Elevated Insulin Research Articles

Fennel seeds extract prevents fructose-induced cardiac dysfunction in a rat model of metabolic syndrome via targeting abdominal obesity, hyperuricemia and NF-κβ inflammatory pathway

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is commonly associated with increased risk of cardiac disease that affects a large number of world populations. ObjectiveThis research attempted to investigate the efficacy of fennel seeds extract (FSE) in preventing development of cardiac dysfunction in rats on fructose enriched diet for 3 months, as a model of MetS. Materials & methodsThirty adult Wistar male rats (160–170 g) were assigned into 5 groups including control, vehicle, FSE (200 mg/kg BW) and fructose (60%) fed rats with and without FSE. Following the last treatment, blood pressure, ECG and heart rate were measured. Next, blood and cardiac tissues were taken for biochemical and histological investigations. ResultsFeeding fructose exhibited characteristic features of MetS involving, hypertension, abnormal ECG, elevated heart rate, serum glucose, insulin, lipids and insulin resistance, accompanied by abdominal obesity, cardiac hypertrophy and hyperuricemia. Fructose fed rats also showed significant reduction in cardiac antioxidants (GSH, SOD, CAT) with elevation in oxidative stress indices (NADPH oxidase, O2.-, H2O2, MDA, PCO), NF-κβ, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) and serum cardiac biomarkers (AST, LDH, CK-MB, cTn-I). Histopathological changes evidenced by destruction of cardiac myofibrils, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and aggregation of inflammatory cells were also detected. Consumption of FSE showed high ability to alleviate fructose-induced hypertension, ECG abnormalities, cardiac hypertrophy, metabolic alterations, oxidative stress, inflammation and histological injury. ConclusionFindings could suggest FSE as a complementary supplement for preventing MetS and associated cardiac outcomes. However, well controlled clinical studies are still needed.

IVF exposure induced intergenerational effects on metabolic phenotype in mice

Research questionWhat is the potential transmission of metabolic phenotype from IVF offspring to the subsequent generation? DesignAn IVF mouse model was established. The F1 generation mice were produced though IVF or natural mating and the F2 generation was obtained through the mating of F1 generation males with normal females. Their metabolic phenotype, including systemic and hepatic glucolipid metabolism, was examined. ResultsIt was found that IVF F1 males exhibited metabolic changes. Compared with the control group, the IVF F1 generation showed increased body weight, elevated fasting glucose and insulin, and increased serum triglyceride concentrations. IVF F1 mice also showed an increased expression of hepatic lipogenesis and autophagy genes. Moreover, IVF F1 males transmitted some metabolic changes to their own male progeny (IVF F2) in the absence of a dietary challenge. IVF F2 mice had increased peri-epididymal and subcutaneous fat and decreased insulin sensitivity. Under the ‘second hit’ of a high-fat diet, IVF F2 mice further showed increased hepatic lipid deposition with unaltered autophagy levels. ConclusionThis research demonstrates the impact of IVF on hepatic glucose–lipid metabolism in two successive generations of offspring, highlighting the need for additional investigation. Enhanced understanding of the mechanisms underlying the transmission of multigenerational effects induced by IVF could potentially lead to the advancement of therapeutic interventions for individuals experiencing infertility.

Evaluation of the anti‐PCOS Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Ocimum Gratissimum (Linn.) Leaf in Letrozole‐Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Wistar Rats

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of ethanolic extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves (EEOGL) on letrozole‐induced polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and determine the possible binding effects of compounds identified in EEOGL using molecular docking method. After the induction using letrozole (1 mg/kg), normal (n=4) and PCOS (n=16; 4 groups of 4 animals/group) were treated for 14 days orally with distilled water (1 ml/kg), metformin (500 mg/kg), clomiphene‐citrate (2 mg/kg), and EEOGL (50 and 100 mg/kg). 47 compounds were docked to androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER), fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate (FBP), and phosphoenolpyruvate‐carboxykinase (PEPCK) using Vina. The result obtained revealed that letrozole‐induced PCOS rats exhibited altered oestrous cycle and administration of the EEOGL at 50 mg/kg significantly (p<0.05) decreased the serum insulin, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride while serum concentration of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, and High‐Density Lipoprotein (HDL) were significantly (p<0.05) increased compared to the control. However, administration of 100 mg/kg of the EEOGL did not reverse elevated insulin and LH levels. Molecular docking revealed four compounds with at high binding affinity for at least one of the proteins studied compared to standard drugs. Ethanolic extracts of O. gratissimum has the potential to regulate the reproductive‐induced alterations in PCOS rats.

