Vocabulary Elements Research Articles

FRENCH ARGOTOLOGY IN RUSSIA IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 21st CENTURY

In the anniversary year of Eda Moiseevna Beregovskaya, it is important to note the continued interest in the study of both the features of social variability of the national language and the expressive capabilities of elements of a specific lexical continuum in literary and journalistic texts. The method of systematic description of French argotisms, which has no analogues in the world practice, proposed by the founder of the national school of argotology, has been repeatedly applied both to the characteristics of a certain sublanguage and to the comparative analysis of several social variants of the national language. Moreover, the scientific heritage of E.M. Beregovskaya contains an array of information on the development and testing of an algorithm for analyzing argotic units in the fabric of a literary text. The analysis allows the addressee to understand words of connivance in context and adequately assess the stylistic effect arising from their presence. The article also describes a convergent approach to the selection of areas of research (lexicological, linguostylistic, field research), which contributes to the inventory of linguistic facts and the identification of universal and specific features of the functioning of elements of argotic vocabulary. Special attention is paid to the followers of E.M. Beregovskaya, who implement individual projects for the study of substandard lexemes as part of the work of the International Research Laboratory of Orel State University named after I.S. Turgenev “Problems of Social and Territorial Heteroglossia”.

THE APPLICATION OF UNO CARD GAME TO IMPROVE MASTERY OF MATERIAL AL ‘ADAD AL MUFROD AL ‘ASHLI WA AT TARTIBI CLASS X MA BILINGUAL JUNWANGI KRIAN

There are 3 elements in learning Arabic, namely, sound elements (ashwat), vocabulary elements (mufradat) and sentence structure elements (tarkib) and all of them are regulated by Arabic grammar sciences such as, balaghah science, sharaf science, nahwu science. The science of nahwu studies the layout of sentences and the end of the harakat in a word. Some of the nahwu material, one of which is Al 'adad which is found in the discussion of isim or nouns. Based on observations made in class X MA Bilingual Junwangi Krian Sidoarjo, where Al 'adad material is usually taught in a traditional way, boring and lack of innovation, so that students often have difficulty understanding it, it is necessary to use the UNO card game media. The purpose of this study was to determine how the application and improvement of mastery of Al 'Adad Al Mufrod Al 'Ashli wa At Tartibi material by using UNO card game media. The research method used is classroom action research with data collection techniques including; tests, observations, interviews and documentation. The results showed that, first, the application of the UNO card game is guided by the teacher in a group of 5 students, the teacher explains the game procedure, and students start playing cards and give examples of sentences until the card runs out, for habituation, the game is done 2-3 times. Second, the use of UNO card game media can improve the mastery of Al 'Adad A l Mufrod Al ‘Ashli wa At Tartibi with student learning completeness which continues to increase from 50% to 100% and from a value that reaches KKM 85 only 20% to 90%. It can be concluded that there is an effect of the application of UNO card game media to improve mastery of the material Al 'Adad Al Mufrod Al 'Ashli wa At Tartibi.

Профессиональная языковая личность военнослужащих Вооруженных сил США (по материалам текстов американских военных блогеров)

The aim of the research is to determine the features of written colloquial speech of bloggers serving in the US Armed Forces in the system of traditional speech interaction. The paper focuses on the essence of the professional communication language in the concept of modern scholars of the second half of the 20th and the first two decades of the 21st century within the study of the linguistic personality of a particular social group as a subject of professional activity. The content of the notions of “a linguistic personality” and “a professional linguistic personality” is determined. The main focus is on identifying units of military jargon and military slang in the speech of American military bloggers as a way of expressing the attitude of military personnel to military service. The scientific novelty lies in the approach to the study of the professional linguistic personality of the US Armed Forces representatives from the perspective of its ethnic identity. In addition, an original feature of American servicemen is found – the presence of explication linguistic means of lexical features of speech. As a result, positive and negative images of a professional linguistic personality were recreated based on the texts of American military bloggers, in particular, emotionally charged elements of vocabulary (military jargon and military slang).

