Elevated Air Temperature Research Articles

An earthquake-triggered avalanche in Nepal in 2015 was exacerbated by climate variability and snowfall anomalies

On 25 April 2015, the Gorkha earthquake triggered a large rock-ice avalanche and an air blast disaster in the Langtang Valley, Nepal. More than 350 people were killed or left missing. Here we reconstruct the evolution of the Langtang avalanche-air blast using field investigations and numerical modeling and examine the influence of two primary climate-related phenomena: snowfall anomalies and warm temperatures. Our findings suggest a deep snow cover fosters the formation of a dispersed avalanche, which increases the mobility and destructive power of the powder cloud air blast. Elevated air temperatures intensify meltwater production and lubricate the flowing mass. Both mechanisms contributed to the Langtang disaster. Our study underscores the essential impact of snow cover and air temperature on the risk assessment of high-altitude rock-ice avalanches, highlighting how seasonal and climatic variations affect avalanche runout and air blast dynamics.

Investigation of NO emissions and chemical reaction kinetics of ammonia/methane flames under dual-fuel co-combustion mode at elevated air temperature conditions

Utilising ammonia, which is one of the most promising carbon-free fuels, comes with the challenge of stable combustion due to its low reactivity. Therefore, advanced strategies are needed, including blending ammonia with highly reactive fuels or implementing innovative combustion techniques. For this reason, the present study proposes an ammonia-methane dual-fuel co-firing combustion mode. The second focus is to analyse the effect of preheating the main swirl air on NO emissions and examine the chemical kinetic reactions. Experimentally, chemiluminescence imaging was conducted to analyse OH* and NH2* emissions to evaluate the flame structure and reaction zones. Numerically, simulations were performed using a chemical multi-reactor network model to examine kinetics. By comparing the fully premixed combustion to the dual-flame co-burning mode, the NO emissions decreased by 80% in the latter case at T = 473K and ϕ = 0.6. The NH3 reaction pathway analysis shows a significantly higher percentage reduction of NO and NH2 reactions in dual flame mode compared to premixed flames. Preheating the main air impacts NO reactions in the dual flame mode, allowing for lower NO emissions.

Co-occurrence of marine and atmospheric heatwaves with drought conditions and fire activity in the Mediterranean region

Climate change has become a major concern in the twenty-first century, leading to the amplification of extreme events and, consequently, to severe impacts on society, economy and ecosystems. Heatwave conditions in particular, often coupled with extended periods of dryness, have an important contribution in exacerbating rural fires. Here, we propose to analyse the co-occurring interplay between atmospheric heatwaves and droughts in southern Europe, and marine heatwaves in the East Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, between 2001 and 2022, highlighting their linkage to wildfires, on both an individual and compound approach. Positive correlations between air and sea temperatures and negative correlations between air temperature and precipitation values were found. Our analysis reveals that severe wildfires are mostly associated with reduced precipitation and/or elevated air temperatures during the summer season, alongside heightened sea surface temperatures. Marine hot (drier) conditions are prevalent for months in which burned areas remain below (above) the 80th percentile. Months marked by higher fire activity are predominantly associated with extreme climatic conditions, showcasing a substantial occurrence of compound events. This study highlights the potential of considering both land-based atmospheric and marine conditions when exploring compound extremes, crucial for mitigating climatic disasters. Moreover, it highlights the role played by compound extreme events in fire management strategies, particularly considering the present context of climate change and the increasing frequency and severity of extreme events threatening ecosystem stability.

Climate change and its impact on sericulture

Climate change refers to the global phenomenon of rapid transformation in natural climate patterns like rain, wind, heat and more. Climate change poses a significant challenge to the existence of species and the stability of ecosystems on a global scale. The escalation in the Earth's atmospheric temperature is predominantly influenced by the heightened levels of greenhouse gases (GHG), including carbon dioxide (72%), methane (18%) and nitrous oxide (9%). (Bora et al., 2022). Agriculture is directly dependent on climate change and weather in India. The climate change viz., temperature, rainfall and carbon dioxide showed impact on crop growth and production in the country (Ram et al., 2016). Temperature fluctuations impact silkworm behavior, development, survival, growth and reproduction as highlighted by Neelaboina et al. in 2018. Silkworms are ectothermic organisms meaning that, their body temperature closely aligns with their surrounding environment. Consequently, alterations in temperature can significantly impact insect behavior, distribution, development, survival, growth and reproduction. Elevated air temperatures particularly during the 4th and 5th larval instars pose a significant climatic challenge that can adversely affect both silkworms and cocoon crops. The issues arising from these unfavorable conditions can be effectively mitigated by adhering to the recommended silkworm rearing technologies as outlined by Tripath et al. (2017).