Postprandial hypoinsulinemic hypoglycemia as a clue to hidden purging behavior in an adolescent boy with disordered eating

Postprandial hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia occurring within four hours of intake of meals, is an extremely uncommon condition in children. We report the case of an adolescent boy who presented with excessive hunger, poor weight gain, anasarca, hypoalbuminemia, and electrolyte imbalance. Investigating the history of post-meal drowsiness showed postprandial hypoglycemia, which on subsequent evaluation revealed elevated fasting insulin and suppressed postprandial insulin levels. This eventually led to the uncovering of a deliberately and cleverly concealed purging behavior. A meticulous interview of the family and the child confirmed the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, binge-purging type, and averted unnecessary further investigations into the cause of failure to thrive.

Metabolic syndrome in psychiatric patients with schizophrenia

IntroductionMetabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases are a very important cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with schizophrenia who live an average of 10-20 years less than the general population. Second generation antipsychotics are associated with obesity and other components of the metabolic syndrome.ObjectivesThe aim of this paper was to provide complete insight into the existing recent evidence for metabolic risks associated with the use of new antipsychotics, and establish recommendations for monitoring metabolic syndrome and other risks, as well as current options for treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome.MethodsThis review article is based on a literature search. We identified relevant publications and articles by searching the PUBMED database from 1999 to the present day according to the given parameters. The search criteria were the keywords “metabolic syndrome” combined with “schizophrenia” and “new antipsychotics”.ResultsAll researches has convincingly shown that patients with schizophrenia tend to be overweight and have a three to four times higher risk of developing diabetes than the general population. There are also more and more evidence in recent literature about the impact of new antipsychotics on the frequency of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines metabolic syndrome as an elevated insulin level or a fasting glucose concentration of 5.6-6.0 mmol/l in combination with two or more of the following parameters: abdominal or central obesity and dyslipidemia and/or arterial hypertension. The research results systematically showed a 1.5 to 3 times higher frequency of metabolic syndrome in people suffering from schizophrenia compared to the general population. Therefore, regular control of all components of the metabolic syndrome is necessary, from waist circumference, which is the easiest to measure, to all others that can be carried out and done in the general practice doctor’s office.ConclusionsMetabolic changes in patients with shizophrenia who receive new antipsychotics in addition to their unfavorable lifestyle (improper diet, lack of physical activity, smoking) can lead to the development of metabolic syndrome and increase the risk for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It is therefore necessary to establish protocols for monitoring these risks and preventing comorbidities.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Alterations in gut microbiota and bile acids by proton-pump inhibitor use and possible mediating effects on elevated glucose levels and insulin resistance.

Several observational studies have suggested that proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) use might increase diabetes risk, but the mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PPI use on gut microbiota and bile acids (BAs) profiles, and to explore whether these changes could mediate the association of PPIs use with fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and insulin resistance (IR) in Chinese population. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Shenzhen, China, from April to August 2021, enrolled 200 eligible patients from the local hospital. Participants completed a questionnaire and provided blood and stool samples. Gut microbiome was measured by16S rRNA gene sequencing, and bile acidswere quantified by UPLC-MS/MS. Insulin resistance (IR) was assessed using the Homeostasis Model Assessment 2 (HOMA2-IR). PPI use was positively associated with higher levels of FBG and HOMA2-IR after controlling for possible confounders. PPI users exhibited a decreased Firmicutes and an increase in Bacteroidetes phylum, alongside higher levels of glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA). Higher abundances of Bacteroidetes and Fusobacterium as well as higher levels of TCDCA in PPI users were positively associated with elevated FBG or HOMA2-IR. Mediation analyses indicated that the elevated levels of FBG and HOMA2-IR with PPI use were partially mediated by the alterations in gut microbiota and specific BAs (i.e., Fusobacterium genera and TCDCA). Long-term PPI use may increase FBG and HOMA2-IR levels, and alterations in gut microbiota and BAs profiles may partially explain this association.