An Examination Of Academic Studies Regarding Vocabulary Teaching In Secondary School Turkish Textbooks

Vocabulary teaching aims to transfer the cultural properties and richness of expression of a language to the next generations. Studies conducted on vocabulary teaching become important in the development of the textbooks used as the primary source for teaching vocabulary in schools, the emergence of new approaches to vocabulary teaching, and the way for the relevant experts to gain different perspectives. When the studies in the literature are reviewed, although there are some studies conducted on vocabulary teaching in textbooks, there is no study that handles all these studies together. The aim of the present study, which was conducted based on the lack of studies in the literature, is to examine the academic studies conducted on vocabulary teaching in secondary school Turkish textbooks between 2006-2023. Within the aim of the study, a total of 22 postgraduate theses and 42 articles that were indexed in Google Scholar, YÖK National Thesis Center, Proquest, and TR Index databases and discussed the vocabulary elements in Turkish textbooks have been examined. Document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study and descriptive analysis was performed to analyze the studies included in the scope of the research. As a result of the study, it was concluded that of the studies conducted on the vocabulary elements in secondary school Turkish textbooks, 34,4 % were theses while 65,6 % of them were articles; the qualitative method was mostly used in studies; the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th-grade Turkish textbooks were examined together throughout the research; studies were conducted to determine the vocabulary elements in the passages of the textbooks, identify the vocabulary elements in the activities of the textbooks, and analyze the textbooks in terms of idioms, proverbs, and word frequency; vocabulary elements such as idioms, proverbs, formulaic expressions, reduplications, proper nouns, and related words were included more; keywords in the studies were grouped under the title of vocabulary, culture, genre, method and technique, book, skill, linguistics, word, and education and training; and keywords included in the studies and aims of the present study overlapped with each other.

Georgian Traces in the History of the Chuvash

The paper deals with the Transcaucasian prehistoric period in the history of the ancestors of the Chuvash people. Goals. The study aims to identify and analyse the sources and literature on the topic relating to events of the 7th to 1st centuries BC. Materials and methods. The work employs a complex approach to the examination of the material, which made it possible to analyse the sources and the thoughts of predecessors consistently and systematically. The study focuses on works of historians, ethnographers and linguists about the ethnic groups that previously inhabited and now inhabit the areas to the south of the Greater Caucasus. The sources that proved important include the works by such historians as Herodotus (5th century BC), Apollonius of Rhodes (3rd c. BC), Pseudo-Orpheus (4th c. AD), Priscus Panionensis (5th c.), Menander Protector and Stephanus of Byzantium (both 6th c.). The paper also makes use of some pronouncements by such remarkable researchers as Andrey Golovnev, Sergey Arutyunov, Alikber Alikberov, Nicholas Berdzenishvili, Vera Budanova, Murtazali Gadzhiev, and David Muskhelishvili. Results. Impartial investigation shows that the ethnonym of the Chuvash has undergone a lengthy course of transformation through history in the form of Savir (Saspir/Sapir, Savar, Sabir) → Suvar (Suvas, Suvan) → Suvash → T’šăvaš (Chuvash). As far back as the 7th century BC, to the southeast of Colchis a large confederation of tribes headed by the Saspirs came into being. The study reveals and confirms traces in the pre-history of the distant ancestors of the Chuvash that are shared with the peoples of Georgia. In the period under examination, the historical forerunners of the Chuvash lived in a territory between Media and Colchis, between the Medes and the Colchians. In the 3rd century BC and the 3rd century AD, they were recorded to inhabit the Chorokh River valley. Alongside historical events, the publication traces ethnographic parallels with the ancient Georgian peoples and some shared elements of vocabulary.

