Eleutherine Bulbosa Research Articles

Test of the Anti-Inflammatory Effectiveness of Ethanol Extract Gel Preparation of Sabrang Onion Bulb (Eleutherine bulbosa) on Incisional Wounds in Wistar Rats

Background: The use of medicinal plants is increasingly widespread among the community, especially due to their properties in healing various diseases. One of the developing medicinal plants is bawang sabrang (Eleutherine bulbosa), which has been proven to accelerate the healing process of wounds. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of administering gel extract from bawang dayak tubers on the healing process of incised wounds in rats. The test subjects used were 25 male rats. Incisions measuring 2 cm were made on the backs of the rats using a surgical knife. Method: Laboratory experimental study with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of five treatments: one positive control (bioplacenton gel), one negative control (gel base), and three graduated concentrations of gel extract, namely 5%, 10%, and 15%. Treatments were administered twice daily for 14 days. Results: Measurement of wound diameter showed that the gel extract of bawang sabrang at a concentration of 15% and the positive control provided a more effective healing effect compared to the gel extract at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and the negative control (gel base). Conclusion: Ethanol extract of bawang sabrang is effective as a gel for healing incised wounds in rats at a concentration of 15%. The physical properties of the gel show a characteristic aroma and a golden red color, homogenous without grains or lumps, a pH of 4.9, and a spreadability of 5 cm.Keywords: Bawang sabrang tuber, Anti-inflammatory, rats, Edema.

NMR-based metabolic profiling and antioxidant activity of Eleutherine bulbosa bulb ethanol extract

The metabolite profile of the ethanol extract from Eleutherine bulbosa was assessed using the 1D NMR approach amalgamated with 2D NMR. E. bulbosa, an indigenous plant found in Indonesia, possesses considerable promise as a raw material for medicinal products. We examined the antioxidant capacity of the E. bulbosa extract using DPPH and ABTS methods. The antioxidant evaluation demonstrated that the ethanol extract exhibits strong antioxidant properties. Furthermore, we have successfully identified thirteen metabolites in the ethanol extract without separation. These metabolites include eleutherol A, eleutherol B, eleutherol C, eleuthione B, eleuthione C, hongconin, karwinaphthol, isoeleuthoside C, quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, isoeleutherin, cyanidin-3-o-β-glucopyranoside, and kadsuric acid. Metabolite Cyanidin-3-o-β-glucopyranoside (4.89 mM ± 0.02) was the highest metabolite contained in this extract. This result showed that NMR methods could detect and measure metabolites in the E. bulbosa ethanol extract without requiring separation.

Chemopreventive effect of dayak onion [Eleutherine bulbosa, Mill. (Urb)] against 7,12-dimethylbenz [α] anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in rats: study on cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3)

Dayak onion [Eleutherine bulbosa, Mill. (Urb)] is herbal plant believed to have anticancer effects. It contains triterpenoids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and naphthoquinones which have antioxidants and anticancer activities. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of dayak onion bulb (EEDO) on serum cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) levels in rats induced with 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA). Thirty female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups, namely Normal Group, Positive Control Group (tamoxifen), Negative Control Group (dimethyl sulfoxide/DMSO) 5%), Treatment Group I (EEDO 180 mg/kgBW), Treatment Group II (EEDO 360 mg/kgBW) and Treatment Group III (EEDO 720 mg/kgBW). All groups, except the normal group, were induced with DMBA 20 mg/kg body weight. Serum CA 15-3 levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The results showed significantly lower (p< 0.05) CA 15-3 levels in the Treatment Groups compared to the Negative Control Group. The most significant reduction in serum CA 15-3 level was observed in the Treatment Group I receiving EEDO at a dose of 180 mg/kgBW. In conclusion, the EEDO possesses a chemopreventive effect on DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats.

Identification of novel functional compounds from forest onion and its biological activities against breast cancer

