Elevated Total Cholesterol Levels Research Articles

Relationship between the development of hyperlipidemia in hypothyroidism patients.

As shown in the previous studies, hypothyroidism (HT) is identified to be closely associated with the elevated plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and with the decreased plasma levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). On the other hand, the thyroid hormone (TH), which has been considered as a vital hormone produced and released by the thyroid gland, are well-established to regulate the metabolism of plasma TC; whereas other evidence proposed that the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) also regulated the plasma cholesterol metabolism independently of the TH, which further promotes the progression of hyperlipidemia. Nevertheless, the potential mechanism is still not illustrated. It is worth noting that several studies has found that the progression of HT-induced hyperlipidemia might be associated with the down-regulated plasma levels of TH and the up-regulated plasma levels of TSH, revealing that HT could promote hyperlipidemia and its related cardio-metabolic disorders. Otherwise, multiple novel identified plasma proteins, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTLs), and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), have also been demonstrated to embrace a vital function in modulating the progression of hyperlipidemia induced by HT. In the present comprehensive review, the recent findings which elucidated the association of HT and the progression of hyperlipidemia were summarized. Furthermore, other results which illustrated the underlying mechanisms by which HT facilitates the progression of hyperlipidemia and its cardio-metabolic disorders are also listed in the current review.

Perbedaan Derajat Keparahan Penyakit Berdasarkan Skor Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) Terhadap Profil Lipid pada Psoriasis Vulgaris

Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that affects skin, joint, nail and other organ with clinical manifestation well-defined erythematous plaques with thick silvery scales. Psoriasis vulgaris is associated with dyslipidemia include elevated level of total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride serum and decreased HDL serum levels. Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) is an examination to assess the severity of psoriasis vulgaris and mostly used in clinical practice and research. Purpose: To determine differences in disease severity based on PASI scores on lipid profiles in psoriasis vulgaris patients. Methods: This research is an observational analytic study with cross sectional research design conducted at Dr. Moewardi General Hospital Surakarta from February to March 2022. The total number of subjects was 25 patients with psoriasis vulgaris. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 application (IBM Corp. Chicago, USA). Bivariate analysis with parametric independent T test and Mann-Whitney test were used to determine the differences of total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride and HDL serum level between PASI <10 and PASI ≥10 with p<0,05 considered significant. Results: Patients with PASI <10 had mean value of total cholesterol levels 187,53±26,39, LDL levels 128,24±28,37, triglyceride levels 115,88±61,74 and HDL levels 46,29±11,98 while in patients with PASI ≥10 had value of total cholesterol levels 218,75±34,92 (p=0,020), LDL levels 145,63±35,76 (p=0,201), triglyceride levels 201,88±158,04 (p=0,215) and HDL levels 44,13±11,36 (p=0,672). There is a significant difference between the severity of the disease based on the PASI score on total serum cholesterol levels in psoriasis vulgaris patients. Conclusion: There was a significant difference between PASI score <10 and PASI score ≥10 on total serum cholesterol levels in patients with psoriasis vulgaris.

Assessment of Calcium Carbide and Natural Ripened Pawpaw (Carica Papaya) Fruits on Biochemical Parameters of Wistar Rats

This research was aimed at assessing calcium carbide and natural ripened pawpaw (Carica papaya) fruit on the biochemical parameters of the Wistar rats. Twenty four (24) adult Wistar rats weighing between 126.9- 213.3 g was used for this study. The experimental Wistar rats were grouped into three and were allowed to acclimatize for two weeks at libitum. Five (5) ml/kg of natural and calcium carbide ripened pawpaw fruit juice were administered orally. At the end of the four weeks feeding period, the rats were sacrificed through cervical dislocation. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture, using 5ml syringes and 23G needles into blood sample containers for biochemical analysis using the standard biochemical methods. The renal, hepatic, cardiac, heart and lipid profile parameters analyzed were albumin, total protein, urea, creatinine, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total cholesterol and were compared with the naturally ripened pawpaw fruit group. All mean values of total protein, total cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine levels of calcium carbide ripened pawpaw fruit juice fed group were significantly higher when compared with the natural ripened pawpaw fruit juice. Meanwhile, albumin, total bilirubin, urea, ALT, AST and ALP levels of calcium carbide ripened fruit juice fed group were lower when compared with the natural ripened pawpaw fruit juice. Statistically, there were no significant differences of albumin and total protein parameters at 95% confidence level (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the elevated levels of creatinine, total cholesterol and lactate dehydrogenase may result to kidney injury, cardiovascular and heart diseases. There is therefore need for institutional and legislative strengthening as well as enforcement to prevent the use of calcium carbide in the ripening of pawpaw and other fruits.