Comparison of the Texts in 8th Grade Turkish Textbooks Taught in Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) in Terms of Rooted Vocabulary Elements

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de ve Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti (KKTC)’nde okutulan 8. sınıf Türkçe ders kitaplarındaki okuma metinlerinde yer alan kalıplaşmış söz varlığı unsurlarını tespit etmek ve ders kitaplarını bu yönden karşılaştırmaktır. Bu çalışma nitel veri yöntemine göre yapılandırılmış, veriler doküman incelemesi yoluyla toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın materyalini, 2022-2023 Eğitim Öğretim Yılı’nda Türkiye’de ve KKTC’de okutulan 8. sınıf Türkçe ders kitapları oluşturmaktadır. Söz konusu ders kitaplarında yer alan 53 okuma metnindeki kalıplaşmış söz varlığı unsurları tespit edilmiş ve kitaplar bu yönden karşılaştırılmıştır. Kalıplaşmış söz varlığı unsurları olarak atasözleri, deyimler, ikilemeler ve kalıplaşmış sözler ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz tekniği kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda Türkiye’deki 8. sınıf Türkçe ders kitabında kalıplaşmış söz varlığı unsurlarının en çok hikâye edici metinlerde, KKTC’deki 8. sınıf Türkçe ders kitaplarında kalıplaşmış söz varlığı unsurlarının ise en çok bilgilendirici metinlerde olduğu görülmüştür. Kalıplaşmış söz varlığı unsurlarından en çok deyimlerin en az ise atasözlerinin kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda çeşitli önerilere yer verilmiştir.

DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATING ARCHAISMS AND HISTORICISMS

The article examines archaisms and historicisms in the English language of W.Shakespeare’s time as a translation challenge, as well as the functional element of archaic vocabulary and methods of transmission when translating from English into Uzbek. Various theoretical viewpoints in the realm of archaism and historicism translation are addressed. Based on their research, the authors conclude that in order to appropriately express the traits of a distant literary text, it is critical to keep, first and foremost, the lexical and grammatical characteristics of the original while translating it. The key lexical characteristics of such a text are archaisms and historicisms. After researching the various methods of translating these lexical units from English intoUzbek, the authors believe that the selection of an analogue and the search for equivalent correspondences are the most effective.

The Arabic Element in Scots Lexis

Detailed study of individual lexemes can open up interesting angles on the cultural underpinnings needed for the understanding of linguistic history. This paper surveys that element of Scots vocabulary that has been flagged as derived, even if at several removes, from Arabic. To do so, it draws primarily on the materials supplied by the Dictionaries of the Scots Language and the Oxford English Dictionary, supplemented by wider contextual analysis.

RESEARCH HERITAGE OF CHOREOGRAPHERS OF THE 20-th CENTURY

The article is prepared based on specific historical and ethnographic materials, information of researchers, and encourages a deeper understanding of the history of the formation of Ukrainian folk dance traditions as a part of Ukrainian traditional culture, the aesthetic and spiritual heritage of the customs of Ukrainians with their regional features, as well as an element of folk creativity in combination with other types of artistic creativity – visual arts (costuming and decoration), song, theater, folklore. Ukrainian folk art is a great treasure and occupies one of the leading places in world culture. In the process of social and human development, the movement towards the improvement of all scientific, technical and economic processes, innovations and new technologies, not so much attention is paid to the cultural content in the course of the formation of national traditions of the people, artistic identity and the study of folklore. Sometimes the return to history, the understanding of all processes, trends of human development, and especially the reproduction of the folk tradition in the art and culture of the nation is relegated to the background, but it is quite important for today. In today’s modernized world, it is important to remember the cultural heritage and heritage of the people in the distant past. Folklore material serves as a foundation for the construction of modern art filled with new content. Ukrainian folk dance fundamentally changed when it began to be performed on stage, as it was transformed into a new art form: Ukrainian folk-stage dance. Thanks to such dance masters as Vasyl Verkhovynets (Kostiv) and Vasyl Avramenko, the attitude of ethnographers and researchers of folk art to folkloric folk dance and traditions of choreographic culture has radically changed. At the beginning of the 20th century they began to actively collect authentic dances of local regions of Ukraine and form the repertoire of creative ensembles. With their theater troupes, they toured Ukrainian lands, conducting group classes in villages, searching for and reviving inherent regional variations. Folk dance was filled with new genres of art and meaningful compositions, was structured according to its forms and types of performance. It was no longer perceived as an emotional expression of improvisational, spontaneous creativity or folklore, but as a separate, full-fledged form of art. A rapid process of development of Ukrainian folk dance began, which in some traditional elements of compositions and performance vocabulary has been preserved to this day and has become a “golden heritage” in the repertoires of dance groups. Regional styles of dance with the corresponding culture of performance and character, technique of movements and complexity of figures, stage vision of dance directors have developed as a result of more and more perfect study and research of dance art. The creation of an extensive system of training choreographers and the use of modern technologies of visual fixation open opportunities for self-analysis and improvement, training of specialists.