Association of serum asprosin with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in older adult type 2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundTo explore the association of serum asprosin levels with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThe cross-sectional study enrolled patients ≥ 65 years old diagnosed with T2DM at two community health service centers between November 2019 and July 2021. Logistic regression was applied to analyze the influencing factors of MAFLD.ResultsTotally 219 cases were included. Compared with diabetic individuals without MAFLD (n = 105), diabetics with MAFLD (n = 114) had younger ages, higher body mass index values, shorter time from T2DM diagnosis, increased waist-to-hip ratios, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), elevated γ-glutaryl transferase, elevated fasting insulin, and elevated HOMA-IR (all P < 0.05). Serum asprosin levels were elevated in diabetics with MAFLD in comparison with the non-MAFLD group (291.71 ± 73.69 vs. 255.24 ± 82.52 pg/ml, P = 0.001). Multivariable analysis revealed, after adjusted for age, time from T2DM diagnosis, HDL-C, and ALT, serum asprosin level (OR = 1.006, 95%CI: 1.001–1.010, P = 0.014) were independently associated with MAFLD in T2DM.ConclusionsHigh asprosin level are associated with MAFLD in older patients with T2DM, after adjusted for age, time from T2DM diagnosis, WHR, TG, HDL-C, ALT, GGT, FINS, and HOMA-IR.

ROLE OF LEKHANA BASTI IN METABOLIC SYNDROME: A CLINICAL TRIAL

Background: A constellation of conditions known as the Metabolic Syndrome includes hyperglycaemia, elevated blood pressure, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and central obesity. The two most significant criteria for this collection are central obesity and insulin resistance. Its frequency quickly increased in the modern period and has had a significant socioeconomic impact. Finding a safe and affordable treatment for Metabolic Syndrome is urgently needed because it is one of the primary risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. In the Ayurvedic classics, Santarpana Nimittaj Vikara (diseases due to overeating) is related to Metabolic Syndrome, and Lekhana Basti (therapeutic enema with scrapping properties) appears to be an effective treatment because it is one of the fastest methods to achieve apatarpana (fasting). Objective: The objective of the study is to evaluate the role of Lekhana Basti in Metabolic Syndrome. Material and methods: Patients of either sex who fulfilled the study's eligibility requirements and were aged between 20-60 years were enrolled. Lekhana Basti was given to each of the 21 patients in the morning for 15 days, along with Matra Basti (a type of oleaginous enema) in the evening. The same method was then done after a 15-day break. The final result was then seen after 15 days. Results: In terms of the criteria for weight, waist size, blood sugar fasting, and diastolic blood pressure, the intervention is highly significant; in terms of systolic blood pressure and LDL, it is significant; and in terms of triglycerides and HDL, it is not significant. Conclusion: Lekhana Basti is an ideal therapy for Metabolic Syndrome.

Rida Herbal Bitters Improve Cardiovascular Function in High-fat Diet/Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Background: Effective medication to manage diabetes mellitus-related organ complications with minimal adverse drug toxicity is still in pursuit by scientists worldwide. This study investigated the cardio-protective of Rida herbal bitter (RHB) in a high-fat diet/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Thirty-two matured male Wistar rats (250 ± 20g) were used. The animals were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks before diabetes induction. A single dose of (35 mg/kgb.wt) freshly prepared STZ was injected intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. The animals were allocated into four groups, 8rats/group. Group I: control; Group II: HFD/STZ-induced diabetic rats; Groups III &amp; IV: HFD/STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with 0.3 ml RHB &amp; 200 mg/kgb.wt metformin respectively. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed, blood was sample collected via cardiac puncture and the heart was excised and homogenized. The blood samples and cardiac homogenates tissue were centrifuged to retrieve clear supernatant plasma for biochemical assay. Results: Diabetic rats exhibited significant (p &lt; 0.05) elevated blood glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cardiac biomarkers, lipid profile, malondialdehyde (MDA), pro-inflammatory cytokines, food, and water intake levels with a reduction in body weight, cardiac antioxidant activity, and total protein. RHB administration significantly (p &lt; 0.05) diminished the blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c, cardiac biomarkers, MDA, pro-inflammatory cytokines, lipid profile, food, and water intake, and improved the body weight cardiac antioxidant activity, and total protein. Conclusion: Rida herbal bitter possesses a cardio-protective effect from this study and could be a better alternative medication for managing diabetes and its related cardiovascular complications.