Edge compute algorithm enabled localized crop physiology sensing system for apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) crop water stress monitoring

Elevated air temperature (>35 ℃) combined with intense solar radiation can cause heat stress related damage to apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruits (e.g., sunburn) and increase tree evapotranspiration demand. Current heat stress mitigation techniques (e.g., evaporative cooling and netting) may protect fruits but can skew the tree evapotranspiration rates, preventing precision under-tree irrigation. A detailed understanding of heat stress mitigation techniques on tree fruit water status is critical for optimized irrigation scheduling and reduced crop losses. This study aimed to quantify water stress using a localized edge-compute-enabled crop physiology sensing system (CPSS), developed previously for fruit heat stress management. The CPSS is capable of acquiring thermal infrared and RGB images of the scene at predetermined interval. In this study, the edge compute algorithm on CPSS was amended to estimate crop water stress index (CWSI). Developed algorithm was validated for its accuracy in predicting the crop water stress under four different heat stress mitigation techniques namely: conventional overhead sprinklers, foggers, netting, and combinations of foggers and netting. A CPSS node was deployed in each treatment for acquiring thermal infrared and RGB images. Acquired imagery data were used to estimate CWSI using the modified algorithm. The algorithm-estimated CWSI showed significant negative correlation with stem water potential measurements (r = -0.8, p < 0.01). The heat stress mitigation techniques had varying effects on sensitivity of estimated CWSI. Algorithm estimated CWSI was most sensitive to changes in water stress under fogging (r = 0.76) and least sensitive under neeting (r = -0.65). Overall, the use of real-time CWSI estimates in conjunction with heat stress monitoring could help improve precision irrigation management, enabling timely actuation of the under tree drip irrigation in apple orchards.

Водообмен в хвойных фитоценозах под влиянием климатических изменений

Woody vegetation and the atmosphere are closely related, which determines the relevance of studying this interaction within the framework of the problem of global climate change and the resilience of terrestrial ecosystems to external influences. For the research region, the Komi Republic, climate warming has been revealed, expressed in increased air temperature in the summer. The warmest year over the years of observation was 2013, when the average air temperature in the summer was 17.2 °C, while the longterm annual average norm was 14.6 °C. The growth and productivity of woody plants in a forest community depend on the amount of moisture in the soil. In the middle subzone of the taiga, moisture reserves are 60–200 mm, so woody plants do not lack it. In this regard, transpiration rates of Scots pine and Siberian spruce needles in different types of forest under fluctuating weather conditions has been studied. The results of the research have shown that at elevated air temperatures, low amounts of precipitation and favourable soil water supply, the transpiration rate in pine increases by 1.5 times, and in spruce by 3 times. This is probably due to the fact that the spruce stomata react especially quickly to changes in external conditions, which is determined by the increased sensitivity of the needles to moisture conditions. It has been established that during the same period there is the closest relationship between the transpiration rate and the air temperature (r = 0.7–0.9). In different types of forest, the transpiration rate in pine varies from 4 to 16 %, in spruce within 5 %. An assessment of changes in the pine and spruce needles transpiration rates in response to changing weather conditions has shown that this process is largely determined by the species membership. Pine is a light-demanding species with a taproot system. Spruce is a shade-tolerant species with a shallow root system.

Adapting to diversified garlic-maize rotation systems by adjusting nitrogen application: Assessing crop yield, nitrogen utilization, and nitrogen footprint