Notes about the Etymology of Units Derived from Borrowed Radicals from other Languages

The article examines lexical units derived from neological roots, especially those that form whole families of words. Following their analysis, it is demonstrated that most of these vocabulary elements require to be interpreted, from an etymological point of view, as derived words within the Romanian language, regardless of whether or not they are based on foreign derivative models.

Speech Culture at the beginning of the XXI Century in the context of New Media Phenomenon

The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the formation of speech culture at the current stage of the development of society through the prism of the phenomenon of new media. Research methodology. Research methods are represented by a combination of various research approaches – an activity and axiological approach to the study of prayer culture in its connection with the language culture of new media and speech practices of the modern media space; system approach, which is implemented in the unity of structural-functional and elemental analysis. The method of terminological analysis was applied to clarify the content and scope of the concept of "new media"; methods of systemic analysis and synthesis, which contributed to clarifying the role and place of new media in modern society; the typological method contributed to the identification of influencing factors on the transformation of speech culture in new media and the determination of the features of this process. Scientific novelty. The transformational processes of speech culture in the context of the formation and popularisation of new media have been studied; the concept of "new media" has been clarified and supplemented; mediatisation as a process of influence of new media on the development of speech culture has been specified; the peculiarities of speech culture formation in the modern information society through the prism of new media as a unique information and communication phenomenon of the 21st century have been revealed; it has been found out that in the context of the specifics of the media space of the 21st century new media offer a variety of alternative approaches to any cultural practice, including broadcasting. Conclusions. The active development and large-scale spread of innovative means of communication based on the use of computer technologies significantly influence the strengthening of communication processes, activating changes directly in the language of communication. The development of information and communication technologies at the beginning of the 21st century. largely determines the direction of development of the modern language of communication and the transformational processes of speech culture. The spread of new media, which is directly related to innovative interactive information technologies controlled directly by users, along with changes in the forms and types of communication, led to transformational processes of speech culture. Under the influence of new media, the norms of speech culture are changing, which leads to a decrease in the quality of language culture. Modern media space, in contrast to traditional media of the 20th century – radio, television and print media – cannot be characterised as a model and standard of speech culture due to the presence in media texts of grammatical and spelling errors, elements of clericalism, outdated clichés, limited vocabulary and reluctance to use synonyms, the presence of street lexicon, barbarism, elements of colloquial language, activation spread of foreign vocabulary, illiterate construction of phrases, and incorrect use of words in a stable word combination. The language of new media is a unique organism that exists and develops according to its own rules. Non-compliance with the norms of speech culture, stylistics, violation of spelling rules, deliberate distortion of vocabulary, the use of foreign vocabulary, increased use of peculiar vulgar, and sometimes exaggerated mincing jargon are common in the Internet space. In this context, the promotion of the native language, the struggle for its purity and compliance with the rules, regardless of the field in which it is used, is of particular importance. Given the blurring of boundaries between real and virtual communication on the Internet, a high speech culture should become an example to follow.
 Key words: speech culture, new media, Internet, media space, mediatisation.