The Effect of Zizyphus spina-christi Extracts on hyperglycemia induced by hyperlipidemic diet in Albino rats

The study was carried out to evaluate the protective effects of Ziziphus Spina Christi (ZSC) leaves, fruits and seed extracts to ameliorate the adverse effects of hyperglycemia induced in Albino rats. Ziziphus Spina Christi seeds, fruit and leaves extracts revealed positive results for carbohydrates, phenols, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and flavonoids. High-fat diet intake has been associated with many pathological alterations in all studied parameters; one of these pathological alterations was hyperglycemia. Treatment of hyperglycemic rats with ZSC leaves, fruits and seeds extracts reduced these pathological alterations. Hyperglycemic rats were treated with ZSC seeds, fruit and leaves ethanolic extracts separately and in combination for 7 weeks. Results showed that the extracts succeeded in reducing the elevated glucose, insulin and HbA1C levels. On the other hand, the extracts improved histological alterations induced by a hyperlipidemic diet.

The Perfect Cup? Coffee-Derived Polyphenols and Their Roles in Mitigating Factors Affecting Type 2 Diabetes Pathogenesis.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing health concern with an estimated 462 million people having been diagnosed worldwide. T2D is characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose and insulin resistance, which culminate in a diminished function of the β-cell mass in its later stages. This can be perpetuated by and result in inflammation, excess reactive oxygen species production, obesity, and the dysregulation of multiple cellular pathways. Many naturally occurring small molecules have been investigated in terms of their roles in modulating glucose homeostasis and β-cell function. Many of these compounds can be found in commonly used sources of food and drink. Interestingly, a correlation has been observed between coffee consumption and T2D incidence. However, the specific compounds responsible for this correlation and their mechanisms are still somewhat undetermined. This paper reviews recent research findings on the effects of several polyphenols that are either found in coffee or are metabolites of compounds found in coffee (enterodiol, enterolactone, matairesinol, secoisolariciresinol, kaempferol, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid) on glucose homeostasis and health complications associated with glucose dysregulation, with a special emphasis on their potential anti-diabetic effects. The factors that affect polyphenol content in coffee are also addressed.

Association between Serum Ferritin and Insulin Resistance Markers with Distinct Glycemic Profiles in an Adult Bangladeshi Population

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health concern. Around 56% of subjects in Bangladesh go undiagnosed, increasing the risk of stroke and cardiovascular issues. Iron stores' impact on diabetes is gaining attention, with ferritin as a key biomarker. Hyperferritinemia probably contributes to insulin resistance and subsequently to decreased insulin secretion, causing the development of insulin resistance. The link between ferritin and insulin resistance (IR) varies based on ethnicity, gender, and glycemic state. Objectives: This study investigates serum ferritin levels in different glycemic stages and explores potential correlations between ferritin and insulin resistance markers (blood glucose, serum insulin, and HOMA-IR) Methods: The study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from March 2018 to February 2019. A total of 140 subjects were included to conduct this study. Participants were categorized into three groups: those with normal fasting glucose (NFG group), impaired fasting glucose (IFG group), and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (Diabetic group) according to WHO (2006) criteria. A purposive convenient sampling method was used, focusing on adults aged 25 to 55 years. Exclusion criteria were applied to eliminate individuals with inflammatory diseases, chronic conditions, major cardiovascular events, anemia, or specific medications that could affect ferritin levels. Results: The study found that serum ferritin levels significantly differed among three glycemic groups (NFG, IFG, and T2DM) with higher levels in T2DM. IFG and T2DM groups also had elevated serum insulin and HOMA-IR. Serum ferritin correlated strongly with fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, HOMA-IR, and BMI. The highest tertile of ferritin levels were associated with the IFG &amp; diabetic group. Conclusion. Elevated serum ferritin levels in IFG and type 2 diabetes may significantly impact glucose regulation. Compared to NFG, there are high insulin resistance markers (fasting insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR) in T2DM and IFG. They have crucial implications for both therapy and prognosis in these conditions. Mugda Med Coll J. 2023; 6(2): 57-63

The Concentrations of Interleukin-6, Insulin, and Glucagon in the Context of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in IL6 and INS Genes.