Diversified crop rotation is crucial for maintaining sustainable agricultural production by improving resource use efficiency, balancing soil nutrients, and preserving biodiversity. Despite these benefits, there is a notable gap in research concerning the nutrient transport characteristics in cash crop-grain rotation systems. This study was to investigate: (i) the nitrogen (N) uptake and distribution among the different plant organs in rotation crops; (ii) the N footprint in different growth seasons in response to crop N fertilization and residual N in the soil; and (iii) the influence of environmental factors on the productivity and N footprint in cash-grain rotation systems. In the three-year rotation system, N fertilizer was applied at the rates of 220, 175, and 130 kg N eq ha−1 for maize, and 300 and 240 kg N eq ha−1 for garlic. Results showed that maintaining a high N application rate during the garlic season and appropriately reducing it during the maize season (G300M175) enhanced N transfer to the grains of maize, increasing maize N use efficiency by 18.9%, while simultaneously increasing garlic dry matter and N accumulation. While the maize yield remained stable, garlic yield decreased with the reduced N rate, resulting in a significant reduction in N footprint. Water supplies (precipitation and irrigation) positively impacted dry matter accumulation, N absorption and yield, while reducing N footprint in both crops. Elevated air temperature favored maize yield but hindered garlic production and raised garlic N footprint. Although N fertilizer increased N footprint per unit land area (NFa), it decreased the N footprint per unit N uptake by crops (NFn) while boosting crop yields. Maintaining a suitable N input rate for cash crops in previous season while reducing N input in the following season staple crops can enhance the whole systems’ productivity while decreasing the nitrogen footprint.

Partitioning urban forest evapotranspiration based on integrating eddy covariance of water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes

Partitioning of evapotranspiration (ET) in urban forest lands plays a vital role in mitigating ambient temperature and evaluating the effects of urbanization on the urban hydrological cycle. While ET partitioning has been extensively studied in diverse natural ecosystems, there remains a significant paucity of research on urban ecosystems. The flux variance similarity (FVS) theory is used to partition urban forest ET into soil evaporation (E) and vegetation transpiration (T). This involves measurements from eddy covariance of water vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes, along with an estimated leaf-level water use efficiency (WUE) algorithm. The study compares five WUE algorithms in partitioning the average transpiration fraction (T/ET) and validates the results using two years of oxygen isotope observations. Although all five FVS-based WUE algorithms effectively capture the dynamic changes in hourly scale T and E across the four seasons, the algorithm that assumes a constant ratio of intercellular CO2 concentration (ci) to ambient CO2 concentration (ca) provides the most accurate simulation results for the ratio of T/ET. The performance metrics for this specific algorithm include the RMSE of 0.06, R2 of 0.88, the bias of 0.02, and MAPE of 8.9 %, respectively. Comparing urban forests to natural forests, the T/ET in urban areas is approximately 2.4–25.3 % higher, possibly due to the elevated air temperature (Ta), greater leaf area index (LAI), and increased soil water availability. Correlation analysis reveals that the T/ET dynamic is primarily controlled by Ta, LAI, net radiation, ca, and soil water content at half-hourly, daily, and monthly scales. This research provides valuable insights into the performance and applicability of various WUE algorithms in urban forests, contributing significantly to understanding the impact of urbanization on energy, water, and carbon cycles within ecosystems.

Impacts of elevated temperature and vapour pressure deficit on leaf gas exchange and plant growth across six tropical rainforest tree species.

Elevated air temperature (Tair) and vapour pressure deficit (VPDair) significantly influence plant functioning, yet their relative impacts are difficult to disentangle. We examined the effects of elevated Tair (+6°C) and VPDair (+0.7 kPa) on the growth and physiology of six tropical tree species. Saplings were grown under well-watered conditions in climate-controlled glasshouses for 6 months under three treatments: (1) low Tair and low VPDair, (2) high Tair and low VPDair, and (3) high Tair and high VPDair. To assess acclimation, physiological parameters were measured at a set temperature. Warm-grown plants grown under elevated VPDair had significantly reduced stomatal conductance and increased instantaneous water use efficiency compared to plants grown under low VPDair. Photosynthetic biochemistry and thermal tolerance (Tcrit) were unaffected by VPDair, but elevated Tair caused Jmax25 to decrease and Tcrit to increase. Sapling biomass accumulation for all species responded positively to an increase in Tair, but elevated VPDair limited growth. This study shows that stomatal limitation caused by even moderate increases in VPDair can decrease productivity and growth rates in tropical species independently from Tair and has important implications for modelling the impacts of climate change on tropical forests.