Nutritional Treatment in a Cohort of Pediatric Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Effect on Lipid Profile.

Background and aims: Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is characterised by a genetic alteration in the transport and metabolism of cholesterol that leads to elevated levels of total cholesterol (CT) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and early onset of atherosclerosis. According to the current guidelines, diet and promotion of healthy habits are first-line treatments. Little is known about the effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering diet and healthy lifestyle habits on plasma cholesterol and lipid profile in children and adolescents with FH. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of the nutritional counseling on plasma lipid profile in FH children at the first step of treatment. Methods: 115 FH children (2–17 years) were included in the study; dietary habits were evaluated through a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and blood samples for lipid profile were collected at the enrollment (T0) and six months later (T1). Results: the lipid profile at T0 and T1, expressed as mean ± standard deviation in mg/dL, was, respectively: total cholesterol 285.9 ± 51.1 and 276.6 ± 46.8 (paired test difference p value < 0.01), LDL-cholesterol 214.9 ± 47.7 and 206.4 ± 46.6 (p value < 0.01), HDL-cholesterol 52.9 ± 13 and 54.4 ± 11.5 (p value 0.07), triglycerides 87 ± 46.7 and 82.2 ± 38.4 (p value 0.4), non-HDL cholesterol 233 ± 51.4 and 222.2 ± 47.4 (p < 0.01). In the dietary habits (weekly portions) we observed an improvement (p ≤ 001) for fruit and vegetables, fish, pulses, whole foods, and a reduction (p < 0.01) for meat, sausages, cheese, junk foods consumption. Conclusions: In FH children we have highlighted an improvement of the plasma lipid profile and in healthy dietary habits after nutritional counseling.

Effects of PCSK-9 Inhibition by Alirocumab Treatments on Biliary Cirrhotic Rats.

Hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress with elevated oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) exacerbate hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. The plasma level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is controlled by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9). Alirocumab is a monoclonal antibody that decreases LDL via inhibiting PCSK9 function. Apart from lipid-lowering effects, alirocumab exerts anti-inflammation, anti-angiogenesis and anti-oxidant effects. This study aims to investigate the impact of alirocumab treatment on common bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced biliary cirrhotic rats. After a 4-week treatment of alirocumab, the hemodynamic data, blood biochemistry, ox-LDL level, oxidative stress markers, severity of hepatic encephalopathy and abnormal angiogenesis of BDL rats were measured and compared to the control group. BDL rats presented cirrhotic pictures and elevated ammonia, total cholesterol, LDL and ox-LDL levels compared to the control group. Alirocumab decreased plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL, and oxidative stress markers; however, it did not affect the hemodynamics, liver and renal biochemistry, and the plasma levels of ammonia and ox-LDL. The motor activities, portal-systemic collaterals and mesenteric vascular density were not significantly different between alirocumab-treated and control groups. In addition, it did not affect hepatic inflammation, intrahepatic angiogenesis, liver fibrosis and free cholesterol accumulation in the liver of BDL rats. In conclusion, PCSK9 inhibition by alirocumab treatment ameliorates hyperlipidemia and systemic oxidative stress in biliary cirrhotic rats. However, it does not affect the plasma level of ox-LDL, intrahepatic inflammation and fibrosis. In addition, PCSK9 inhibition has a neutral effect on abnormal angiogenesis and hepatic encephalopathy in biliary cirrhotic rats.

Lipid-Lowering Effects of Carob Extracts (Ceratonia siliqua): Proposed Mechanisms and Clinical Importance.