The discovery of new molecules from natural sources for the treatment of tumors such as breast cancers is of importance for the development of functional foods and to the pharmaceutical industry. A natural resource with potential activity against breast cancer is forest onion, Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb., but the identity of its active constituents and their mechanisms of action remain unexplored. Therefore, this study focuses on metabolite profiling, in silico or pharmacoinformatic activity and mechanisms, as well as advanced validation on in vitro cell lines. Ten compounds identified in E. bulbosa bulb ethanolic extract (EBE) showed cancer receptor and radical inhibitory activity via network pharmacology and molecular docking simulation. The most promising compound was avenasterol binding PARP-1, HER2, iNOS receptors with values of −11.26, −8.34, and −9.17 μg/mL, respectively. EBE and avenasterol had a smaller EC50 value, or higher potency, than the control antioxidant Trolox in radical scavenging tests with ABTS and DPPH. In line with the in silico study, EBE and avenasterol showed antiproliferative activity against human breast cancer MCF-7 with LD50 217.8 μg/mL, with relatively low cytotoxicity to normal MCF-10A cells (LD50 > 1000 μg/mL). The antiproliferative mechanism of EBE on MCF-7 was associated with downregulation of TGF-β, HER2, PI3K, and AKT which are known tumor activators. Significant (p < 0.05) upregulation of tumor suppressor gene miR-29a-3p in MCF-7 was observed after treatment with EBE in a dose-dependent manner.

Naphthalene Derivates from Bawang Tiwai Bulb Eleutherine Bulbosa in Borneo

Naphthalene derivative compounds named Eleutherol (1) and Eleutherol C (2) have been isolated from Bawang Tiwai Bulb Eleutherine bulbosa. We tested its cytotoxic activity against T47D breast cancer cells in vitro after isolating compounds 1 and 2 from the EtOH extract using conventional chromatography methods. Their chemical structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis, including IR, HR-TOFMS, 1D, and 2D NMR, and by comparison to those related spectra previously reported. Compounds 1 and 2 were tested for their cytotoxic effects against T47D breast cancer cells and showed moderate cytotoxicity against T47D breast cancer cells with IC50 values of 117.15 and 80.21 µM, respectively, compared with cisplatin 24.07 µM.

Antioxidative Potentials of Eleutherine bulbosa Bulb and Its Utilization in Topical Cosmetic Emulsion

The Eleutherine bulbosa bulb has been reported as a potent antioxidant in food. This work aims to extract the E. bulbosa bulb for use as an antioxidative agent in cosmetics. Water, 95% ethanol (EtOH), and propylene glycol (PG), which are normally used in cosmetic formulation, were employed as green and sustainable extraction solvents. EtOH and PG displayed better candidacy to extract active components from E. bulbosa bulbs than using water, and the mixture of EtOH and PG (EtOH/PG) resulted in the extract with higher bioactive compounds and biological activities compared with using EtOH or PG. The total phenolic content of the EtOH/PG extract was 87.60 ± 2.00 mgGAE/mL which was about an 18–23% increase from when using single EtOH or PG (70.91 ± 2.30, 74.05 ± 0.67 mgGAE/mL). UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis showed that the E. bulbosa bulb extracted in EtOH/PG was composed of naphthalenes, naphthoquinones, anthraquinones, myricetin, quercetin, epicatechin, catechin, epigallocatechin, and their derivatives. The ethanolic crude extract exhibited anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activity with the IC50 of 7.76 ± 0.35 and 0.53 ± 0.23 mg/mL, respectively, and was non-cytotoxic to human dermal fibroblast cells at 0.0001–1 mg/mL. The emulsion cream containing 2%(w/w) E. bulbosa bulb concentrated extract was found cosmetically stable after a one-month stability test under 4 °C, ambient temperature (30–35 °C), 45 °C, fluorescent light, and daylight. However, exposure to sunlight during daytime caused changes in the emulsion’s color with ΔE* of 3.85 ± 0.08, and at 45 °C caused the 12% decrease in DPPH activity of emulsion. The finding of this work heightens the antioxidative and safety potentials of the E. bulbosa bulb in cosmetic preparations.

A Test of the effectiveness of the ethyl acetate fraction of dayak onion bulbs (eleutherine bulbosa (mill.) urb) as an antihypertensive

A Test of the effectiveness of the ethyl acetate fraction of dayak onion bulbs (eleutherine bulbosa (mill.) urb) as an antihypertensive

Biogenic fabrication of a gold nanoparticle sensor for detection of Fe3+ ions using a smartphone and machine learning.