The Effect of Student-Led Small-Group Discussion as a Pre-writing Task on the Development of EFL Students’ Writing

This paper aims to investigate the impact of small-group student-led discussion as a pre-writing task on the writing performance of Iranian intermediate EFL learners. To this end, a quasi-experimental study design was employed in which 80 Iranian intermediate EFL learners were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, with the former being required to engage in small-group student-led discussions prior to writing paragraphs on a predetermined topic. Their paragraphs were subject to analysis focussed on the components of vocabulary, grammar, content, writing mechanics, and organization. Results indicated that, following the treatment, learners’ writing performance improved significantly according to raters’ holistic evaluation, as well as specifically in relation to the elements of content and vocabulary. Our study indicates that the socially negotiated nature of learners’ interactions can help them engage with and develop a more wide-ranging and in-depth understanding of written content.

Book Review: A Vocabulary Proposal Aligned with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages towards Turkish A1 and A2 Levels

This study aims to introduce Prof. Nihal Çalışkan’s study entitled A Vocabulary Proposal Aligned with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages towards Turkish A1 and A2 Levels. The teaching of Turkish that has made a rapid improvement in recent years draws a great deal of attention as a foreign/ second language. Nonetheless, the lack of word/ vocabulary lists stands out in this field. This study that is based on corpus linguistics, Çalışkan’s field of study, and her own language learning experiences has been built on the idea that vocabulary is important in the acquisition of language skills, yet that a certain part of it should be taught as a priority in the face of the broad volume of the elements of vocabulary. In this study, which was meticulously carried out in line with the principle of transparency by examining current textbooks, the word was considered as an orthographic unit. This study was conducted in three phases and reached 1152 words at A1 level and 1653 words at A2 level. In the list prepared, the vocabulary elements were basically divided into two groups as “words” and “units that exceed the limits of word”. The units that exceed the limits of word was further subdivided into four categories: “morpheme units”, “lexical units”, “syntactic units” and “discourse units”. The words determined based on prevalence criteria was aligned with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). All units are exemplified by sentences generated by the author herself.

Effectiveness of the Techniques Applied to Teach Vocabulary in Mbujimayi

To solve this problem, I advise teachers to reconsider their choices of the vocabulary teaching techniques and their combination with others paying attention to those likely to achieve lexical competence. I find the use of the dictionary the best technique for teaching vocabulary as the dictionary contains all the elements of vocabulary listed in this paper. Decision makers and teachers should maximise teacher training in dictionary use (in class or out of it) for the good of the learners’ lexical instruction.

The Concept of Collocations and The Composition of Collocations—Focusing on The Unit Noun Composition

The purpose of this study is to present an objective research perspective on the concept of Korean ‘Collocations’ and the ‘Collocations Composition’. To this end, existing studies were closely examined. In addition, the concept and composition of Collocations were newly defined by comprehensively analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of these studies. The study concluded as follows. 1. The corpus data are not suitable for Collocations extraction. It should be used for confirmation. 2. Collocations Composition is where vocabulary elements are located together. The Grammar element is excluded. 3. Collocations satisfies ‘morphological conditions’, ‘syntactic conditions’, and ‘semantic conditions’. 4. Collocations consists of a mutually selective relationship. 5. Collocations is located in the middle of the “Free combination–Collocations–Idiom” spectrum, but its boundaries are ambiguous, making it difficult to distinguish. 6. The unit noun composition is Collocations because it has very few choices. And it helps to understand the concept of Collocations.