The global prevalence of dyslipidemia (elevated plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, triglycerides, and lower plasma levels of HDL-Cholesterol) is constantly on the rise. Lately, carob pulp has been recognized as an effective natural product for the treatment of dyslipidemia. The two main components of the carob pulp, polyphenols, and insoluble fiber are believed to have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. Studies on humans and animals confirmed its lipid-lowering effects. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, namely by affecting three organ systems: 1) gastrointestinal tract, 2) liver and 3) adipose tissue. Also, carob products have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and vascular-protective activity.

Cinnamaldehyde Mitigates Atherosclerosis Induced by High-Fat Diet via Modulation of Hyperlipidemia, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation.

Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside arteries. Cinnamaldehyde (Ci) has many biological properties that include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Thus, this study was designed to explore the protective effect of Ci against atherosclerosis induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in Wistar rats. Atherosclerosis was induced by an oral administration of an HFD for 10 weeks. Atherosclerosis-induced rats were supplemented with Ci at a dose of 20 mg/kg bw dissolved in 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), daily by oral gavage for the same period. Rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each fed with (a) ND, (b) HFD, and (c) HFD+Ci, daily for 10 weeks. Treatment of rats with Ci significantly reduced the elevated levels of serum total cholesterol (T.Ch), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-Ch), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-Ch), and free fatty acids (FFAs) and significantly increased the lowered levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-Ch) level. Ci ameliorated the increased cardiovascular risk indices 1 and 2 and the decreased antiatherogenic index. Moreover, Ci reduced the elevated serum creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. Ci also improved the heart antioxidant activities by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) activities. Furthermore, the supplementation with Ci downregulated the mRNA expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Thus, Ci successfully elicited a therapeutic impact against atherosclerosis induced by HFD via its hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions.

Association between serum total cholesterol and migraine

Background: There is increasing evidence that migraine with aura is associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke and other vascular disease events. Furthermore migraine has been associated with increased prevalence of specific cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia has been proposed.&#x0D; Aims and objectives: The present study is aimed at to evaluate the association between serum total cholesterol and migraine.&#x0D; Material and methods: This observational cross sectional study was carried out in Neurology Department in Mymensingh Medical College from December 2016 to November 2018 for a period of 2 years. Patients were selected by purposive sampling. Among 100 patients, 50 grouped as migraineur and 50 grouped as non-migraineur for the study.&#x0D; Results: Serum total cholesterol was significantly higher in migraine than non-migraine. Serum total cholesterol was significantly higher in late age of migraine group and migraine with aura.&#x0D; Conclusion: Elevated level of serum total cholesterol was associated with migraine than non-migraine. Serum total cholesterol was significantly higher in late age of migraine group and migraine with aura.&#x0D; Central Medical College Journal Vol 5 No 1 Jan 2021 PP 41-46

Evaluation of Dyslipidemia among Hypertensive patients in Khyber Teaching Hospital, Pakistan

Background: Dyslipidemia and hypertension are the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Both dyslipidemia and hypertension coexist in a single individual can double the risk of complication and a life threatening condition. No specific pattern of dyslipidemia reported among hypertensive patient. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the correlation of dyslipidemia among hypertensive patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in duration of six months in Peshawar. A total of 200 newly diagnosed patients or already taking antihypertensive medications were included. Blood samples were collected from all patients after taking verbally informed consent. Lipid profile was evaluated in blood sample and the collected data was analyzed through SPSS-21. Results: Among total 200 hypertensive patients, 59.5% (n=119) were male patients and 40.5% (n=81) female patients. Blood pressure (BP) were examined among all patients and the mean BP was 156/87. Hypertriglyceremia (TG&gt;200mg/dl) was found in 32% (n=64/200) individuals, hypercholesterolemia (TC&gt;200mg/dl) in 27% (n=54/200), and LDL (&gt;100mg/dl) in 61.5% (n=123/200) hypertensive patients. High density lipid was found lower in 36.5% (n=73/200) hypertensive patients. Conclusion: The findings of this study shows that patients with hypertension are likely exhibit dyslipidemia including elevated triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL level and have reduced HDL level. This study will help to make future plans for preventing both dyslipidemia and hypertension by both proper lifestyle changes and medical management. Keywords: Dylipidemia, Hypertension, TG, TC, Lipid profile, HDL, LDL

Vascular-Metabolic Risk Factors and Psychological Stress in Patients with Chronic Tinnitus.