In recent years, smartphones have been integrated into rapid colorimetric sensors for heavy metal ions, but challenges persist in accuracy and efficiency. Our study introduces a novel approach to utilize biogenic gold nanoparticle (AuNP) sensors in conjunction with designing a lightbox with a color reference and machine learning for detection of Fe3+ ions in water. AuNPs were synthesized using the aqueous extract of Eleutherine bulbosa leaf as reductants and stabilizing agents. Physicochemical analyses revealed diverse AuNP shapes and sizes with an average size of 19.8 nm, with a crystalline structure confirmed via SAED and XRD techniques. AuNPs exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity in detection of Fe3+ ions through UV-vis spectroscopy and smartphones, relying on nanoparticle aggregation. To enhance image quality, we developed a lightbox and implemented a reference color value for standardization, significantly improving performance of machine learning algorithms. Our method achieved approximately 6.7% higher evaluation metrics (R 2 = 0.8780) compared to non-normalized approaches (R 2 = 0.8207). This work presented a promising tool for quantitative Fe3+ ion analysis in water.

Novel Functional Food Properties of Forest Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa Merr.) Phytochemicals for Treating Metabolic Syndrome: New Insights from a Combined Computational and In Vitro Approach.

Metabolic syndrome is a global health problem. The use of functional foods as dietary components has been increasing. One food of interest is forest onion extract (FOE). This study aimed to investigate the effect of FOE on lipid and glucose metabolism in silico and in vitro using the 3T3-L1 mouse cell line. This was a comprehensive study that used a multi-modal computational network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking in silico and 3T3-L1 mouse cells in vitro. The phytochemical components of FOE were analyzed using untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Next, an in silico analysis was performed to determine FOE's bioactive compounds, and a toxicity analysis, protein target identification, network pharmacology, and molecular docking were carried out. FOE's effect on pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibition was determined. Finally, we determined its effect on lipid accumulation and MAPK8, PPARG, HMGCR, CPT-1, and GLP1 expression in the preadipocyte 3T3-L1 mouse cell line. We showed that the potential metabolites targeted glucose and lipid metabolism in silico and that FOE inhibited pancreatic lipase levels, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase in vitro. Furthermore, FOE significantly (p < 0.05) inhibits targeted protein expressions of MAPK8, PPARG, HMGCR, CPT-1, and GLP-1 in vitro in 3T3-L1 mouse cells in a dose-dependent manner. FOE contains several metabolites that reduce pancreatic lipase levels, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and targeted proteins associated with lipid and glucose metabolism in vitro.

Effects of Eleutherine bulbosa extract on the myofibrillar protein oxidation and moisture migration of yak meat under oxidation stress

The influence of Eleutherine bulbosa (EB) extract at various levels (1, 4, 7, 10 or 13 g/kg) on the myofibrillar protein oxidation and moisture migration of yak meat in Fenton oxidation system was investigated. The results showed that inclusion of EB extract in yak meat efficiently inhibited carbonyl formation triggered by hydroxyl radicals. Supplementation of EB extract at 1–10 g/kg manifested more contents of the active sulfhydryl, ε-NH2 groups and α-helix structure, and higher solubility of myofibrillar proteins (MPs), but alleviated the turbidity of MPs. However, adding high level of EB extract (13 g/kg) induced the loss of free amine and α-helix content and resulted in more aggregation of MPs. The SDS-PAGE demonstrated that adding 1–7 g/kg EB extract had an obvious protective effect for myosin heavy chain and actin, whereas 10 or 13 g/kg EB extract led to weakened intensities of protein bands. DSC and LF-NMR analysis revealed that 7 g/kg EB extract had appreciable effects on thermal stabilities of MPs, and improved the hydration of yak meat induced by oxidation, while 13 g/kg EB extract accelerated MP structure destabilization and lowered water retention. Our results suggested that incorporation of low levels of EB extract (1–7 g/kg) effectively retarded the oxidative damage to MPs and EB extract could be a promising natural antioxidant in meat processing.

Formulation, physical characterization, and antibacterial activity of modifications of Bawang Dayak Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. anti-acne cream

IntroductionSeveral studies have reported the ability of Bawang Dayak cream to inhibit Cutibacterium acnes, but the lack of specific formulations has led to its ineffectiveness. This is indicated by a smaller inhibition zone and the predominant scent of the plant. Therefore, this study aims to assess the physical characteristics and antibacterial activity of two modified formulations of Bawang Dayak anti-acne cream. MethodsTwo modified formulations of Bawang Dayak anti-acne cream were prepared, namely M1 (containing peppermint water) and M2 (comprising peppermint water, cinnamon extract, and honey). Each formulation had four concentrations: 5% (F1), 10% (F2), 15% (F3), and 20% (F4). The physical characteristics were then examined. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the disc-diffusion method against acne-causing bacteria. ResultsThe addition of peppermint water to the cream formula masked the odour of Bawang Dayak. All the formulas examined met the requirements of the homogeneity, pH, and spreadability tests. However, the adhesion test showed that only F2 and F4 of M2 met the requirement. The results also showed that M1 had better antibacterial activity compared to M2. ConclusionsThis study found that all the formulas observed passed the homogeneity, pH, and spreadability tests. Only F2 and F4 of M2 met the requirements of the adhesion tests. M1 exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to the M2. F1 of M1 showed the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Further investigation was needed to evaluate the effectiveness of M2 against S. epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as assess the stability.