Effect of Ethanol and Iso-Octane Blends on Isolated Low-Temperature Heat Release in a Spark Ignition Engine

&lt;div&gt;Low-temperature heat release (LTHR) is of interest for its potential to help control autoignition in advanced compression ignition (ACI) engines and mitigate knock in spark ignition (SI) engines. Previous studies have identified and investigated LTHR in both ACI and SI engines before the main high-temperature heat release (HTHR) event and, more recently, LTHR in isolation has been demonstrated in SI engines by appropriately curating the in-cylinder thermal state during compression and disabling the spark discharge. Ethanol is an increasingly common component of market fuel blends, owing to its renewable sources. In this work, the effect of adding ethanol to iso-octane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) blends on their LTHR behavior is demonstrated. Tests were run on a motored single-cylinder engine elevated inlet air temperatures and pressures were adjusted to realize LTHR from blends of iso-octane and ethanol without entering the HTHR regime. The blends were tested with inlet temperatures of 40°C–140°C at equivalence ratios of 0.5, 0.67, and 1.0 with boosted (1.5 barA) conditions. The measured LTHR decreased with increasing ethanol content for all conditions tested; iso-octane–ethanol blends with above 20% ethanol content (by volume) showed minimal LTHR under engine conditions. These net effects resulted from the combination of thermal effects (charge cooling) and chemical effects (reactivity changes at low temperatures). The effect of temperature, pressure, fuel composition, and equivalence ratio on ignition delay times calculated from chemical kinetic modeling are presented alongside pressure–temperature trajectories of the in-cylinder gases to explain the trends. The underlying cause of the trends is explained by using a sensitivity analysis to determine the contribution of each reaction within the chemical kinetic mechanism to first-stage ignition, revealing the effect of introducing ethanol on the OH radical pool and resulting LTHR intensity.&lt;/div&gt;

Evaluation of Pigment-Modified Clear Binders and Asphalts: An Approach towards Sustainable, Heat Harvesting, and Non-Black Pavements

Pavement construction practices have evolved due to increasing environmental impact and urban heat island (UHI) effects, as pavements, covering over 30% of urban areas, contribute to elevated air temperatures. This study introduces heat-reflective pavements, by replacing conventional black bitumen with a clear binder and pigment-modified clear binders. Titanium dioxide white, zinc ferrite yellow, and iron oxide red pigments are used to give asphalt corresponding shades. The asphalt and bitumen specimens were subjected to thermal analysis in heat sinks, under varying solar fluxes. The pigment dosage was maintained at 4%, according to the weight of the total mix, for all pigment types. The samples were heated and cooled for 3 h and 2 h, respectively. Mechanical testing was conducted to ascertain the impact of temperature variations on both the neat clear binder (C.B) and pigmented C.B and asphalt mixture samples. Wheel tracking and dynamic modulus tests were conducted to evaluate their performance under high temperatures. The results indicate that non-black asphalt mixtures exhibit significant temperature reductions, up to 9 °C, which are further enhanced by pigmented binders, up to 11 °C. It was found that asphalt with a clear or transparent binder demonstrated lower temperatures and faster heat dissipation in extreme conditions. Moreover, C.B asphalt mixtures displayed a rut resistance of 15%, with the pigmented C.B asphalt mixture showing a remarkable rut resistance of 73%, outperforming conventional asphalt. Non-black mixtures, especially C.B + zinc ferrite, showed improved resistance to permanent deformation in dynamic modulus tests.

Impact of climatic changes on fish biodiversity and their conservation (India)

India, having numerous rivers, is enriched with varieties of flora and fauna in and around it. The total catchment area of the river basin is about 2.5 lakh km2 or 81% of the total geographical area of India. All over India, there are remarkably diverse ranges of aquatic life. 950 freshwater and 1570 marine fish species, a total of 2500, are found which occupies 1.5% of the world's total fish species. Fish is full of nutrition and a prime source of aquatic food. But in this fast-developing urbanization era: anthropogenic activities, industrialization, population, elevated air temperature, global warming, drought, flood, pollution, and monsoonal ups and downs equally put pressure on the climate, ecosystem, society, and economy, increasing pressure on all livelihoods and food supplies, including those in the fisheries and aquaculture sector. The actual properties of climates are being changed very rapidly. Fish availability in the monsoonal season is more than in the summer season. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the present status of fish biodiversity of river Gandak and the significant role of climate change on them. The study was conducted from January 2022 to August 2022 in Gandak river. Overall, 25 individuals of fishes were recorded and characterized which belonging to 12 families, Cyprinidae (32%) was most abundant, followed by Channidae (12%), then Bagridae, Siluridae, Cobitidae, Ambassidae with 8%; Notopteradae, Heteropneustidae, Claridae, Belontidae, Belonidae, Nandidae occupied only 4%. families. Aspidoporia morar and Puntius species, Labeo calbasu and Labeo bata were in good quality while Labeo rohita and Catla catla were not found in good amounts. A good number of ornamental fishes were also recorded. But after these surveys, it was seen that there was a significant decline in their population that also affect other depending organisms along with local fishermen directly or indirectly. So, the need of the hour is conservation which involves restoration of habitat, cleaning of rivers, sewage treated water, mass awareness program to people for water conservation, sustainable use of river water and its resources and these will help the fishermen in livelihood and earning along with the nutritional need of the society.