Obesity and diabetes are a problem of modern medicine. Although the environmental factors contributing to the development of these diseases are widely known, research into genetic factors is still ongoing. At the same time, the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes is increasingly emphasized. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of two selected polymorphisms (rs1800795 and rs3842729) on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this study, 118 participants were examined, including a control group (nonobese and nondiabetic group), an obese group, and a diabetic group. Genotype analysis was performed using the PCR-RFLP method. It has been shown that in patients with the G/G genotype within the rs1800795 polymorphism (IL6), the chance of developing type 2 diabetes is several times lower compared to patients with the G/C and C/C genotypes. However, the rs3842729 polymorphism (INS) does not directly affect the risk of obesity or type 2 diabetes (T2D), although elevated insulin concentrations have been observed in obese and diabetic patients. These results confirm the impact of the rs1800795 polymorphism on the development of diabetes; however, this relationship is more complex and requires further research on other factors.

The role of adipokines and ghrelin in interactions and clinical implications in childhood obesity.

Childhood obesity is a growing global health concern, especially prevalent in the Arabian Peninsula, and is known to contribute to metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. This study aimed to investigate the interplay between adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), ghrelin, and insulin homeostasis in childhood obesity. A case-control study was conducted in Babylon involving 120 children/adolescents (7-17 years). The participants were divided into two groups: 60 obese and 60 healthy controls. Anthropometric and biochemical measures were examined, applying World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards to categorize weight status. Data on blood lipids, glucose, adipokines, and ghrelin were collected in Babylon (Merjan Medical City), ensuring accuracy and providing insights into pediatric obesity's metabolic and hormonal status. Clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory attributes of children were evaluated, with classification as normal-weight or obese based on BMI/Z-score and Waist Circumference. The obese group exhibited elevated triglycerides and insulin levels, as well as reduced adiponectin levels (P ≤ 0.001). Leptin levels showed a positive correlation with BMI/Z-score (r = 0.352, P = 0.006). A diagnostic model demonstrated the significant diagnostic capacity of leptin (AUC > 99%) and its importance in predicting childhood obesity. Each unit increase in leptin elevated the probability of obesity by a factor of 1.197 (95% CI: 1.0507-1.3632, P = 0.0068). The study revealed significant differences in clinical, biochemical, and biological markers of obesity between the research groups and the control group. Leptin emerged as a significant predictor of obesity, demonstrating high diagnostic accuracy. The complex interactions among these adipokines underscore the necessity for comprehensive obesity management strategies.

T2DM may exert a protective effect against digestive system tumors in East Asian populations: a Mendelian randomization analysis.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was associated with digestive system tumors. We analyzed publicly available data from GWAS studies using Mendelian randomization methods to clarify its causal relationship and mechanisms. Five common digestive system tumors and four diabetes-related phenotypes were included. Inverse variance weighted method was the main analytical method. Meta-analysis was used to summarize results of multiple data sources. Horizontal pleiotropy was tested using Egger-intercept method and validated by MRPRESSO method. Heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis were conducted by Cochran's Q test and leave-one-out method, respectively. T2DM is associated with a reduced risk of esophageal (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.71 to 0.83, P< 0.001), gastric (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.84 to 0.90, P< 0.001) and colorectal cancer (OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.85 to 0.91, P< 0.001) and hepatocellular carcinoma (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86 to 0.97, P = 0.005) and an increased risk of pancreatic cancer (OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.47 to 2.50, P< 0.001) in East Asian population. T2DM causes decreased fasting insulin levels (OR = 0.966, 95% CI: 0.95 to 0.98, P< 0.001) and increased glycated hemoglobin levels (OR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.39 to 1.44, P<0.001). Elevated fasting insulin levels increase the risk of esophageal cancer (OR = 10.35, 95% CI: 1.10 to 97.25, P = 0.041), while increased glycated hemoglobin levels increase pancreatic cancer risk (OR=2.33, 95% CI: 1.37 to 3.97, P=0.002) but decrease gastric cancer risk (OR=0.801, 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.99, P=0.044). T2DM is associated with a reduced risk of esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma in East Asian populations. The causal relationships between T2DM with esophageal and gastric cancer are partially mediated by decreased fasting insulin and increased glycated hemoglobin levels, respectively. T2DM indirectly increases the risk of pancreatic cancer by increasing glycated hemoglobin levels.