Anatomy and Histochemistry of Alliaceae and Iridaceae Species: Quality Control of Traditional Medicine Raw Materials

Alliaceae (Allium cepa and Allium ascalonicum) and Iridaceae (Eleutherine bulbosa) are widely used as spices, condiments, and traditional medicine. These three species are vulnerable to adulteration because they are morphologically similar in shape and colour. This study aims to identify and authenticate the three samples through anatomical and histochemical approaches. Anatomical and histochemical analyses were performed on fresh sections of the bulbs samples according to standard anatomical procedures with a razor blade and identification of the main compound groups using specific reagents. Anatomically, the three samples had similar patterns and cell organelles (cell nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell wall). Histochemical techniques identified the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, lipophilics, and terpenoids groups. Histochemical techniques can be applied in identifying the compound groups of the three samples and can be used as an alternative in testing the quality control of traditional medicine raw materials.

Application of Dayak Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.) as a Preservative for Animal Protein: Chicken Meat

The adoption of chicken meat as the primary protein source remains limited in Indonesia due to restrictions on its shelf life. Marinating chicken meat with Dayak onion, known for its antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics, can prolong the meat's shelf life. This research evaluates the efficacy of Dayak onion as a natural preservative for animal protein, specifically chicken meat. The study used a qualitative experimental design featuring both control and treatment groups. The experiment involved testing the pH value and cooking loss value of chicken meat that has been marinated with Dayak onion powder (treatment) and chicken meat that had not been marinated (control). The process of data analysis commenced with the application of the Saphiro-Wilk Test to ascertain the nature of the distribution. If the distribution is found to be normal, the subsequent step involves conducting the Independent-T test. Conversely, if the distribution is determined to be non-normal, the Mann-Whitney Test is employed instead. The research findings indicated that Dayak onion has a notable effect on maintaining the pH level of chicken flesh after 9 hours, as opposed to untreated chicken meat (p0.05). The overall findings demonstrate the capacity of Dayak onion as an organic preservative for chicken meat.

Phytochemical Constituents and Potential of Different Extracts from Eleutherine bulbosa on Skin Infectious Treatment : Anti-fungal, Anti-bacterial, Anti-inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activities

Eleutherine bulbosa is a plant commonly employed in traditional medicine across various tropical regions, including Thailand. The aim of this study was to identify the phytochemical constituents of E. bulbosa, evaluate the inhibitory effects on skin fungal and bacterial pathogens, and examine the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties of extracts obtained from E. bulbosa bulbs through n-Hexane, EtOAc, and EtOH extraction methods. Agar diffusion, MIC, and MBC assays were employed to determine the fungistatic, bacteriostatic, and bactericidal activities. The EtOAc extract of E. bulbosa bulbs demonstrated the highest inhibition against fungal and bacterial strains when compared to other solvents. The results revealed that the EtOAc extract exhibited a potent anti-fungal effect on T. rubrum (the zones of inhibition = 35.00 ± 0.00 mm) comparable to Ketoconazole (the zones of inhibition = 34.33 ± 1.16 mm). The highest antibacterial activity against S. pyogenes was observed, with a zone diameter of 23.00 ± 1.00 mm, while the lowest MIC and MBC values were recorded at 19.53 and 78.12 μg/ml, respectively. Additionally, we demonstrated significant inhibitory properties of E. bulbosa bulbs extracted with n-Hexane on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells compared to other solvent extracts. This occurred without affecting cell viability across a concentration range of 6.25 to 25 μg/ml. Moreover, the less affected viability of fibroblasts suggests that the extract may be useful in preventing inflammatory diseases mediated by excessive production of NO with low toxicity to normal cells. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of various compounds with biological activities including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins in all different solvent extracts. These findings suggest that E. bulbosa bulb extracts possess beneficial effects and hold potential for further development as a new natural source of multifunctional therapeutic agents, which are safe and effective for a broad spectrum of skin infectious microorganisms and also potentially reduce inflammation that is associated with an infection caused by microorganisms.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES FROM ELEUTHERINE BULBOSA URB. BULB EXTRACT WITH PLASTICIZER VARIATIONS