Little is known about molecular correlates of chronic tinnitus. We examined interrelationships between vascular–metabolic risk factors, perceived stress, and other routine blood values in patients with chronic tinnitus. Two-hundred patients (51% female) were screened for 49 blood parameters pertaining to vascular–metabolic risk, immune function, and redox processes. They further completed perceived stress- and tinnitus-related distress questionnaires. Following descriptive analyses, gender-specific sets of age- and tinnitus-severity-adjusted regression models investigated associations between perceived stress and blood parameters. Patients reported mildly elevated levels of perceived stress. Elevated levels of total cholesterol (65% and 61% of female and male patients, respectively), non-HDL-c (43/50%), LDL-c (56/59%), and lipoprotein_a (28/14%) were accompanied by high rates of overweight (99/100%) and smoking (28/31%). A low-level inflammatory state was accompanied by reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-neutralizing capacity (reduced co-enzyme Q10 and SOD1 levels). Most vascular risk factors were not correlated with perceived stress, except for fibrinogen (ß = −0.34) as well as C-reactive protein (ß = −0.31, p < 0.05) in men, and MCV (ß = −0.26, p < 0.05) in women. Interrelations between blood parameters and stress levels need to be investigated within psychobehavioural frameworks across varying distress levels. Alongside psychological interventions, a low-level inflammatory state may be a route for pharmacological therapeutics.

Impact of maternal dyslipidemia on infant neurodevelopment: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study

BackgroundVarious genetic and environmental influences have been studied for developmental disorders; however, the precise cause remains unknown. This study assessed the impact of maternal serum total cholesterol (TC) level in early pregnancy on early childhood neurodevelopment. MethodsThe fixed data of 31,797 singleton births from a large national birth cohort study that commenced in 2011 were used to identify developmental disorders as estimated by Ages and Stages Questionnaire, third edition (ASQ-3) scores of less than −2 standard deviations at 12 months of age. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to search for correlations between possibility of developmental disorders and maternal TC levels in early pregnancy classified into 4 groups based on quartile (Q1–Q4) values. ResultsAfter controlling for potential confounding factors in 27,836 participants who ultimately underwent multivariate analysis, we observed that elevated TC levels were significantly associated with a higher risk of screen positive status for communication (Q4: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.37) and gross motor (aOR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03–1.25) ASQ-3 domain scores. ConclusionThis large nationwide survey revealed a possible deleterious effect of hypercholesterolemia in early pregnancy on infant neurodevelopment and age-appropriate skill acquisition at 12 months age.

The effect of vitamin D levels on lipid, glucose profiles and depression in perimenopausal women.

Vitamin D deficiency is a significant problem that affects the population living in most countries. This issue is independent by place of residence, sex, age or skin color. It is mainly influenced by the environment we live in and by an unhealthy lifestyle, including bad eating habits. The aim of this study was to evaluate lipid profile, glucose levels, and vitamin D levels, considering sociodemographic variables, smoking and alcohol consumption in perimenopausal women. Depressive mood was also assessed considering sociodemographic variables and vitamin D levels. The study was conducted on a group of 191 women and performed in two stages. The first of them was carried out using a diagnostic survey with the use of a technique questionnaire. The applied research instruments were the author's questionnaire (concerning sociodemographic and selected medical data), and the Beck Depression Inventory. The second stage of the study involved the collection of peripheral blood from each respondent, in order to determine lipid profile, glycemia and serum vitamin D levels. The age of the female respondents ranged from 45 to 65 years, mean age was 53.1 ± 5.37 years, median 53 years. Vitamin D levels were below normal in 78%; 77% had elevated total cholesterol levels; 91.6% of the respondents had high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels within the normal range; 64.4% was characterized by too high (low-density lipoprotein) LDL cholesterol, and 84.8% of the women showed normal triglyceride levels. Among the respondents, 91.1% had normal glycemic levels. Analysis of the collected data showed a weak negative correlation between serum vitamin D levels and the levels of total cholesterol (rho=-0.14; p=0.05), LDL cholesterol (rho=-0.16; p=0.026), and triglycerides (rho=-0.22; p=0.002). Only in the case of HDL cholesterol (p=0.067), there was no statistically significant correlation. There were also no statistically significant correlations between serum vitamin D levels and glycemia or severity of depression. 1. The majority of the women did not manifest depressive disorders. Of all factors analyzed, only education was associated with the severity of depressiveness. 2. Smoking adversely affected serum vitamin D levels in the studied women. 3. The cessation of menstruation affected carbohydrate metabolism and vitamin D levels. Blood glucose levels increased with the age of the studied women. 4. Relationships were found between the levels of vitamin D and the levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Therefore, it is important to maintain normal vitamin D levels.