DIN LEXICUL TERAPIILOR COMPLEMENTARE: ACUPUNCTURA

"A complementary therapy, acupuncture is also an ancient method of relieving pain or healing diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. It is based on elements of Taoist philosophy. The typology of acupuncture reflects the evolution of complementary therapies over time. The vocabulary of acupuncture includes both specialized vocabulary elements and common language elements. From a stylistic and linguistic point of view, the points located along the energy meridians represent catachresis or linguistic metaphors."

Dream, Bliss, and the Shaping of Emotional Meaning in Beowulf

<i>Dream</i>, <i>Bliss</i>, and the Shaping of Emotional Meaning in <i>Beowulf</i>

Прояви ненормативної лексики у комунікативній поведінці героїв художніх творів

The pragmatic orientation of invective is the use of neutral commonly used concepts, which under the condition of a communicative act are transformed into expressive symbols that acquire emotionality, humility, comedy, jokes, insults. In this way, the speaker does not think what to say, his goal is how to say, with what feelings. The use of invective does not imply the presence of education, intelligence, sphere of activity, as the addressee is separated from the addressee by expression, connotation, joke, contempt, contempt, outrageousness, etc.Observations of modern postmodern texts convincingly show that today speech and written texts are signifi cantly infl uenced by oral speech. Analyzing the speech of contemporary Ukrainian literary texts, we conclude that the source of stylistically reduced, in particular non-normative vocabulary, is both collo-quial literature and colloquial non-literary vocabulary.Non-normative units function with diff erent degrees of frequency – colloquial vocabulary, invectives predominate, slang and spatial elements, slang show the lowest frequency. The most important function of invective is its use as a tool to combat the opponent, in particular in confl ict discourse. From this general function follow such private varieties as accusation, discrediting, humiliation, demoraliza-tion of the opponent. Moreover, normative tokens can act as an invective if they are used to humiliate the opponent or give his image a negative characterization.In terms of linguistic expression, as we observe, there are the following types of invectives: abusive invectives, invective labels, ironic invectives. The loose-ness, ease and irregularity of everyday speech leaves its mark on the design of statements, which is refl ected in the selection and use of invective. Non-verbal design also plays an important role in creating a pejoratively colored text with pejoratives. The study of these tools is quite promising.

The concept of “adult-child communication” in the perspective of future female educators and teachers

Abstract The article tackles the issue of defining the concept of “adult-child communication” from the point of view of female students of pedagogy, future teachers and educators. The introduction explains the issue of symbolic representation of real and imagined objects, events, and situations by means of concepts and their definitions. The next part of the article describes the results of a study carried out in the group of 255 female students, who were asked to define the concept of “adult-child communication”. The study yielded a description of the concepts used to describe the defined concept and the signs of evaluation contained in the definitions. The final part of the article identifies and outlines four categories of the “adult-child communication” concept and discusses three types of definitions created by the respondents. The following types were distinguished: definitions similar to professional ones in terms of content and form, common definitions regarding the child-adult relationship with elements of professional vocabulary, common definitions and puerile definitions.

„Path‟ and „Manner‟ in The Serialization of Motion Verbs

Verbs are one of the most basic vocabulary elements of the language. These words express the being, manners and movements of beings in the universe. However, in order to express the movements of living and non-living beings in the universe, the verb category creates syntactic and semantic situations by performing some combinations within itself. Because the many movements of many beings in the universe cause endless combinations to appear. In order to express this, the verb category creates various combinations within itself. The most typical example of this is seen between motion verbs, which is a semantic class, and serial verb structures, which are a syntactic and semantic class. Although there have been various studies on motion verbs, the limits of these verbs have not been determined in Turkish studies. Motion verbs, which can be considered as verbs expressing the displacement of beings in the universe, are closely related to serial verb structures, which is a syntactic and semantic category. Serial verb structures contain at least one motion verb in surface or deep structure. According to Talmy's typology, these verbs of motion mark the "way" where the movement takes place, or the "style", which is the way it takes place. In this study, the roles of "path" and "manner" in the serialization process of motion verbs are discussed in the Turkish context.