Objective: This research aimed to develop a transdermal drug delivery system from Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. bulbs as an alternative treatment with minimum side effects compared to other pain medications and increased drug penetration by determining the optimum formula(s) for transdermal patches prepared with varying plasticizer concentrations. Methods: Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. bulbs were extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol. The extract was formed into transdermal patches using the solvent casting method with six formulations (F1-F6) and different types and concentrations of the plasticizer: polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 or dibutyl phthalate. The derived patches were then evaluated for their organoleptic properties, homogeneity, weight uniformity, thickness, folding endurance, pH level, moisture content, and acceptability (hedonic scale). Results: The evaluation of the physical properties found that all patches were dark brown, opaque, smooth-textured, and had a typical odor of the bulb’s ethanol extract and uniform weight and thickness. Other characteristics included pH ranging from 5.0±0.00 to 5.86±0.04 and a moisture content between 1.04±0.04% and 4.13±0.08%. In addition, the folding endurance was 267 times for F1 and &gt;300 times for F2-F6. The acceptability test using the five-point hedonic scale showed different preferences for these formulas. Conclusion: F6 is the optimum formula for producing transdermal patches with excellent physical properties.

Cytotoxic Constituents of Bawang Tiwai Bulb Eleutherine bulbosa from Borneo

Background Eleutherol (1) and Eleutherol C (2) are naphthalene derivative compounds from Bawang Tiwai Bulb Eleutherine bulbosa with moderate cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Objectives This research was conducted to evaluate cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, the compounds Eleutherol (1) and Eleutherol C (2) are naphthalene derivatives from Eleutherine bulbosa, where previously it has been reported that naphthalene derivative compounds have activity against breast cancer cells, especially MCF-7. Methods After isolating the compounds Eleutherol (1) and Eleutherol C (2) from the EtOH extract of Bawang Tiwai Bulb Eleutherine bulbosa using conventional chromatography methods, their cytotoxic activity was tested against MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro. Their chemical structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis including IR, HR-TOFMS, 1D, and 2D NMR, and by comparison to those related spectra previously reported. Results Two naphthalene derivatives named Eleutherol (1) and Eleutherol C (2) have been isolated from the Bawang Tiwai Bulb of Eleutherine bulbosa. Compounds 1 and 2 were tested for their cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and showed moderate cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells with IC50 values 153.05 and 103.45 µM, respectively, compared with cisplatin 53.7 µM. Conclusion This research shows moderate cytotoxic activity of the compounds Eleutherol (1) and Eleutherol C (2) from the EtOH extract of Bawang Tiwai Bulb Eleutherine bulbosa. Testing of the cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells of compounds 1 and 2 of naphthalene derivatives was first reported.

Ethanol Extract Dry Syrup Granulation Formulation Dayak Onion Bulb (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.)

Background: Dayak onion (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) is one kind of medicinal plant native to East Kalimantan that has antioxidant activity. The dosage form that can be developed is dry syrup granules which become one of the most simple dosage forms in preparation, easy to use, storage-stable and can cover the bitter taste of the drug. The goal of this study was to find the best mix of Avicel PH 101 and Na CMC to make dry syrup granules that meet the requirements for physical properties. Methods: Research was carried out experimentally using three formulas with combinations of Avicel PH 101 and Na-CMC. The ratios of Avicel PH 101 and Na-CMC were (1:0); (0.5:0.5) and (0:1). The evaluation of dry syrup granules included organoleptic observations, a moisture content test, a flowability test, a reconstitution time test, pH test, viscosity test and a hygroscopic test. Result: dry syrup granules with variation 1:0 of Avicel PH 101 and Na-CMC have the best requirements for physical properties, i.e. moisture content of 2.47%, the flow time of 0.91 seconds, an angle of repose 25.19 ° and tap index of 10.67%. Conclusion: Dry syrup granules with a ratio of Avicel PH 101 and Na CMC (1:0) are preparations that best meet the physical properties requirements, namely moisture content of 2.47%, flow time of 0.91 seconds, angle of repose 25, 19° and a fixing index of 10.67%.

Exploring the anticancer potential of Eleutherine bulbosa: A systematic network pharmacology study on lung cancer.