Assessment of Lipid Profile in Females Suffering from Endometriosis

Introduction: Endometriosis is a prevalent, multifactorial benign gynaecological disorder, characterized by the formation of endometrial and stromal tissue outside the lining of the uterus. 10-15% women suffer from endometriosis at the age between 20-35 years. Exact etiology of endometriosis is not clear but serum lipid level may play important role to cause endometriosis.&#x0D; Aims &amp; Objectives: The current study aims to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemias in young women suffering from endometriosis. Hyperlipidemias implicate inflammation and oxidative stress which may play an important role in the aetiology of endometriosis.&#x0D; Place and duration of study: A cross sectional analytical research of six months duration was conducted in Chaudhry Muhammad Akram Teaching and Research Hospital, Lahore.&#x0D; Material &amp; Methods:Lipid profile such asTotal cholesterol, Triglycerides, Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high- density lipoprotein were biochemically analyzed from venous blood of 30 females with endometriosis and 30 healthy controls by kit method.&#x0D; Results:Result of present study demonstrated significant (p=0.025, &lt;0.001 and 0.036) elevated levels oftotal cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) respectively in patients than that of control ones. Whereas the level of High-density lipoprotein (HDL) was reduced (23.53±4.76 mg/dl) in females with endometriosis as compared to healthy individuals (65.20±8.78 mg/dl).&#x0D; Conclusion: In present study, raised lipid profile in females with endometriosis demonstrated substantial etiological role of lipids in the pathogenicity of endometriosis.

Relationship of depressive disorders with hypertension, its control and other metabolic risk factors in the Tyumen Oblast population of men and women. Data from the study “Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation” (ESSE-RF)

Aim. To study the association between depression and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors, hypertension (HTN) and its control in a random sample of Tyumen Oblast population of men and women aged 25-64 years.Material and methods. The study object was a random sample of the population of the Tyumen and the Tyumen Oblast aged 25-64 years, examined as part of the ESSE-RF epidemiological study. The study included 1658 participants. Among them, 30,3% (n=503) were men, while 69,7% (n=1155) — women. Mean age was 48,9±11,4 years. The prevalence of metabolic risk factors (hyperlipidemia, carbohydrate metabolism disorder, obesity), hypertension and the likelihood of its control in men and women with different levels of depressive disorders diagnosed using the HADS scale were assessed.Results. Compared with participants without depression, persons with psychological disorders were significantly more likely to have HTN (55,5% vs 47,6%, p&lt;0,01), elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC) (63,9% vs 54,0%, p&lt;0,01) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) (66,7% vs 60,3%, p&lt;0,05), carbohydrate metabolism disorders (8,3% vs 5,2% p&lt;0,05), obesity (49,2% vs 37,7%, p&lt;0,01). Significantly more often hypertensive subjects without depression took antihypertensive drugs effectively (odds ratio (OR) — 1,747, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1,001-3,053) and controlled blood pressure (OR — 1,533, 95% CI, 1,05-2,36). There was no association between the use of antihypertensives and the level of depressive disorders. Among women with depression (HADS&gt;7), dyslipidemia (65,5% vs 57,4% for TC, p&lt;0,05; 71,0% vs 62,9% for LDL, p&lt;0,05), carbohydrate metabolism disorders (10,1% vs 5,2%, p&lt;0,01), obesity (53,3% vs 43,2%, p&lt;0,01), HTN (60,6% vs 45,6%, p&lt;0,01) were more common. Men with clinical depression were more likely to have HTN (69,0% vs 47,7%, p&lt;0,05), with a high level of depression — hyperlipidemia (58,9% vs 46,7% for TC, p&lt;0,05; 67,1% vs 53,9% for LDL, p&lt;0,05). Women with elevated depression levels were less likely to take antihypertensive drugs (30% vs 49,4%, p&lt;0,01) and control hypertension (13,8% vs 21,2%, p&lt;0,05).Conclusion. The data obtained confirm the association of depressive disorders with metabolic risk factors and the likelihood of HTN control, which is especially significant among women.