Activation and inhibition of the sweet taste receptor TAS1R2-TAS1R3 differentially affect glucose tolerance in humans.

The sweet taste receptor, TAS1R2-TAS1R3, is expressed in taste bud cells, where it conveys sweetness, and also in intestinal enteroendocrine cells, where it may facilitate glucose absorption and assimilation. In the present study, our objective was to determine whether TAS1R2-TAS1R3 influences glucose metabolism bidirectionally via hyperactivation with 5 mM sucralose (n = 12) and inhibition with 2 mM sodium lactisole (n = 10) in mixture with 75 g glucose loads during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in healthy humans. Plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon were measured before, during, and after OGTTs up to 120 minutes post-prandially. We also assessed individual participants' sweet taste responses to sucralose and their sensitivities to lactisole sweetness inhibition. The addition of sucralose to glucose elevated plasma insulin responses to the OGTT (F(1, 11) = 4.55, p = 0.056). Sucralose sweetness ratings were correlated with early increases in plasma glucose (R2 = 0.41, p<0.05), as well as increases in plasma insulin (R2 = 0.38, p<0.05) when sucralose was added to the OGTT (15 minute AUC). Sensitivity to lactisole sweetness inhibition was correlated with decreased plasma glucose (R2 = 0.84, p<0.01) when lactisole was added to the OGTT over the whole test (120 minute AUC). In summary, stimulation and inhibition of the TAS1R2-TAS1R3 receptor demonstrates that TAS1R2-TAS1R3 helps regulate glucose metabolism in humans and may have translational implications for metabolic disease risk.

Associations of micronutrients and lipids with prediabetes and glycemic parameters in adolescent girls of the rural DERVAN cohort (DERVAN-9).

We investigated the associations of micronutrients and lipids with prediabetes, glycemic parameters, and glycemic indices among the adolescent girls of the DERVAN (aDolescent and prEconception health peRspectiVe of Adult Non-communicable diseases) cohort study from rural India. We recruited 1,520 adolescent girls aged 16-18 years. We measured glycemic parameters (glucose, insulin and HbA1C), lipids (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], and triglycerides), and micronutrients (vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin D). Prediabetes was defined using American Diabetes Association criteria (fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL or HbA1C ≥5.7%). Glycemic indices (insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, and β cell function) were calculated using the homeostasis model. Associations of prediabetes, glycemic parameters and glycemic indices with micronutrients and lipids were analyzed by multiple logistic regressions. The median age and Body Mass Index (BMI) were 16.6 years and 17.6 kg/m2, respectively. Overall, 58% of girls had a low BMI. Median vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin D concentrations were 249.0 pg/mL, 6.1 ng/mL, and 14.2 ng/mL, respectively. The deficiencies observed were 32.1% for vitamin B12, 11.8% for folate, and 33.0% for vitamin D. Median total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglyceride concentrations were 148.0 mg/dL, 81.5 mg/dL, 50.8 mg/dL, and 61.5 mg/dL, respectively. Elevated total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides were observed in 4.8, 4.0, and 3.8%, respectively, while low HDL was observed in 12.8%. Prediabetes was observed in 39.7% of the girls. Among lipids, total cholesterol and LDL were higher in girls with prediabetes (p < 0.01 for both). In a multivariate model containing cholesterol and vitamin B12/folate/vitamin D, prediabetes was associated with high cholesterol. Prediabetes was also associated with high LDL, independent of folate and vitamin D. Poor insulin secretion was high in those with low vitamin B12. Elevated insulin resistance was associated with low HDL. The likelihood of high insulin sensitivity was reduced in those with high triglycerides. The likelihood of poor β cell function was high in those with high LDL. Statistical interactions between micronutrients and lipids for prediabetes and glycemic outcomes were not significant. There was a substantial deficiency of micronutrients and an absence of dyslipidemia. Our results indicate the need for lipid and micronutrient-based interventions in adolescence to improve glycemic outcomes. Maintaining adequate storage of not only micronutrients but also lipids in adolescent girls is likely to reduce diabetes risk in adulthood.

