to men (p < 0.001). Being older than 27 years (ORB = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.19–3.6), being male (ORB = 2.68; 95% CI = 2.02–3.55), studying at the engineering faculty (ORB = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.09–1.79), having excess body fat (ORB = 8.17; 95% CI = 6.13–10.87), and having an elevated WC (ORB = 35.51; 95% CI = 25.06–50.33) significantly predicted overweight/obesity. The findings of this study suggest that college students, especially males and those who are not enrolled in health sciences colleges, should be a priority in healthy lifestyle interventions, particularly nutritional education programs, to reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity.

Metabolic syndrome impact on cognitive composites domain scores and on white matter hyperintensities in subjective cognitive decline: The FACEHBI Cohort

AbstractBackgroundTo explore the impact of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and its components on Cognitive Composites (CCs) domain scores and on White Matter Hyperintensities (WMHs) in individuals experiencing Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD).MethodTwo hundred participants from the FACEHBI cohort underwent structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 18F‐Florbetaben Positron Emission Tomography (FBB‐PET), and a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. MetS was defined using the Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention criteria (elevated fasting glucose, elevated blood pressure, reduced HDL‐C, elevated triglycerides and elevated waist circumference). WMHs were addressed through the Fazekas scale, the Age‐related white matter changes (ARWMC) scale, and the FreeSurfer pipeline. Ten CCs domain scores were created using principal components analysis (PCA): (1) executive function fluency, (2) executive function processing speed, (3) executive function attention, (4) verbal memory, (5) visual memory, (6) face–name associative memory, (7) face–occupation associative memory, (8) language, (9) visuoperception, and (10) praxis. Age, sex, education, and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) were used as adjusting variables. Several analyses were performed to explore a sex effect.ResultForty‐seven individuals matched the MetS criteria. This syndrome behaves differently based on sex. Only women with MetS showed better performance in language (p = .002; OR = 2.12) than those without MetS. The only differentiating component between both groups (presence/absence MetS) was that women in the MetS subgroup presented greater abdominal obesity (Mann‐Whitney p = .001). From Mets group, antihypertensive drug treatment was significantly associated with better praxis scores (p = .012; OR = 1.84) and HDL‐C drug treatment with better language scores but worse episodic memory performance (p = .028; OR = 1.60; and p = .007; OR = .57, respectively). Drug treatment for elevated glucose was associated with low WMH load in the ARWMC scale (β= ‐.144; p = .045).ConclusionThis study demonstrated a protective effect of MetS in cognitive performance among SCD women with greater abdominal obesity and a lack of association between MetS and WMH load, although further investigation is needed to explore the long term impact of its entity.

The Weight of Migration: Reconsidering Health Selection and Return Migration among Mexicans.

While migration plays a key role in shaping the health of Mexican migrants in the US and those in Mexico, contemporary Mexican migration trends may challenge the health selection and return migration hypotheses, two prevailing assumptions of how migration shapes health. Using data from the Mexican Family Life Survey (2002; 2005), we tested these two hypotheses by comparing the cardiometabolic health profiles of (1) Mexico–US future migrants and nonmigrants and (2) Mexico–US return migrants and nonmigrants. First, we found limited evidence for health selection: the cardiometabolic health of Mexico–US future migrants was not measurably better than the health of their compatriots who did not migrate, although migrants differed demographically from nonmigrants. However, return migrants had higher levels of adiposity compared to those who stayed in Mexico throughout their lives; time spent in the US was also associated with obesity and elevated waist circumference. Differences in physical activity and smoking behavior did not mediate these associations. Our findings suggest positive health selection might not drive the favorable health profiles among recent cohorts of Mexican immigrants in the US. However, the adverse health of return migrants with respect to that of nonmigrants underscores the importance of considering the lived experience of Mexican migrants in the US as an important determinant of their health.

Body Roundness Index Is a Superior Obesity Index in Predicting Diabetes Risk Among Hypertensive Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study in China.

Objective: Individuals with both hypertension and diabetes have been confirmed to significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality compared with those with only hypertension or diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of different anthropometric indices for predicting diabetes risk among hypertensive patients.Methods: The study group consisted of 6,990 hypertensive adults without diabetes who were recruited in China. Demographic and clinical assessment, physical examinations, laboratory tests, and anthropometric measurements, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and novel indices (ABSI, AVI, BAI, BRI, CI, WWI, and WHHR), were performed at baseline and during the (median) 3-year follow-up. Cox regression analyses were conducted to estimate effects from these indices for the onset of diabetes. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to assess the predictive capacities of the anthropometric indices and determine the optimal cut-points.Results: A total of 816 (11.7%) developed diabetes during our prospective study. Multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed weight, WC, WHR, WHtR, BAI, BRI, and WWI as the independent risk factor for diabetes among hypertensive patients, regardless of whether it was treated as a continuous or categorical variable (P < 0.05). Further Cox analyses combining BMI and different central obesity indices showed that elevated WC, WHR, WHtR, AVI, BRI, CI, regardless of the general obesity status, were found to be each independently associated with increased diabetes risk (P < 0.05). Dynamic increases of BRI < 5.24 to BRI ≥ 5.24 were associated with increased risk (HR = 1.29; 95% CI, 1.02, 1.64), and its reversal was associated with reduced risk (HR = 1.56; 95% CI, 1.23, 1.98) compared with the others (HR = 1.95; 95% CI, 1.63, 2.32). ROC analysis indicated that the areas under the ROC curves (AUC) of the anthropometric indices ranged from 0.531 to 0.63, with BRI (cut-off value = 4.62) and WHtR having the largest area.Conclusions: Based on this novel study, BRI was the most superior predictor and independent determinant for diabetes onset among the hypertensive population. Hypertensive patients with BRI > 4.62, regardless of general obesity status, were at high risk of diabetes. Thus, the prompt screening and diagnosis of diabetes should be carried out among these patients for timely integrated intervention.