Effects of Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) Seed Protein on Blood Pressure, Plasma Lipids, Leptin, Adiponectin, and Oxidative Stress in Rats with Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome

This study evaluates the potential effects of pumpkin seeds protein on blood pressure (BP), plasma adiponectin, leptin levels, and oxidative stress in rats with fructose-induced metabolic syndrome. Twenty four male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups and fed a 20% casein diet, 20% casein diet supplemented with pumpkin protein, 20% casein diet with 64% D-fructose, or 20% casein diet with pumpkin protein and 64% D-fructose for 8 weeks. Contin-uous fructose feeding induced an increase in plasma insulin/glucose ratio, BP, insulin and glucose, aspartate aminotrans-ferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels, and a decrease in the liver and muscle glycogen stores. In addition, elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and leptin and lowered adiponectin levels were observed in rats fed a fructose-enriched diet. These groups also exhibited lower plasma levels of ascorbic acid and glutathione, higher thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, hydroperoxide, carbonyl, and nitric oxide in both the liver and kidneys than rats fed the control diet. Interestingly, pumpkin seed protein treatment significantly counteracted alterations induced by fructose improving glucose, insulin, BP, TG, TC, ALT, and ALP levels, increasing liver and muscle glycogen stores, adiponectin level, and adiponectin/leptin ratio, and reducing plasma leptin lev-els. In addition, rats fed pumpkin protein with a high-fructose diet improved oxidative stress in the liver and kidneys. In conclusion, proteins from Cucurbita pepo L. seeds effectively improve metabolic parameters and protect against oxidative stress induced by a high-fructose diet.

The Association Between Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody and Dyslipidemia in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Among the Rural Population of Central India.

ObjectiveIn this study, we aimed to determine the association between anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody and dyslipidemia in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH).Materials and methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional case-control study in the department of medicine at a tertiary care teaching hospital in central India. The study consisted of 150 patients (75 cases and 75 controls) who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria.ResultsThe study showed that serum cholesterol was high in 23.1% of cases in the negative anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group and 88.7% of cases in the positive anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group (p<0.001). Serum triglyceride (TG) levels were high in 61.5% of cases in the negative anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group and 90.3% of cases in the positive anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group (p=0.008). Serum high-density lipoproteins (HDL) were low in 15.4% of cases in the negative anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group and 24.2% of cases in the positive anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group (p=0.490). Serum low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were high in 61.5% of cases in the negative anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group and 90.3% of cases in the positive anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group (p=0.008). Serum very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) were high in 84.6% of cases in the negative anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group and 83.9% of cases in the positive anti-TPO antibody SCH sub-group (p=0.947). Based on our findings, 82.8% of participants with negative anti-TPO antibodies had normal serum LDL levels, while 11.1% of participants with positive anti-TPO antibodies had normal LDL levels (p<0.001). The study also showed that elevated serum LDL was present in 17.2% of participants with negative anti-TPO antibody levels and 88.9% of participants with positive anti-TPO antibodies (p<0.001). The study showed a correlation coefficient of 0.0432 between serum TG and anti-TPO antibody levels (p<0.001).ConclusionOur findings showed an increased incidence of dyslipidemia in SCH patients with positive anti-TPO antibodies. SCH with positive anti-TPO antibody is significantly associated with elevated serum total cholesterol (TC) levels, serum TG levels, and serum LDL levels. Hence, early screening and diagnosis of dyslipidemia are crucial to prevent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in SCH patients with positive anti-TPO antibodies.