Gender as a threat for type 2 diabetes mellitus: Elevated fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels in females.

Objective: The research aimed to compare serum levels of fasting plasma glucose, 2hrpp, fasting insulin, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and waist-to-height ratio in individuals with a diabetic background. Study Design: Cross-sectional Observational draft. Setting: District Headquarters Hospital, Gujranwala. Period: December 22, 2020, to December 22, 2022. Material &amp; Methods: Overall, 80 healthy participants, 20-50 years old, were recruited and graded into two groups based on gender. Group A comprised males, and Group B comprised females. All participants demonstrated normal glucose tolerance centered on the oral glucose tolerance test. Results: Females exhibited significantly higher mean levels of fasting plasma glucose (p=0.01), fasting plasma insulin (p=0.004), and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (p=0.007) compared to males. Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance and waist-to-height ratio exhibited a positive correlation (p=0.001). Conclusion: Females with a positive family history may present an amplified threat of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Mitigation of the hyperglycemic effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes albino rats using biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder described by compromised insulin synthesis or resistance to insulin inside the human body. Diabetes is a persistent metabolic condition defined by elevated amounts of glucose in the bloodstream, resulting in a range of potential consequences. The main purpose of this study was to find out how biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) affect the blood sugar levels of diabetic albino rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ). In the current study, CuONPs were successfully biosynthesized using Saccharomyes cervisiae using an eco-friendly method. Characterization results revealed that biosynthesized CuONPs appeared at 376 nm with a spherical shape with sizes ranging from 4 to 47.8 nm. Furthermore, results illustrated that administration of 0.5 and 5 mg/kg CuONP in diabetic rats showed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels accompanied by elevated insulin levels when compared to the diabetic control group; however, administration of 0.5 mg/kg is the best choice for diabetic management. Furthermore, it was found that the group treated with CuONPs exhibited a noteworthy elevation in the HDL-C level, along with a depletion in triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and VLDL-cholesterol levels compared to the diabetic control group. This study found that administration of CuONPs reduced hyperglycemia and improved pancreatic function as well as dyslipidemia in diabetic rats exposed to STZ, suggesting their potential as a promising therapeutic agent for diabetes treatment.

Nutritional Strategies for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Exploring Pathways to Better Management

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune illness that affects the entire body, with the involvement of the joints and gradual bone and cartilage loss. Environmental and genetic factors contribute to the susceptibility to RA. A growing body of research in recent years has indicated that nutrition plays a major impact in both the risk and course of disease. Notably, environmental factors like dust, pollution, infections, and smoking are identified as potential contributors to systemic autoimmunity preceding symptom onset. Amidst this complexity, the role of nutrition emerges as a significant area of interest, with studies indicating potential links between dietary habits and the onset of RA. The article thoroughly investigates the impact of dietary choices on inflammation, drawing attention to the dichotomy of foods with either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects. The Western diet, characterized by its high intake of red meat, saturated fats, and refined carbohydrates, is implicated in elevating inflammation, insulin resistance, and obesity, potentially increasing the risk of RA. Further, the intricate relationship between nutrition and inflammatory diseases is explored, emphasizing the impact of specific nutrients on inflammatory processes. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, crucial for cellular membranes and inflammatory regulation, emerge as potential therapeutic supplements for RA management. Additionally, calorie restriction and antioxidants are identified as influential factors in mitigating inflammation and disease activity in RA patients. The manuscript also examines the effects of various dietary components such as flavonoids, gluten, fasting, vitamin D, and probiotics on RA. Overall, the manuscript presents a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationship between diet and RA, shedding light on the potential avenues for leveraging nutrition as a tool for managing and potentially mitigating the impact of this complex autoimmune condition. Keywords: Inflammation, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Nutritional Therapy, Omega-3 fatty acids, Joint pains, Antioxidants