Chemotherapy application in lung cancer patients has several side effects and shows lower effectiveness due to chemoresistance. Although Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. (EBE) elicit anticancer properties, yet the exact profile of its active compounds and lung cancer inhibition mechanisms were not fully understood. This study aimed to identify suggestive compounds from EBE extract and explain the molecular mechanisms of EBE against lung cancer. Identification of the compound from the EBE extract was confirmed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrophotometry (LC-MS/MS). The bioavailability profile of three major metabolites was identified using absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity software. The anticancer molecular mechanism prediction of the drugs was ascertained by network pharmacology using Cytoscape 3.9.1 and the protein-protein interaction network technique with STRING 11.0. Interaction between resveratrol and extracellular growth factor receptor (EGFR) was analyzed using site-specific molecular docking with erlotinib as the control using PyRx Autodock Vina 9.0 and BIOVIA Discovery Studio. A total of 16 active compounds were identified from LC-MS/MS. Only resveratrol showed anticancer properties by its interaction with 13 genes and 6 signaling pathways related to lung cancer. The molecular docking result supports the network pharmacology finding. The binding affinity of resveratrol with EGFR, important receptor in lung cancer, was more negative (-6.9 kcal/mol) than erlotinib (-6.2 kcal/mol) as the control. Evidence suggested that resveratrol in EBE exhibits anticancer effects by modulating lung cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis through EGFR binding.

Comparative metabolite profiling of Eleutherine bulbosa ethanol and water extracts by UPLC-MS/MS and their cytotoxic effects on T47D cells

Eleutherine bulbosa is a plant renowned in the scientific literature for its multiple pharmacological properties. These effects are attributed to its phytochemicals, which include compounds from the naphthalene, anthraquinone, and naphthoquinone groups. The effectiveness and concentration of active biological components are greatly affected by the type of solvent selected for the extraction procedure. This study aims to compare the metabolite profiles of ethanol and water extracts from Dayak onion (E. bulbosa) and to assess their cytotoxic activities against cancer cells. Metabolite profiling was performed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry instrument. The molecular formulas of the constituents were analyzed using MassLynx 4.1 software, while compound names and structures were identified through the PubChem database. The metabolite profiling revealed that the ethanol extract of E. bulbosa contained 32 compounds, while the water extract had 27. Analysis using a Venn diagram identified three common compounds in both extracts: 1,4-Naphthoquinone (C10H6O2), L-lysine sulfate (C6H16N2O6S), and Epirizole (C11H14N4O2). Cytotoxicity assays indicated that the ethanol extract of E. bulbosa exhibits low anticancer potential with an IC50 value of 202.37 μg/ml. In contrast, the water extract does not exhibit anticancer activity with an IC50 of 1,020 μg/ml. However, the ethanol extract has shown efficacy in initiating programmed cell death and interfering with the cell division process in T47D cancer cells. These findings suggest that an ethanol solvent is more adept at extracting the bioactive components of E. bulbosa, underscoring its potential in anticancer therapy development. Nonetheless, further research is essential to elucidate the activity of these phytochemicals and to evaluate their toxicity toward normal cells.

Citric acid-glycerol-based NADES for microwave-assisted extraction enhances the polyphenols level of Eleutherine bulbosa mill. Urb. Bulbs

Natural deep eutectic solvent combined with Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is considered as a potential green substitute for conventional extraction methods because of its selectivity and shorter extraction time. Eleutherine bulbosa Mill Urb. (E. bulbosa) bulbs, is renowned for having a high concentration of bioactive substances, primarily phenolics compounds with various therapeutic characteristics. This study aims to increase the level of total phenolics content (TPC) in E. bulbosa bulbs extract by applying a citric acid-glycerol (CA-Gly)-MAE and to optimize its extraction conditions using response surface methodology-based box-behnken design. In this study, we extracted dried samples under various conditions including microwave irradiation time and power, solid–liquid, sample-solvent ratio, and CA-Gly ratio. The measurements of TPC value were done spectrophotometrically and gallic acid was used as standard reference. The recommended optimum conditions were at 50% microwave power for 15 minutes, ratio of 1:14 g/ml, and CA-Gly ratio of 1:1 g/g, resulting in a predicted TPC value of 74.749 ± 3.716 mg GAE/g DW extract. Confirmation experiments were conducted using the recommended optimal extraction parameters, and the obtained TPC value was 84.653 ± 0.918 mg GAE/g DW extract. Our result demonstrates the potential of the CA-Gly-MAE for obtaining a higher yield of polyphenols from E. bulbosa bulbs.