Phytonutrients of Bitter Apricot Seeds Modulate Human Lipid Profile and LDL Subfractions in Adults with Elevated Cholesterol Levels.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of short-term consumption of bitter apricot seeds phytonutrients on cardiovascular risk factors with a special focus on LDL cholesterol subfractions using the Lipoprint system. A group of 34 adult volunteers (21 female/13 male) consumed 60 mg kg−1 of body weight of bitter apricot seeds daily for 42 days. Subjects were divided into two groups: one with normal cholesterol levels (NTC) and one with elevated total cholesterol levels (ETC). Blood serum levels of total cholesterol (T-C), low-density cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) did not change significantly (p > 0.05) in NTC group. However, there were significant decreasing of T-C (p ˂ 0.05) and LDL-C (p < 0.01) in ETC group. The LDL1, LDL2, and atherogenic LDL3−7 subfractions progressively decreased after 42 days of apricot seeds consumption in ETC group (p < 0.05). Apricot seeds consumption was associated with a significant increase in the mean LDL particle size especially in ETC group (p ˂ 0.01). The results of the present study support the hypothesis that daily consumption of bitter apricot seeds for 42 days positively modified the lipoprotein profile in the group with elevated total cholesterol.

Update on dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism: the mechanism of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is often associated with elevated serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides. Thyroid hormone (TH) affects the production, clearance and transformation of cholesterol, but current research shows that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) also participates in lipid metabolism independently of TH. Therefore, the mechanism of hypothyroidism-related dyslipidemia is associated with the decrease of TH and the increase of TSH levels. Some newly identified regulatory factors, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, angiogenin-like proteins and fibroblast growth factors are the underlying causes of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism. HDL serum concentration changes were not consistent, and its function was reportedly impaired. The current review focuses on the updated understanding of the mechanism of hypothyroidism-related dyslipidemia.

Prevalence, patterns and determinants of dyslipidaemia among South African adults with comorbidities

The present study assessed the prevalence, patterns and determinants of dyslipidaemia among South African adults with multi-morbidities. In this study, 614 individuals with DM and hypertension were recruited. Dyslipidaemia was defined as elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC) ≥ 5.2 mmol/L and/or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥ 2.6 mmol/L, triglycerides (TG) ≥ 1.8 mmol/L and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) < 1 mmol/L for men and < 1.2 mmol/L for women. Multivariate regression model (adjusted) analysis was used to identify the significant determinants of dyslipidaemia. The prevalence of dyslipidaemia was 76.7% (n = 471), with females showing the highest prevalence 357 (75.79%). Elevated TG (62.21%) was the most prevalent form of dyslipidemia. Only 103 (16.77%) participants were on statin therapy. The multivariate logistic regression model analysis (adjusted) showed that, the Zulu ethnicity (AOR = 2.45; 95%CI 1.48–4.05) was associated with high TC. DM (AOR = 2.00; 95%CI 1.30–3.06) and the female sex (AOR = 2.54; 95%CI 1.56–4.12) were associated with low HDL-C. Obesity (AOR = 1.57; 95%CI 1.12–2.21) and the Zulu ethnicity (AOR = 1.60; 95%CI 1.00–2.54) were associated with elevated LDL-C. DM (AOR = 2.32; 95%CI 1.61–3.34) was associated with elevated TG. We found a high prevalence of dyslipidaemia. The study further demonstrated that prevention and treatment of dyslipidaemia should be prioritised among individuals with multi-morbidities.

Synthesis and In Vivo Hypolipidemic Effect of Some N-(Benzoylphenyl)-Carboxamide Derivatives in Triton WR-1339-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats

A series of N-(benzoylphenyl)-carboxamide derivatives (2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a and 6b) was prepared with good yields by reacting the corresponding carbonyl chlorides with aminobenzophenones at room temperature. This was followed by evaluating the hypotriglyceridemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of 3b, 5a and 5b. Triton WR-1339 (300 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to overnight-fasted rats to induce hyperlipidemia. Rats were divided into six groups: control, hyperlipidemic, hyperlipidemic plus compounds 3b, 5a and 5b and hyperlipidemic plus bezafibrate. Results showed that after 18 h of treatment at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight of each of the test compounds, the elevated plasma levels of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly lowered by compounds 5b and 3b (p < 0.001) and by 5a (p < 0.0001), compared to the hyperlipidemic control group. Compounds 3b and 5a significantly increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) by 58 and 71%, respectively. In addition, compounds 3b and 5a caused significant reduction (p < 0.0001) of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels compared to the control group. These results suggest a promising potential for compounds 3b, 5a and 5b as lipid-lowering agents, which may contribute to reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.