The role of hydrogen in promoting differences in fatigue crack growth rates observed in Type 304/304L stainless steel at elevated temperature

Hydrogen has been postulated to affect fatigue crack growth rates (FCGRs) in Type 304/304L stainless steel during exposure to high purity water (HPW) environments at elevated temperature. To assess this mechanism, FCGR testing was performed at elevated temperature (260°C) in air and pressurized hydrogen gas. Initial results indicate the measured FCGRs in hydrogen are up to 8x lower than those measured in air under comparable fatigue loading conditions. Post-test evaluation of compact tension specimens indicates crack mouth opening displacements and fracture surface morphologies generated in hydrogen that are consistent with those generated in HPW environments. Observations of crack tip blunting suggest the reduced FCGRs in elevated temperature hydrogen occur due to a decrease in the effective ΔK. Finite element plasticity modeling, using a hydrogen-dependent nonlinear kinematic hardening approach, supports the hypothesis that crack tip blunting and retarded FCGRs are due to a hydrogen-based change in cyclic behavior (e.g. cyclic creep) occurring ahead of the fatigue crack tip.

Warming-Induced Stimulation of Soil N2O Emissions Counteracted by Elevated CO2 from Nine-Year Agroecosystem Temperature and Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment.

Globally, agricultural soils account for approximately one-third of anthropogenic emissions of the potent greenhouse gas and stratospheric ozone-depleting substance nitrous oxide (N2O). Emissions of N2O from agricultural soils are affected by a number of global change factors, such as elevated air temperatures and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Yet, a mechanistic understanding of how these climatic factors affect N2O emissions in agricultural soils remains largely unresolved. Here, we investigate the soil N2O emission pathway using a 15N tracing approach in a nine-year field experiment using a combined temperature and free air carbon dioxide enrichment (T-FACE). We show that the effect of CO2 enrichment completely counteracts warming-induced stimulation of both nitrification- and denitrification-derived N2O emissions. The elevated CO2 induced decrease in pH and labile organic nitrogen (N) masked the stimulation of organic carbon and N by warming. Unexpectedly, both elevated CO2 and warming had little effect on the abundances of the nitrifying and denitrifying genes. Overall, our study confirms the importance of multifactorial experiments to understand N2O emission pathways from agricultural soils under climate change. This better understanding is a prerequisite for more accurate models and the development of effective options to combat climate change.

Evaluating the Present and Future Heat Stress Conditions in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

The impact of elevated air temperature and heat stress on human health is a global concern. It not only affects our well-being directly, but also reduces our physical work capacity, leading to negative effects on society and economic productivity. Climate change has already affected the climate in Luxembourg and, based on the results of regional climate models, extreme heat events will become more frequent and intense in the future. To assess historical conditions, the micro-scaleRayManPro 3.1 model was used to simulate the thermal stress levels for different genders and age classes based on hourly input data spanning the last two decades. For the assessment of future conditions, with a special emphasis on heat waves, a multi-model ensemble of regional climate models for different emission scenarios taken from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) was used. For both, the past and future conditions in Luxemburg, an increase in the heat stress levels was observed. Small differences for different age groups and genders became obvious. In addition to the increase in the absolute number of heat waves, an intensification of higher temperatures and longer durations were also detected. Although some indications of the adaptation to rising air temperatures can be observed for high-income countries, our results underscore the likelihood of escalating heat-related adverse effects on human health and economic productivity unless more investments are made in research and risk management strategies.

Transcriptional regulation of oil synthesis and fatty acid desaturation in olive fruit under elevated growth temperature

AbstractAmbient temperature during olive fruit growth modulates oil content and fatty acid composition. However, the mechanisms behind their regulation are not completely understood. In this work, the transcriptional regulation of oil synthesis and fatty acid desaturation were evaluated by manipulating air temperature in the field. Three‐year‐old trees of cultivars ‘Arbequina’ and ‘Coratina’ were placed in open‐top chambers (OTC) where control or elevated air temperatures were applied early in the oil accumulation phase, and fruits were sampled after 10 or 36 days of exposure. Upon elevated temperature, the oil content in ‘Coratina’ mesocarp tissue decreased less than in ‘Arbequina’ compared to their respective controls. However, the oleic acid content of ‘Coratina’ was more sensitive to temperature. The cultivar‐dependent responses were mainly explained by differential gene expression. In ‘Arbequina’, the downregulation of genes involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis (OeDGAT1‐2, OeDGAT2, OePDAT1‐1, and OePDAT1‐2), upon elevated temperature explains the decrease in oil content, whereas the downregulation of the fatty acid desaturases genes (OeSAD1, OeSAD3, OeFAD2‐1, OeFAD2‐2, and OeFAD2‐5) decreased the oleic/linoleic ratio. In contrast, in ‘Coratina’, OePDAT1‐2 downregulation explains the fluctuation in oil content, but the increased expression of three members of the OeFAD2 gene family was responsible for the oleic/linoleic ratio. This knowledge contributes to developing an integrated strategy for olive production under high temperatures, and the analysis of the expression of key genes could be used as a selection criterion in genetic improvement programs for the adaptation of olive cultivars to global warming.

The feasibility of using combined soils in greenhouse conditions for growing Osteospermum

Periodically recurring droughts, unstable atmospheric moisture, and elevated air temperatures in summer are characteristic of the Orenburg region, which is part of the South Ural region. Of great scientific and practical importance at the present stage is the creation of soils that are optimal in terms of physical and chemical composition, giving high production results. The article presents the results of experimental data on the use of combined soils in greenhouse conditions in the Orenburg region when growing ornamental plants Osteospermum, for the purpose of decorative landscaping in urban areas, as one of the promising flower crops. In laboratory conditions, when constructing the soil, its chemical composition was carried out before sowing ornamental crops and after transplanting plants into open ground, in order to analyze the needs of plants for the mineral component of the soil and the possibilities of its reuse (secondary) for enriching the open soil of flower beds in urban conditions.

The Influence of Climate, Atmospheric Pollution, and Natural Disasters on Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Mellitus in Drylands: A Scoping Review.

In the face of escalating global aridification, this study examines the complex relationship between climate variability, air pollution, natural disasters, and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) in arid regions. The study conducted a scoping review of multiple databases using JBI guidelines and included 74 studies. The results show that acute myocardial infarction (n = 20) and stroke (n = 13) are the primary CVDs affected by these factors, particularly affecting older adults (n = 34) and persons with hypertension (n = 3). Elevated air temperature and heat waves emerge as critical risk factors for CVD, exacerbating various cardiovascular mechanisms. Atmospheric pollutants and natural disasters increase this risk. Indirect effects of disasters amplify risk factors such as socioeconomic vulnerability (n = 4), inadequate medical care (n = 3), stress (n = 3), and poor diet (n = 2), increasing CVD and DM risk. The study underscores the need for nations to adhere to the Paris Agreement, advocating for reduced air pollutants, resilient environments, and collaborative, multidisciplinary research to develop targeted health interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of climate, pollution, and natural disasters.

Stray bird species are reference points of the initial stages of changing areas in conditions of directional climate change (on The example Eastern Siberia)

We have shown that Eastern Siberia has now become the scene of climate change, which is determined by its location – the center of Inner Asia. It was found that as a result of increased solar activity on the western edge of Eurasia, the latitudinal transfer of air masses was replaced by a meridional (North Atlantic sector) one. Later, such a shift was observed in the eastern (Pacific) sector of Asia. As a result, a hotbed of elevated surface air temperature was formed in Eastern Siberia and adjacent areas of Mongolia and China, and distant bird evictions to the north, east and west were observed. It is shown that such flights are the first stage of the transformation of bird areas. In the first half of the 20th century, weak western and eastern bird streams have already reached of the hollow Lake Baikal. By the middle of the 20th century, 60 new bird species had been recorded here, but their numbers were insignificant. Subsequently, there were clear trends among them towards further expansion of their areas. It is proved that long-range flights of new species are the first benchmarks indicating the upcoming changes in bird areas. Their consequences should be taken into account in economic activities.

Response of Rice Cultivars to Elevated Air Temperature and Soil Amendments: Implications towards Climate Change Adaptations and Mitigating Global Warming Potentials

Response of Rice Cultivars to Elevated Air Temperature and Soil Amendments: Implications towards Climate Change Adaptations and Mitigating Global Warming Potentials